Sign Of Disrespect Research Articles

Symbolic Meanings Attributed to Drugs by Drug Dealers

ABSTRACT The present study explores the symbolic meanings a group of illicit drug dealers give to drugs. We do so by analyzing interviews with 33 individuals actively involved in selling a range of drugs including, but not limited to, marijuana, cocaine, crack-cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, methamphetamine, and various pharmaceuticals. Specifically, we explore the meanings these individuals give to drugs themselves, rather than the meanings they give to the use or sale of drugs. Such an examination is important because the meanings dealers give to drugs can shape dealers’ drug-related decisions and their own self-views. We find that these individuals not only viewed drugs as market products but also as symbolizing their personal and social identities. Additionally, drugs could embody risk for the dealers, act as a means of social control, or represent nontraditional currency. Finally, the absence of drugs fronted to others was viewed by the dealers as a sign of disrespect. We discuss implications for drug control policy, decision-making theoretical frameworks such as deterrence and rational choice, and for understanding of social supply markets of illicit drugs.

Teacher educators' views and responses to digital distraction in pre-service teacher education

Digital distraction is a growing problem as students' use of personal digital devices increases. This paper investigates teacher educators’ views of the issue and how they intervened when noticing incidents of it. Through a semi-structured interview, the study found that teacher educators recalled numerous examples of digital distraction with some seeing it as a sign of disrespect rather than an unconscious habit. Interventions to address digital distraction varied but tended to be non-disruptive in nature. This paper outlines a hierarchy of interventions employed and discusses the implications of how digital distraction is perceived and responded to by teacher educators.

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Virðing: Lykilþáttur í kynheilbrigði ungs fólks

Í íslenskum og erlendum samfélögum bendir margt til þess að vanvirðingar gæti gagnvart kynverund einstaklingsins og er MeToo-byltingin dæmi um viðbragð við þeim vanda. Tilgangur þessarar rannsóknar er að varpa ljósi á hugtökin virðingu og vanvirðingu í sambandi við kynheilbrigði ungs fólks og út frá rétti þess til kynheilbrigðis. Gerð var endurgreining á tveimur eigindlegum rannsóknum sem byggðust á viðtölum við unga menn. Einnig var byggt á MeToo-frásögnum af kynferðisofbeldi gagnvart unglingsstúlkum. Gögnin voru greind út frá virðingu og vanvirðingu. Niðurstöður sýna að sjálfsvirðing er ungum karlmönnum mikilvæg í jafningjahópum en einnig við kaup og notkun smokka. Þeim finnst mikilvægt að virða samþykki hins aðilans og telja virðingu vera einn af lykilþáttum góðs kynlífs. Vanvirðing ungra manna birtist í umræðu um ráðandi karlmennsku en einnig þegar samþykki fyrir samförum er hunsað. Lýsingar á nauðgun unglingsstúlkna sýna fram á mikla vanvirðingu gagnvart rétti þeirra til kynheilbrigðis. Niðurstöðurnar benda til þess að virðing sé mikilvæg fyrir vellíðan einstaklingsins sem kynveru og hið gagnstæða gildi um vanvirðingu. Fræða þarf ungt fólk um rétt þess til kynheilbrigðis og um einkennandi þætti heilbrigðs kynferðislegs sambands.

Trickle-Down Professionalism: Hidden Curriculum and the Pediatric Hospitalist

The orthopedic surgeon was adamant that the Gram-positive cocci growing from the blood culture of a patient with hip pain represented a true infection and that the patient needed to be started on antibiotics. He told me this over the phone, and reiterated it to my team in no uncertain terms while I was out of the workroom. I was less convinced. The child had defervesced without treatment, and his inflammatory markers had remained low. The next day, when the culture was identified as coagulase-negative staph, and the child was discharged from the hospital without further intervention, I remarked to my team: “Surgeons are very concrete thinkers, who see the world in black and white. Hospitalists are abstract thinkers, who see the world in shades of gray.” I might as well have spouted off the old cliche: “Surgeons cut, but don’t think. Primary care physicians think, but don’t cut.” But inadvertently, I was telling my team something else: those who disagree with me are not worthy of my respect, and in so doing, I was indoctrinating them in a destructive verse of the “hidden curriculum” of medicine. The hidden curriculum is defined as those values that are primarily implicitly, rather than explicitly, learned in the workplace, and they typically deal with issues of professionalism, or, often, the lack thereof.1–3 Medical students pick up these ideas from day 1: physician knowledge is superior to nurse knowledge; those beneath you on the educational ladder can be treated with less respect than those above you; questioning a superior is a sign of disrespect; psychiatric patients bring their diseases on themselves and deserve …

Qualitative analysis of cocaine and heroin users’ main partner sex-risk behavior: is safety in love safety in health?

BackgroundIn 2009, 27% of the 48,100 estimated new cases of HIV were attributed to heterosexual contact with an infected or at-risk person. Sexually active adults are less likely to use condoms in relationships with main partners than with non-regular partners, despite general knowledge that condom use reduces HIV transmission.MethodsThe purpose of this secondary qualitative analysis was to explore and contextualize perceptions of main partnerships, HIV risk, and attitudes toward condom use within main partner relationships among a subsample of intervention-arm cocaine- and/or heroin-using patients enrolled in a negative trial of brief motivational intervention to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted disease and unsafe sexual behaviors. The open-ended portion of these interview audiotapes consisted of questions about perceptions of risk and attitudes about condom use with main partners. Enrollees were aged 18-54, English or Spanish speaking, and included in this analysis only if they reported having a main partner. We identified codes and elaborated important themes through a standard inductive three step coding process, using HyperRESEARCH™ software.ResultsAmong 48 interviewees, 65% were male, half were non-Hispanic white, over 60% were 20-39 years of age, 58% had intravenous drug use (IDU), and 8% were HIV-positive. Participants defined respect, support, trust, and shared child-rearing responsibility as the most valued components of main partner relationships. Condom use was viewed occasionally as a positive means of showing respect with main partners but more often as a sign of disrespect and a barrier to intimacy and affection. Enrollees appraised their partners’ HIV risk in terms of perceptions of physical health, cleanliness, and sexual and HIV testing history. They based decisions regarding condom use mainly on perceived faithfulness, length of involvement, availability of condoms, and pregnancy desirability.ConclusionsRisk appraisal was commonly based on appearance and subjective factors, and condom use with main sexual partners was described most often as a demonstration of lack of trust and intimacy.Trial registrationNCT01379599

Response to Rennie: Is there a place for benevolent deception?

We appreciate the thoughtful and cogent comment from Stuart Rennie on our article [1xEthical jurisdictions in biomedical research. Mfutso-Bengu, J.M. and Taylor, T.E. Trends Parasitol. 2002; 18: 231–234Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (10)See all References][1]. The question raised on the ethics of selective (or partial) disclosure is one that is often discussed as the autopsy study in Malawi continues.We agree with Rennie in that in the absence of a convincing rationale for partial disclosure, the likelihood that full disclosure about removing the eyes during the autopsy would dissuade families from giving consent for the autopsy is not an acceptable justification for partial disclosure. Withholding relevant information solely to advance the research diminishes autonomy and would breach a fundamental principle of research ethics.A potential collision can be seen between the risk of undermining the principle of autonomy through less-than-full disclosure and the risk of violating the principle of beneficence by providing too much information at an emotionally charged moment. The concern of the local institutional review board (IRB) (which includes two lay members from the community) is that full disclosure in the immediate aftermath of a death would, by disregarding the cultural norms of prudence and discretion at times of mourning, create distress among the bereaved family members. In the Malawian setting, truth telling (or, in this case, full disclosure) at the wrong time would be seen as naivete, at best, or as cultural insensitivity, at worst.While we agree, in principle, that it would be right to disclose all of the autopsy details before asking for permission to conduct an autopsy, we continually ask ourselves whether it would be good to do this. At the time of death and burial, the family's primary concern for the body of the deceased is the appearance of the face. The eyes should be closed. To be buried with open eyes is a sign of disrespect and our current approach respects these beliefs.We recognize that informed consent is a dynamic process. In the immediate aftermath of the death, we do not explicitly state that we will remove the eyes and replace them with prosthetic eyes nor do we describe how the top of the skull will be removed (using a bone saw) to expose the brain. Our aim in withholding information on aspects of the autopsy is discretion, not deception.Families are invited to return to the hospital to discuss the detailed findings from the autopsy, but few have done so. We are interested in following up with the ∼80 families who have given permission for these research-related autopsies to date. A component of these ‘after the event’ interviews will be full disclosure regarding the removal of the eyes (in the cases where this did occur) and we will do our best to ascertain attitudes regarding our timing of this full disclosure.Our aim in writing the article on ethical jurisdictions was to provoke debate and Rennie's letter suggests that we have succeeded. This area of research is an ongoing and evolving process, and we look forward to contributing another chapter to this debate in the future.

El escudo, la serpiente y la mujer en Arquíloco 12 Adrados = 5 West

This paper proposes a new interpretation of fragment 12 Adrados = 5 West by Archilochus. In my opinion, the hurling of the shield is not to be considered as a sign of disrespect of noble and traditional values or as an indication of cowardice. In fact, since aspis can also mean “viper” and, therefore, “woman” (misogynist conceptions compared the woman to a snake), we put forward a new reading, according to which Archilochus would have been proud of having got rid of what he considered a wicked girl. As the Cologne Epode contains a similar motif, it seems that this kind of sexist scorn was often treated in sympotic contexts, in which we can situate most of Archilochus’ poetry.