Significant Zone Of Inhibition Research Articles

Investigation of Osteomyelitis Inducing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Inhibition Effect by Strontium-Substituted Borate Bioactive Glasses.

Borate glass transforms into hydroxycarbonate apatite more rapidly than silicate glass. This research aims to evaluate strontium's structural and biological effects on borate bioactive glass (BBG) and the influence of strontium concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% Sr) prepared via the sol-gel method. The study reveals significant findings related to the physicochemical properties of the glass. Immersion of the glass powders in a simulated body fluid (SBF) led to the development of a hydroxyapatite (HAP) layer on the glass surfaces. This transformation was verified through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. In particular, 5% strontium exhibited gradual degradation, resulting in particle sizes below 100 nm. The BBG-15%Sr demonstrates heightened pathogenic activity as it shows a significant inhibition zone of 14 mm at 250 μg/mL, surpassing other substituted BBGs. It effectively combats Gram-positive bacteria, completely inhibiting MRSA growth at 50 μg/mL. This underscores its robust biofilm disruption capabilities, eradicating biofilms, even at minimal concentrations after prolonged exposure. C. elegans when subjected to BBG-15%Sr shows less ROS production when compared with the others. Moreover, the results suggest that the modified glass could be a potential material for the treatment of osteomyelitis-affected bone repair.

Antibacterial potential and dye decolorization with graphitic carbon nitride and eudragit doped CdTe nanostructures evidential molecular docking analysis

Co-precipitation procedure was employed to prepare efficient ternary system-based catalysts composed of various concentrations (2 and 4 wt.%) of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and fixed amount (3 wt.%) of eudragit (Eud)-doped cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanostructures (NSs). The main objective of this study was to explore and enhance the dye degradation potential by changing the recombination rate of CdTe with doping and improving their multifunctional efficacy as catalysts and antibacterial agents. The dopants have altered the particle size, dispersal and optical properties of CdTe. The different concentrations of g-C3N4 and fixed amount of Eud, reaction temperature, and duration influence these characteristic properties of CdTe. g-C3N4 /Eud-doped CdTe with porous structure showed excellent methyl orange (MO) dye degradation efficiency (98.0 %) in neutral medium. Furthermore, 4 wt.% of g-C3N4 doped NSs exhibited significant inhibition zone as 9.35 ± 0.08 mm against MDR S. aureus bacteria. The molecular docking studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanistic interactions between g-C3N4/Eud-doped CdTe nanostructures and the target enzymes DNA gyrase S. aureus and D alanine-D-alanine ligase (ddlB)S. aureus, in order to justify their microbicidal efficacy.

Investigating the Antibacterial Potential of Novel N-Boc Isatin Schiff Bases: Combining Synthesis with In-vitro and In-silico Studies

The abstract explores into the antibacterial efficacy of newly synthesized N-Boc isatin Schiff bases against a range of pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. The characterization of the synthesized compounds was achieved through various spectroscopic methods including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS techniques, providing detailed structural insights. The in vitro antibacterial assessments were conducted via the agar diffusion method, revealing that compounds 3a, 3d, 3g, and 3j exhibited potent activity against both gram-positive (B. subtilis, MRSA) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacterial strains, providing objective data on their effectiveness. Furthermore, compound 3j, which featured bromine substitution at C5 of N-allyl isatin, displayed significant inhibition zones of 27 mm and 20 mm against E. coli and VRE, respectively, surpassing the activity of ciprofloxacin used as a standard drug molecule, thereby providing specific results. The molecular docking studies against E. coli Peptide Deformylase complex further confirmed the antibacterial potential of the synthesized compounds, adding a scientific basis for their efficacy. Additionally, in silico ADME predictions indicated favourable oral bioavailability, highlighting the promise of N-Boc substituted isatin Schiff bases as potential candidates for the development of novel antibacterial agents, thus contributing to the objective evaluation of their pharmacokinetic properties. Consequently, our studies demonstrated that these compounds not only possess significant antibacterial activity but also show promising pharmacokinetic properties, positioning them as strong candidates for the development of new antibacterial agents.

Biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles by Psidium guajava plants with antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and photocatalytic capacity

AbstractWith an increasing focus on green technologies, this research aimed to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using leaf extracts from Allahabad Safeda and Hisar Safeda for environmental and health protection. A range of concentrations of leaf extracts were employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles, utilizing 1–9% extract from Allahabad Safeda and 3–11% extract from Hisar Safeda. The synthesized CuO-NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometry, Dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. CuO-NPs synthesized using 3% Allahabad Safeda extract and 5% Hisar Safeda extract exhibited a particle size of 15.88 nm and 14.05 nm, respectively. CuO-NPs synthesized with Allahabad Safeda extract exhibited superior antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and photocatalytic properties. Their antibacterial tests demonstrated significant inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus (20.5 cm), Streptococcus latis (20.7 cm), Escherichia coli (19.5 cm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.7 mm). Additionally, CuO-NPs from Allahabad Safeda extract (70 µg/mL) exhibited 68.23% of scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Moreover, the same CuO-NPs at 100 µg/mL concentration showed 67.32% α-amylase inhibition and 75.18% α-glucosidase inhibition, confirming their antidiabetic activities. Furthermore, these nanoparticles demonstrated high performance in photocatalytic degradation, by degrading 82.31% methylene blue and 88.54% crystal violet within 150 min of UV irradiation. Overall, the findings highlight the feasibility of CuO-NPs synthesis using Allahabad Safeda extract and their potential applications in antibacterial treatment, combating diabetes, antioxidation, and environmentally friendly dye photodegradation process. Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and bioactive compound analysis of Verbascum thapsus L. A folklore medicinal plant

BackgroundThe prevalence of microbial infectious diseases is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality on a global scale due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes, despite the fact that many new antibiotics have been introduced for several decades. In present scenario, the potential utilization of natural plant derived extracts for medicinal and therapeutic purposes has increased remarkably due to adverse effects of synthetic drugs and resistance among pathogenic microbes. Aim of the studyVerbascum thapsus L. (Common mullein) has been traditionally used as a medicine for lung, skin and throat and many other disorders since time immemorial, therefore, the current study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of leaf and root extracts of Verbascum thapsus against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains and its phytochemical composition by spectral studies. MethodsSoxhlet extraction method was employed for extraction process by using varying polarity solvents like hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Phytochemical analysis of methanol extract was determined by Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by determining the MIC and MBC/MFC of each extract by broth dilution method. ResultsThe antimicrobial competence of each extract sample was evaluated against six pathogenic bacterial strains and three fungal strains. Methanolic extract of leaves and the ethyl acetate extract of roots of Verbascum thapsus exhibited significant zones of inhibition against all the tested microorganisms. The highest inhibition zone was observed against the bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis (24.1±0.18 mm) followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (22.9±0.64 mm) and the fungal strain Aspergillus niger (22.8±0.55 mm) at a concentration of 500 μg/ml. Methanolic leaf extract strongly inhibited the growth of tested microbial strains with MIC ranged from 15.625 to 125 μg/ml. The FTIR and GCMS analysis confirms the presence of bioactive compound, possessing broad range of therapeutic activities. ConclusionThis Presence of various important phytoconstituents and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity points Verbascum thapsus as a promising source for the isolations of molecules responsible for antimicrobial activities.

Formulation and optimization of mesoporous silica loaded gel containing extract of Rosmarinus officinalis for treatment of acute wound healing

This study investigate the development and optimization of a mesoporous silica-loaded gel formulated with Rosmarinus officinalis extract, aiming to amplify wound healing capabilities by harnessing the plant's known therapeutic properties alongside the sophisticated drug delivery advantages of mesoporous silica. The formulation process entailed encapsulating the Rosmarinus officinalis extract within mesoporous silica particles before their incorporation into a gel matrix, with particular attention paid to the variable concentrations of Poloxamer 407 and HPMC K15 M to evaluate their effect on the gel's Spreadability and drug release profile. Employing a comprehensive full factorial experimental design analyzed through Design-Expert software, inclusive of ANOVA and 3D surface plotting, the investigation identified batch RF7 as the prime formulation, composed of 14 % w/v Poloxamer 407 and 1 % w/v HPMC K15 M. RF7 precisely matched the predicted Spreadability with an experimental value of 13.6 gm.cm/sec and showcased a promising Cumulative % drug release at 10 h of 87.93 %, closely aligning with a predicted 89.94 %, marking a minimal percentage error of −2.01 %. The study further validated RF7 efficacy through stability and in-vitro antibacterial activity assessments, where it demonstrated significant zones of inhibition against E. coli (22.5 ± 0.87 mm) and S. Aureus (23.4 ± 1.15 mm), nearly paralleling or outperforming the Rosmarinus officinalis extract itself and a marketed standard, Candiderma Plus. These findings, supported by rigorous statistical validation, underscore RF7 enhanced wound healing potential, marrying natural therapeutic virtues with cutting-edge drug delivery technology for a promising advancement in wound care solutions.

Guardians of Citrus Groves: An In-Depth Analysis of Neem Leaf Extract's Effects on Asian Citrus Psyllid Attractiveness, Diaphorina citri kuwayama, And its Potential for Integrated Pest Management

Background: The pervasive impact of fungal diseases on wheat crops necessitates the exploration of sustainable and safe pest control alternatives. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is renowned for its medicinal properties and is being investigated for its potential as a biopesticide in agriculture. Objective: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts on fungal pathogens in wheat crops, aiming to offer an environmentally benign alternative to chemical fungicides. Methods: Neem leaves were collected, sterilized, dried, and ground to powder. This powder was subjected to solvent extraction using methanol, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, and distilled water. The resulting extracts were tested for antifungal activity against Diaphorina citri kuwayama using the agar well diffusion method. Wheat plants treated with the extracts were monitored for fungal disease incidence and yield changes. Results: Methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica showed a significant zone of inhibition of 34.67 mm against Diaphorina citri kuwayama. Additionally, methanolic extracts displayed a zone of inhibition of 31.6±2.04 mm, while the control showed 31.33±0.58 mm. The MIC values ranged from 35 µg/ml for methanol to 24 µg/ml for distilled water, with the control at 20 µg/ml. Treatment of wheat crops with these extracts resulted in reduced fungal contamination and enhanced yield. Conclusion: The study confirms that Azadirachta indica leaf extracts have substantial antifungal properties, demonstrating potential as a natural and environmentally friendly pest management strategy in wheat production. This approach aligns with sustainable agricultural practices and could have a beneficial impact on human health by reducing harmful chemical residues in food.

Antifungal Activity of Trichoderma orientale FMR 12486 Crude Extract against Some Human Pathogenic Fungi

This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of pathogenic fungi and evaluate the antifungal activity of Trichoderma orientale FMR12486 crude extract against pathogenic fungi isolated from patients attending the National Center for Thoracic and Respiratory Diseases (having a history of tuberculosis) and consultant of Dermatology of Baghdad hospital, Iraq. A total of 80 clinical specimens were collected: 20 skin scrapings specimens and 60 sputum specimens. The results of direct examination by KOH 10% and culture showed that 11 (55%) cases from 20 skin specimens were positive for fungal infections, while in the sputum specimens, 28 (47%) cases from 60 were positive. Candida albicans represented the most common fungal infection isolated from sputum specimens which represented 18 cases at a rate of 64.2%, followed by Candida tropicalis 5 (17.9%), Aspergillus fumigates 2 (7.1%), Aspergillus flavus 1 (3.6%), Candida glabrata 1 (3.6%) and Candida krusei 1 (3.6%). While in the skin scrapes, Candida parapsilosis was the common which represented 3 cases at a rate of 27.3%, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophyte 2 (18.2%), Microsporium canis 2 (18.2%), C. albicans 2 (18.2%), Trichophyton rubrum 1 (9.1%), C. tropicalis 1 (9.1%). T. orientale isolates were collected from the gardens soil of the University of Baghdad and were then identified depending on the morphological feature of the colony and microscopic characteristics. To confirm identification, PCR technique was used in which DNA of T. orientale was extracted at a concentration of 54 - 294 μg/2 g wet mycelium with a purity of 1.6 - 1.8. DNA samples were amplified with primers ITS-1and ITS-4, And the results confirmed that the isolate was T. orientale strain FMR12486. This isolate was processed with ethyl acetate using a standard extraction method and the final amount of crude extract being 6 grams. Different concentrations of crude extract 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/ml were prepared and used against fungal pathogens isolated using the agar-well diffusion method. The results showed high antifungal activity against pathogenic isolates, significantly recording maximum inhibition zones of 20 and 22 mm against C. parapsilosis at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/ml, respectively. It was followed by T. mentagrophyte and C. glabrata. 16, 20, and 16, 20 mm that were recorded at concentrations of 2 and 4mg/ml, a significant maximum inhibition zone was recorded 26 mm against C. glabrata, followed by C. parapsilosis, M. canis and T. mentagrophyte (24, 26; 16, 24 and 20, 24mm respectively). Just Trichophyton rubrum fungus in this study showed resistance to all concentrations of the crude extract where the inhibition zone was zero. The results of the current study showed that T. orientale strain FMR12486 crude extract can be used to make an effective drug to treat human fungal infections.

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities for different extracts of Casuarina equisetifolia.

Casuarina equisetifolia belongs to the Casuarina species with the most extensive natural distribution, which contain various phytochemicals with potential health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of different extracts of Casuarina equisetifolia. The n-hexane extract was analyzed for its unsaponifiable and fatty acid methyl esters fractions, while chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol extracts were studied for their phenolic components. Six different extracts of C. equisetifolia needles were evaluated for their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. The n-hexane extract contained mainly hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters, while ten phenolic compounds were isolated and identified in the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol extracts. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content, highest antioxidant activity, and most potent cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. The ethyl acetate extract showed the most significant inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Casuarina equisetifolia extracts showed promising antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. Overall, Casuarina equisetifolia is a versatile tree with a variety of uses, and its plant material can be used for many different purposes.

Free Radical Scavenging, Anti-inflammatory and Antibacterial Activity of Acorus calamus Leaves Extract Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Background Herbal medicine, or phytotherapy, has been used for centuries in traditional healing practices to harness the therapeutic properties of different plant-derived elements. Acorus calamus, a perennial herbaceous plant, has significant historical importance in traditional medicine, specifically in Ayurveda, where it is referred to as "Vacha."This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial characteristics of the A. calamus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract. The objectives of the research are to provide valuable knowledge about the preparation of A. calamus DMSO extract and to explore its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Materials and methods The A. calamus DMSO extract was derived from leaves, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated through the use of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (H2O2 assay), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the Bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay, egg albumin (EA) denaturation assay, and membrane stabilization assays. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed using the agar well diffusion technique and the time-kill curve assay. Results In DPPH and H2O2 tests, the DMSO extract of A. calamus showed significant antioxidant activity, near that ofstandard ascorbic acid. The FRAP assay demonstrated a correlation between the dose and the activity of reducing ferric ions. The A. calamusDMSO extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties in BSA and EA denaturation assays, similar to the standard diclofenac sodium. The anti-inflammatory potential of the A. calamus DMSO extract was further confirmed through the membrane stabilization assay. The DMSO extract of A. calamus exhibited a significant inhibition zone against the pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the antimicrobial evaluation, surpassing the efficacy of the standard antibiotic. The time-kill curve assay validated the antibacterial efficacy, which was dependent on the concentration. Conclusion The A. calamus DMSO extract exhibited promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, supporting its traditional use in alternative medicine. The findings suggest its potential as a natural resource of compounds with bioactive properties for use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Development of an antifungal drug loaded spinel ferrite nanocarrier with enhanced antifungal activity and superior anticancer effect against human lung carcinoma cells

Mg1–xCuxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.1) nanoparticle was successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method. Synthesized Mg0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 nanoparticle was coated with the soluble starch and then conjugated with the antifungal drug ketoconazole. The detailed microstructural and structural characterizations of the nanoparticles and drug-loaded nanosystem were carried out by analyzing FTIR, EDS patterns and XRD data employing Rietveld refinement. The average particle sizes of different samples were determined from SEM and TEM image analysis. The antifungal activities of Mg0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 nanoparticles (NP) and drug-conjugated nanoparticles (NP-DC) were revealed by agar cup assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) study against Candida Sp. A significant zone of fungal inhibition was obtained in the NP sample, and the antifungal efficacy indicated that it can be a promising antifungal agent without any external drug. The zone of inhibition due to the NP-DC sample was larger than that of the pure drug ketoconazole. It revealed the significant enhancement of the efficacy of ketoconazole after its conjugation with the NP sample, which was confirmed by the MIC study. In the MIC study, it has been revealed that the NP-DC sample has a similar activity as 100wt % ketoconazole. But in the NP-DC sample, only 40 wt % ketoconazole was present. It confirms the significantly enhanced activity of pure drug after its conjugation with the NP sample. The NP-DC sample has also significant inhibitory activity against the growth of lung carcinoma cells (A549 cells) while it has no any significant toxic effect on the normal human WI38 cells (lung fibroblast cells) as indicated by MTT assay. The anti-cancer activity of the NP-DC sample is significantly higher than that of the pure drug ketoconazole. The ability of NP-DC to produce cellular ROS and induction of apoptosis has been confirmed to be the cause of the enhanced cytotoxic effect of the NP-DC sample against lung carcinoma cells. This significant enhancement of antifungal and anticancer efficacy indicates the formation of a new nanomedicine with a significant antifungal activity that can also inhibit the growth of human carcinoma cells with higher efficacy. Due to enhanced efficacy, a small amount of ketoconazole conjugated with NPs would be required for the treatment, which in turn, reduces the side effects of the drug and becomes more affordable to the patients. This new nanomedicine can also be used as a potential drug for cancer treatment.

Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using Alstonia scholaris leaves and its antimicrobial studies

The utilization of plants for the production of metallic nanoparticles is gaining significant attention in research. In this study, we conducted phytochemical screening of Alstonia scholaris (A. scholaris) leaves extracts using various solvents, including chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol, and water. Our findings revealed higher proportions of flavonoids and alkaloids in both solvents compared to other phytochemical species. In the methanol, extract proteins, anthraquinone and reducing sugar were not detected. On the other hand, the aqueous extract demonstrated the presence of amino acids, reducing sugar, phenolic compounds, anthraquinone, and saponins. Notably, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts displayed the highest levels of bioactive compounds among all solvents. Intrigued by these results, we proceeded to investigate the antibacterial properties of the leaf extracts against two major bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). All extracts exhibited significant zones of inhibition against both bacterial isolates, with S. aureus showing higher susceptibility compared to E. coli. Notably, the methanol extract displayed the most potent I hibitory effect against all organisms. Inspired by the bioactivity of the methanol extract, we employed it as a plant-based material for the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs). The synthesized Cu-NPs were characterized using Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible spectroscopic analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed color changes confirmed the successful formation of Cu-NPs, while the FTIR analysis matched previously reported peaks, further verifying the synthesis. The SEM micrographs indicated the irregular shapes of the surface particles. From the result obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, Cu has the highest relative abundance of 67.41 wt%. Confirming the purity of the Cu-NPs colloid. These findings contribute to the growing field of eco-friendly nanotechnology and emphasize the significance of plant-mediated approaches in nanomaterial synthesis and biomedical applications.

In Vitro Evaluation of Extracts From Ixora Species for a Potential Phytosomal Formulation.

Background Ixora species are perennial shrubs and flowering plants belonging to the family Rubiaceae. The leaf and flower parts of Ixora coccinea (I. coccinea)andIxora alba (I. alba) were aimed at isolating their active fractions. The present study was to determine in vitro antitumor activity against malignant melanoma cell lines for phytosome formulation. Materials and methods Two species, I. coccinea (red flowers and leaves) and I. alba (white flowers and leaves), were selected, and this study focused on determining the active fraction by comparing the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hydroalcoholic (ethanol:water, 70:30 v/v) extracts. The identified potent extract was subjected to in vitro anticancer activity in malignant melanoma cell lines. Results A phytochemical study revealed phytosterols, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, and diterpenes. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant effect of I. coccinea and I. alba leaf and flower extracts. In the DPPH assay, I. coccinea flower hydroalcoholic extract (ICFHA) had an IC50 value of 248.99 µg/mL, and I. coccinea leaf hydroalcoholic extract (ICLHA) had an IC50 value of 268.87 µg/mL. These two extracts had a lower value with a higher antioxidant effect. In the total antioxidant assay, I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract (ICLEA) and I. coccinea leaf chloroform extract (ICLCE) have 77.4 ± 0.05 and 68.9 ± 0.03 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gm of extract, respectively. These two extracts exhibited a high antioxidant effect. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated using selected bacterial and fungal strains using the agar-well diffusion method. Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of I. coccinea and I. alba leaves and flowers did not possess antimicrobial activity with any of the bacterial or fungal strains. An ethyl acetate extract and a hydroalcoholic extract of I. coccinea leaves and flowers showed antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus. An ethyl acetate extract of I. coccinea flower and a hydroalcoholic extract of I. alba leaf showed a significant zone of inhibition when compared with standard chloramphenicol for all three selected strains, which may be due to the presence of active phytoconstituents. ICLHA showed a MIC of ≤300 µg/mL for Enterococcus faecalisandStaphylococcus aureusand ≤400 µg/mL for Candida albicans microbial strains. The high total flavonoid content was reported in ICLEA at 771.31 µg/mL and in I. coccinea flower ethyl acetate extract (ICFEA) at 694.69 µg/mL. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis showed a high quercetin (QCE) content in the ICLEA extract. To prove the in vitro skin anticancer activity, an MTT assay was performed for the ICLEA extract in a malignant melanoma cell line, and the IC50 value was reported as 7.96 µg/mL. Conclusion I. coccinea leaf ethyl acetate extract revealed a significant total flavonoid content in analysis through the aluminum chloride method, and the presence of a high QCE content was confirmed by HPTLC analysis. The in vitro skin anticancer activity of ICLEA was confirmed by the MTT assay; therefore, it was concluded that the ICLEA extract was a potent fraction and was selected to develop a phytosome.

Synthesis and characterization of zinc basic salt–loaded PVA-PEI polymeric composite for antimicrobial activity and triboelectric nanogenerator applications

There is a growing global demand for biodegradable, economical, and versatile materials. Accordingly, a novel material called zinc basic salt-loaded polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene imine (ZBS@PVA-PEI) is introduced, which exhibits potential applications in antimicrobial, triboelectric, and energy harvesting. The film composed of ZBS@PVA-PEI demonstrated a significant inhibition zone against Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain during a modified agar diffusion antimicrobial test, after being in contact for 24 hours. Upon evaluation, it was observed that the material exhibited an inhibition zone ranging from 4.5–12 mm. This effect was attributed to the interaction between the positive surface charge of ZBS and the negative surface charge of the bacteria, and Zinc ion release. This study marks the first report on the utilization of ZBS as an agent for antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the ZBS@PVA-PEI was assessed for its suitability in a single-electrode mode triboelectric nanogenerator (SE-TENG). A flexible film measuring 2.1 × 1.9 cm², consisting of ZBS@PVA-PEI, was utilized as positive triboelectric layer and generated approximately 230 V under a frequency of 5.6 Hz and a gap distance of 40 mm. Additionally, the TENG self-standing films were employed as keyboard covers, harnessing energy from typing and producing up to 13 V from conventional finger typing.

Investigating the antibacterial activity of Thyme Oil/TiO2 modified resins against oral pathogenic bacteria

Dental composites lack inherent antimicrobial activity, leading to secondary caries and restoration failure. This study developed a novel thyme oil/TiO2 nanoparticle filler to impart sustainable antibacterial functions to dental resins. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via a sol-gel method and characterized as 20–30 nm crystalline anatase particles. Functionalization with thyme oil was confirmed by FTIR, with 5.8% thyme oil content measured by TGA. Resin disks containing 0.5–2 wt% thyme-TiO2 exhibited significant inhibition zones against S. mutans, L. acidophilus and C. albicans (8–12 mm) compared to thyme oil-free controls (0 mm) (p < 0.05). Thyme-TiO2 at 1–2 wt% showed sustained release of thyme oil over 15 days with bacterial viability reduction of 68–99% compared to unmodified resin (p < 0.05). Resin-dentin microtensile bond strengths were 45–50 MPa for 0.5–2 wt% thyme-TiO2 and not significantly different from control (p > 0.05). Likewise, flexural strength, elastic modulus and surface microhardness values were unchanged with thyme-TiO2 incorporation ≤ 2 wt% (p > 0.05). DPSC viability was > 90% for all resins, indicating good cytocompatibility. Overall, the thyme-TiO2 nanocomposite successfully endowed the dental resin with potent, long-lasting antibacterial effects without compromising key mechanical properties.

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Seribu kuman Leaf (Rhinacanthus nasutus (l.) Kurz) Extracts Against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Seribu Kuman leaves (Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz) are the herb most commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. The presence of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolics, has led to its known antibacterial activity. This study aims to verify the antibacterial activity of Seribu Kuman leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study involved experimental design using the Kirby-Bauer method, inoculating Mueller-Hilton Agar (MHA) test media containing S. aureus and P. aeroginosa bacteria with Seribu Kuman leaves ethanol extracts at concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 60%. Penicillin and ciprofloxacin were used as positive controls, whereas sterile aquabidest was used as a negative control for the study. The findings of this study showed that Seribu Kuman (R. nasutus) ethanol extract, at a concentration of 60%, presented the most significant inhibition zone against S. aureus, measuring 13.6 mm. In contrast, no inhibition zone was observed for P. aeroginosa. It can be concluded that Seribu Kuman (R. nasutus) ethanol extract can inhibit the growth of S. aureus but not P. aeruginosa. So, Seribu Kuman leaves (R. nasutus) ethanol extract could be an alternative for treating infections caused by S. aureus.

Novel terpyridines as Staphylococcusaureus gyrase inhibitors: efficientsynthesis and antibacterialassessment viasolvent-drop grinding.

Aim: This study was designed to synthesize a novel series of terpyridines with potential antibacterial properties, targeting multidrug resistance. Materials & methods: Terpyridines (4a-h and 6a-c) were synthesized via a one-pot multicomponent reaction using 2,6-diacetylpyridines, benzaldehyde derivativesand malononitrile or ethyl 2-cyanoacetate. The reactions, conducted under grinding conditions with glacial acetic acid, produced high-yield compounds, confirmed by spectroscopic data. Results: The synthesized terpyridines exhibited potent antibacterial activity. Notably, compounds 4d and 4h demonstrated significant inhibition zones against Staphylococcusaureus and Bacillussubtilis, outperformingciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Molecular docking studies highlighted compounds 4d, 4hand 6c as having strong binding affinity to DNA gyrase B, correlating with their robust antibacterial activity, suggesting their potential as effective agents against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.

Bioactive glass incorporated dressing matrix for rapid hemostatic action with antibacterial activity

Uncontrolled bleeding stands as a leading cause of preventable death in both civilian trauma and military battlefield scenarios. Existing hemostatic dressings like HemCon, Celox, and QuickClot, often lack instant hemostasis at the bleeding site and may have biodegradability and exothermic issues. To address the above in this communication, we have synthesized a hemostatic glass (acronym AlBG, CaO-SiO2 system, incorporated with Al2O3 and ZnO) by sol gel route and carried out detail physicochemical characterizations, e.g., XRD, FESEM, FTIR, BET and particle size analysis etc. The AlBG of particle size range 140–253 nm was incorporated into the nonwoven surgical cotton gauze to obtain AlBGscg. In vitro biological assays including cytocomtability, hemocompatibility assays of the above coated gauze was undertaken using NIH3T3 of which, the later showed optimum hemocompatibility with <6 % lysis of red blood cells. Potent antibacterial action on both gram positive and gram negative strains were obtained with significant zone of inhibition of 17 ± 0.34 mm and 16 ± 0.56 mm, respectively. Importantly, significant reduction of the clotting time (31.81 ± 0.12 % for P time and 33.3 ± 0.23 % for aPTT) compared to the control group, indicated activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images exhibited an enhanced in vitro blood clot formation in case of AlBGscg in comparison to the control (uncoated surgical cotton gauze), visually. Additionally, a noticeable reduction of ∼30 % in the time required for the blood clot formation, in case of AlBGscg, was observed. The in vivo hemostatic potential of AlBGscg was evaluated in Wistar rats through femoral artery injury and was compared with commercially available surgical cotton gauze. The results demonstrated substantial reduction in the time required for hemostasis (approximately 50 % reduction), a lower amount of blood loss (7.33 % with AlBGscg compared to 22.31 % with surgical cotton gauze), and importantly, there were no incidents of re-bleeding observed with AlBGscg, highlighting its promise as a candidate for effective hemostasis.

Optimization of physicochemical parameters for lipopeptides surfactin production by Bacillus halotolerans under oat straw medium using Box-Behnken design and artificial neural networks

The primary objective of this study was to produce lipopeptide surfactin using Bacillus halotolerans (GenBank accession: ON204239), which was isolated from the rhizosphere of pine trees in the El Baaraouia forest in Eastern Algeria. B. halotolerans demonstrated the capacity to biosynthesize surfactants when cultured on a blood agar medium, resulting in the formation of clear zones around the colonies. Antagonism tests were conducted using the culture supernatant on two liquid media: LB (Luria-Bertani) and a natural medium (OSM) with oats as the sole carbon source. The results showed significant inhibition zones (15 mm) on LB medium compared to larger zones (25 mm) on OSM after 24 h. In vivo, antagonistic activity under field conditions after 12 weeks revealed that B. halotolerans inoculated in OSM effectively enhanced and protected tomato plants against F. napiforme compared to the LB medium and the control group. The results exhibited notable differences in plant size, number of leaves, number of discolored leaves, and root mass, all favoring the OSM-inoculated plants. The study utilized a combination of Box-Behnken design within the response surface methodology (BBD-RSM), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and the genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize culture conditions and achieve maximum surfactin production. The optimal conditions for surfactin production included a substrate concentration of 7 g, incubation time of 30 h, pH of 2.31, and a temperature of 37.4 °C. Under these conditions, the antagonism test against phytopathogenic F. napiforme (GenBank accession: ON204349) using the culture supernatant revealed a significant inhibition zone of 18.5 mm after 24 h. UPLC-MS analysis of the lipopeptides produced by B. halotolerans cultured on an oat straw medium confirmed the production of various surfactin analogs. Seven analogs (C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, and C18) were identified. Notably, the production of surfactin analogs by B. halotolerans in the Luria-Bertani medium yielded fewer analogs (C12, C13, C14, C15, and C16) in comparison. In summary, this study successfully optimized surfactin production conditions using BBD-RSM, ANNs, and GA, leading to enhanced antagonistic activity against F. napiforme and the identification of multiple surfactin analogs.

The antibacterial activity of berberine against Cutibacterium acnes: its therapeutic potential in inflammatory acne.

Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is a major pathogen implicated in the evolution of acne inflammation. Inhibition of C. acnes-induced inflammation is a prospective acne therapy strategy. Berberine (BBR), a safe and effective natural ingredient, has been proven to exhibit powerful antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the antimicrobial effect of BBR against C. acnes and its role in C. acnes-mediated inflammatory acne have not been explored. The objective of this investigation was to assess the antibacterial activity of BBR against C. acnes and its inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response. The results of in vitro experiments showed that BBR exhibited significant inhibition zones against four C. acnes strains, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in the range of 6.25-12.5 μg/mL and 12.5-25 μg/mL, respectively. On the bacterial growth curve, the BBR-treated C. acnes exhibited obvious growth inhibition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated that BBR treatment resulted in significant morphological changes in C. acnes. High-content imaging analysis further confirmed that BBR could effectively inhibit the proliferation of C. acnes. The disruption of cell wall and cell membrane structure by BBR treatment was preliminary confirmed according to the leakage of cellular contents such as potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP). Furthermore, we found that BBR could reduce the transcript levels of genes associated with peptidoglycan synthesis (murC, murD, mraY, and murG). Meanwhile, we investigated the modulatory ability of BBR on C. acnes-induced skin inflammation in mice. The results showed that BBR effectively reduced the number of C. acnes colonized in mice's ears, thereby alleviating ear swelling and erythema and significantly decreasing ear thickness and weight. In addition, BBR significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in auricular tissues. These results suggest that BBR has the potential to treat inflammatory acne induced by C. acnes.