Significant Variation Research Articles

Co-differential genes between DKD and aging: implications for a diagnostic model of DKD.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that is closely related to aging. In this study, we found co-differential genes between DKD and aging and established a diagnostic model of DKD based on these genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in DKD were screened using GEO datasets. The intersection of the DEGs of DKD and aging-related genes revealed DKD and aging co-differential genes. Based on this, a genetic diagnostic model for DKD was constructed using LASSO regression. The characteristics of these genes were investigated using consensus clustering, WGCNA, functional enrichment, and immune cell infiltration. Finally, the expression of diagnostic model genes was analyzed using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in DKD mice (model constructed by streptozotocin (STZ) injection and confirmed by tissue section staining). First, there were 159 common differential genes between DKD and aging, 15 of which were significant. These co-differential genes were involved in stress, glucolipid metabolism, and immunological functions. Second, a genetic diagnostic model (including IGF1, CETP, PCK1, FOS, and HSPA1A) was developed based on these genes. Validation of these model genes in scRNA-seq data revealed statistically significant variations in FOS, HSPA1A, and PCK1 gene expression between the early DKD and control groups. Validation of these model genes in the kidneys of DKD mice revealed that Igf1, Fos, Pck1, and Hspa1a had lower expression in DKD mice, with Igf1 expression being statistically significant. Our findings suggest that DKD and aging co-differential genes are significant in DKD diagnosis, providing a theoretical basis for novel research directions on DKD.

Running on empty: Factors underpinning impaired cardiac output reserve in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is frequently attributed etiologically to an underlying left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, although its pathophysiology is far more complex and can exhibit significant variations among patients. This review endeavours to systematically unravel the pathophysiological heterogeneity by illustrating diverse mechanisms leading to an impaired cardiac output reserve, a central and prevalent haemodynamic abnormality in HFpEF patients. Drawing on previously published findings from our research group, we propose a pathophysiology-guided phenotyping based on the presence of: (1) LV diastolic dysfunction, (2) LV systolic pathologies, (3) arterial stiffness, (4) atrial impairment, (5) right ventricular dysfunction, (6) tricuspid valve regurgitation, and (7) chronotopic incompetence. Tailored to each specific phenotype, we explore various potential treatment options such as antifibrotic medication, diuretics, renal denervation and more. Our conclusion underscores the pivotal role of cardiac output reserve as a key haemodynamic abnormality in HFpEF, emphasizing that by phenotyping patients according to its individual pathomechanisms, insights into personalized therapeutic approaches can be gleaned.

Exploring magnesium myristate for its dual functionality as a binder and lubricant in the formulation of tablet.

Purpose: To explore 'magnesium myristate' for its dual functionality as a lubricant and binder in the formulation of tablets. Methods: Using (DoE), tablet formulations using magnesium myristate and conventional excipients (magnesium stearate and PVP K30) were developed by wet granulation technique. The prepared granules and formulated tablets were evaluated for pre- and post-compression parameters, respectively. Results: Magnesium myristate exhibited excellent flow properties. The optimized formulations containing magnesium myristate exhibited increased hardness and in vitro drug release in comparison to conventional excipients. f2 similarity index for in vitro drug release showed no significant variations with optimized formulations and with the marketed formulations. Conclusion: Magnesium myristate shows a promising replacement for conventional excipients as both a lubricant and binder in tablet formulation.

Influence of Different Planting Dates and Mulches on Growth, Yield and Economics of Potato

The present research work was conducted at Pili kothi farm, Department of Agronomy, Tilak Dhari Post Graduate College, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh during winter season of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design. The treatments comprised of different planting dates viz. 20 days early planting on 17th October, 10 days early planting on 27th October, Optimum planting time on 7th November, 10 days late planting on 17th November and 20 days late planting on 27th November and different mulching practices viz. Organic mulch (Paddy straw at 5 t/ha), Plastic mulch (Black colour) and Control (Without mulch) of potato. There were 15 treatments and each were replicated to four folds. These treatments were randomly arranged in each replication and divided into sixty plots. The results revealed that the significantly maximum number of haulms/hill at 45 DAP (4.50, 4.70 and 4.60), plant height (52.30, 54.00 and 53.10 cm), dry weight/ (27.90, 28.20 and 28.00) plant at 60 DAP, weight of tubers/plant (496.40, 504.10 and 500.30), weight of tubers/plant (>75 g) (207.70, 209.00 and 208.30) and tuber yield (369.30, 370.70 and 370.00 q/ha) were recorded under 20 Days Early Planting On 17th October among different planting dates during first, second year and mean data also. Whereas among the mulching practices significant variation were recorded among the all parameter. However maximum number of haulms/hill (3.60, 3.70 and 3.70) at 45 DAP, plant height (50.20, 52.0 and 51.10 cm), dry weight/plant (25.5, 25.9 and 25.7) at 60 DAP, weight of tubers/plant (454.80, 460.70 and 457.70), weight of tubers/plant (>75 g) (191.90, 193.30 and 192.60) and tuber yield (333.80, 334.90 and 334.30 q/ha) under the organic mulch (paddy straw at 5 t/ha) respectively, during first, second year as well as in mean data also.

Assessment of Perceived Social Support among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Lahore

HIV/AIDS cases are on rise in Pakistan at one of the fastest rates in Asia. People living with HIV/AIDS face numerous problems directly affecting the treatment outcome along with other aspects of their lives. One such factor is social support which directly affects the quality of life and treatment outcome of people living with HIV/AIDS. Objective: To explore the perceived social support available in people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: This cross-sectional research studied 300 individuals living with HIV/AIDS and seeking treatment from Antiretroviral therapy (ART) centres of Punjab Aids Control Program in Lahore. The participants were selected through nonprobability purposive sampling technique from the Punjab Aids Control Program treatment centers and included males (77%), females (17 %) and transgenders (5 %). Social support was measured through Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) Urdu version. Results: Participants scored highest on family social support and lowest on friends social support from subscale. The scores on social support taken from three main sources indicate the medium levels and composite score reveal high levels of social support. Family and friends subscales show significant variations in scores across gender. Income and employment status revealed the same pattern of association with all types of social support. However, age, gender, marital status and family style showed varying pattern of association. Conclusions: Findings provided insights into perceived social support of people living with HIV/AIDS in Lahore and also identified a set of factors associated with social support.

GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ELITE COTTON STRAINS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIO-CHEMICAL TRAITS UNDER HEAT STRESS CONDITIONS

One of the key steps in developing heat-tolerant, climate-smart cotton genotypes is evaluating and screening available cultivated germplasm. The current study was designed to evaluate the key cotton strains developed for release in heat-prone areas of Punjab and Pakistan. Thirteen cotton strains, along with check variety BH-184, were sown under randomized complete block design (RCBD) in triplicates. The plant-to-plant and row-to-row distances were maintained at 30 cm and 70 cm, respectively. The results revealed the presence of highly significant variations among cotton strains for studied plant traits in 13 cotton strains. Correlation analysis unveiled the presence of highly significant and positive correlation of seed cotton yield with net photosynthetic rate (r = 0.982**), total chlorophyll contents (r = 0.976**), superoxide dismutase (r = 0.966**), bolls per plant (r = 0.786**), nodes per plant (r = 0.683**), plant height (r = 0.653**) and sympodia per plant (r = 0.623**) while strong negative correlation with superoxide dismutase (r = -0.952**). Cluster, principal component and biplot analysis classify cotton strains into groups based on their performance under heat stress conditions. These analyses verified the results obtained through correlations and further revealed that net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll contents, superoxide dismutase, plant height and sympodia per plant and superoxide dismutase were the most divergent traits and must be considered in developing a scheme to develop heat-tolerant cotton genotypes.

ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE THICKNESS OF ALVEOLAR BONE AND POSITION OF INCISOR IN CLASS I AND II MALOCCLUSIONS THROUGH LATERAL CEPHALOGRAMS

To assess the inclination of incisors and thickness of alveolar bone in malocclusions of Class I and Class II. A comparative study was conducted on 114 individuals in which incisor inclinations and their relationships with the alveolar bone were assessed by using lateral cephalograms. In the study individuals with Class I malocclusion, with a mean age of 18.6 years were recruited along with the individuals of Class II malocclusions with a mean age of 18.27 years. Almost, 114 lateral cephalograms were taken from the individuals. Out of them, 51 had class II malocclusion and 63 had class I malocclusion. The overall mandibular alveolar thickness showed no statistically significant difference between class I and class II malocclusion (P=.086), while there was a slight but statistically significant variation in the maxillary alveolar thickness (P=0.029). There was no significant distinction in the maxillary incisor inclination between the two groups (P=.603), whereas the root apex location lower labial was considerably more posterior (P <.001). However, it was discovered that Class II malocclusion patients had a substantially higher mandibular incisor inclination (P=.004). In the study, the position of the mandibular incisor root apex varied significantly across classes I and II. The mandibular incisor root apex was therefore more posteriorly positioned in class II relative to the alveolar center.

Feeding patterns of the Neotropical cichlid, Australoheros acaroides (Hensel, 1870), in southern Brazil

ABSTRACT We present detailed data on the feeding patterns of the Neotropical cichlid Australoheros acaroides (Hensel, 1870) in southern Brazil, focusing on three questions: (i) do feeding patterns vary according to the season or body size class of the species? (ii) are the niche breadth and intraspecific trophic overlap influenced by the season or the body size class? and (iii) how do feeding strategies and the fractional trophic level vary among seasons and body size classes? We analyzed 88 individuals and identified 27 different types of food item. A PERMANOVA identified significant variation in the composition of the diet among the seasons and body size classes. We detected a relatively narrow trophic niche, and a feeding strategy that varied in the relative use of resources among seasons and body size classes. Trophic overlap was relatively discreet among seasons and body size classes, however, and there was also little variation in the fractional trophic position of the species among seasons or size classes. These findings provide important insights into different aspects of the trophic relationships of A. acaroides in the subtropical region of southern Brazil, and resolve an important knowledge gap in its feeding ecology.

Flow Instabilities and Control Mechanisms in Cylindrical Cavities With Top Bounding Walls

Abstract Cavity flows studied over the past few decades have led to an increased understanding of the flow physics and instability modes in a range of configurations. While a large number of these studies focus on two-dimensional and three-dimensional rectangular/cuboidal cavities, significant variations are seen with three-dimensional cylindrical cavities with a top bounding wall. The present work details the flow physics of such cavities with a compressible (air) flow past the cavity at two pressure drops of 3850 Pa and 2000 Pa. Results from detached eddy simulations (DES) reveal the presence of the wake mode and shear layer instabilities, respectively, with modified dynamics and oscillatory modes owing to the top wall. In the interest of preventing mode switching with changes in operating conditions, which could lead to large-scale flow disruptions, a passive flow control technique is tested. The modified cavity (with a downstream ramp scaled by the size of shed structures) is seen to maintain the same mode throughout the range of operation offering valuable insights into design modifications for such cavities in practical settings.

Comparative Analysis of Stock Price Index Before and After The Announcement of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) Bankruptcy

The recent bankruptcy of Silicon Bank Valley (SVB) has sent shockwaves globally, given SVB’s status as a top-16 bank in the United States specializing in financing startups. The collapse of SVB has ignited concerns about a potential crisis, prompting a crucial research initiative to assess the likelihood of such a scenario. Since SVB’s bankcruptcy announcement, a notable occurence has been the sustain depression of the Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG) for several days. Consequently, this study aims to scrutinize and assess whether there are statistically significant variations in the stock price index before and after SVB’s bankcrupty announcement, not only within Indonesia but also throughout the ASEAN region. Utilizing quantitative approach, this research relies on secondary data in the form of stock price indices from multiple ASEAN stock exchanges. The observation period spans 14 days before and after March 10, 2023 (the announcement date). The analysis reveals that the stock price indices of JKSE, SETI, KLSE, and STI exhibited significant variations before and after the SVB announcement. However, the PSEI stock price index demonstrated no discernible differences. These findings shed light on the potential interconnectedness of SVB’s bankcruptcy with stock market movements in the ASEAN region.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

The current study titled “Analysis of genetic diversity in green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was carried out at Center for Crop Research (C.R.C.), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut. A set of twenty five mungbean genotypes were examined to investigate the essence and extend of divergence of genes using Mahalanobis’s D2 Statistics on twelve critical quantitative attributes. The study material was assessed using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replication plots of two rows of 4 meter length. Out of every replication, five plants were selected at random, marked, and observations were recorded for twelve quantitative attributes. Analysis of variance showed that there was significant variation among all characters examined. The twenty-five genotypes of mungbean have been split into seven distinct clusters. With seven genotypes apiece, Cluster I and Cluster IV were determined to be the largest. The intra cluster distance was maximum for Cluster IV. The maximum inter cluster distance between cluster V and cluster II suggests that the genotypes in these clusters doesn't correlate with one another and the minimal inter-cluster distance between cluster V and cluster IV demonstrates a high degree of connection between the genotypes in these clusters. Based on high inter cluster distances, hybridization programme could be taken up between the varieties of cluster II (Pusa Vaishali, IPM-02-19, IPM 02-19, OMG-1045, VBG-04-008) and cluster V (Pusa-0871, Pusa-0891, SMM-15-72, PDM-262).Hence, these nine genotypes are recognized as promising progenitors and can be employed in further breeding programme. Plant height, number of branches/plants, number of pods/plant, number of pods/clusters, pod length, biological yield, harvest index and seed yield per plant are vital for genetic diversity and were recognized as significant contributors to genetic divergence.

Effects of land surface temperatures on vegetation phenology along urban–rural local climate zone gradients

ContextUrbanization and local urban climate have multiple impacts on vegetation phenology in urban and suburban areas. Understanding these effects and their interactions with the surface urban heating effect remains limited.ObjectiveWe employed a time series of Earth observation data to analyze land surface phenology (LSP) dynamics and related environmental drivers in the highly urbanized Pearl River Delta (PRD) region.MethodsFirst, local climate zone (LCZ) maps were generated from Earth observation datasets of 2000 and 2019. Second, LSP (i.e., start, end, and length of season) were extracted from vegetation indices for 2000–2019. Thirdly, land surface temperature (LST) was used as an explanatory variable based on the LCZ of cities. Finally, interannual trends of LSP and their association with LST were analyzed, depending on the distance gradient of vegetation to compact high-rise buildings.ResultsUrban surface characteristics showed that LSP in regions dominated by compact and high-rise urban areas presented significant spatiotemporal variation at the start and end of season than those dominated by open, mid-rise, and low-rise areas. The impacts of spring and autumn LST in the daytime on LSP were slightly more substantial than those in the nighttime. The association of decreasing spring LST in the daytime with a delayed start of season is especially pronounced in urban domains.ConclusionsThe results indicate that vegetated areas adjacent to urban domains presented greater spatiotemporal dynamics than suburban and rural regions. Our study emphasizes the dependence of spatiotemporal changes in vegetation phenology on the effects of urban surface warming.

Spatiotemporal investigation of near-surface CH4 and factors influencing CH4 over South, East, and Southeast Asia

Methane (CH4) is the second most abundant greenhouse gas after CO2, which plays the most important role in global and regional climate change. To explore the long-term spatiotemporal variations of near-surface CH4, datasets were extracted from Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT), and the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalyzed datasets from June 2009 to September 2020 over South, East, and Southeast Asia. The accuracy of near-surface CH4 from GOSAT and CAMS was verified against surface observatory stations available in the study region to confirm both dataset applicability and results showed significant correlations. Temporal plots revealed continuous inflation in the near-surface CH4 with a significant seasonal and monthly variation in the study region. To explore the factors affecting near-surface CH4 distribution, near-surface CH4 relationship with anthropogenic emission, NDVI data, wind speed, temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and relative humidity were investigated. The results showed a significant contribution of anthropogenic emissions with near-surface CH4. Regression and correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between NDVI data and near-surface CH4 from GOSAT and CAMS, while a significant negative correlation was found between wind and near-surface CH4. In the case of temperature, soil moisture, and near-surface CH4 from GOSAT and CAMS over high CH4 regions of the study area showed a significant positive correlation. However significant negative correlations were found between precipitation and relative humidity with GOSAT and CAMS datasets over high CH4 regions in South, East, and Southeast Asia. Moreover, these climatic factors showed no significant correlation within the low near-surface CH4 areas in our study region. Our study results showed that anthropogenic emissions, NDVI data, wind speed, temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and humidity could significantly affect the near-surface CH4 over South, East, and Southeast Asia.

Lymph node metastasis regulation by peritumoral tonsillar tissue mitochondria-related pathway activation in oropharyngeal cancer.

Immune-related gene expression profiles of peritumoral tonsillar tissues are modified by oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) nodal status. This study explored immunometabolism and immune cell count alterations in peritumoral tonsillar tissue according to OPC nodal status. Microarray data analysis of 27 peritumoral tonsillar tissue samples, using a newly generated mitochondrial metabolism-related gene set comprised of 948 genes, detected 228 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (206 up- and 22 downregulated) in metastasis-negative cases compared to metastasis-positive ones. REACTOME pathway analysis of the 206 upregulated genes revealed the Toll-like receptor 4 cascade were most enriched. Immune cell proportion analysis using the CIBERSORTx algorithm revealed a significantly higher rate of naïve B cells, but lower rates of regulatory T cells and resting natural killer cells in metastasis-negative cases. Digital spatial profiling of the 6 OPC tissues detected 9 DEGs in the lymphoid regions, in contrast, no DEGs were identified in tumor regions according to nodal status. Cancer cell nests and pair matched normal epithelia mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 5 OPC tissues were analyzed by next generation sequencing for variant detection. However, no significant mtDNA variation was found. This study identified mitochondria-related immune cell transcriptional programs and immune cell profiles associated with OPC lymphatic spread in peritumoral tonsil tissue, further evaluation of which will elucidate targetable immune mechanisms associated with OPC lymphatic dissemination.

What makes elites more or less egalitarian? Variations in attitudes towards inequality within the economic, political and cultural elites in Chile

Abstract This article investigates how the type of elite to which a person belongs and their intergenerational contextual experiences are associated with attitudes towards inequality among elite individuals. We propose that membership of the economic elite and access to private schools, higher education business schools and affluent residential areas may contribute to the development of views that favour inequality. Using unique survey data collected in 2018 from a sample of 416 individuals belonging to Chile’s economic, political and cultural elites, we construct an additive score to measure attitudes towards inequality. Results of our regression analyses indicate that individuals belonging to the economic and political elite are more tolerant of inequality than members of the cultural elite. Moreover, intergenerational experiences at both private schools and higher education business schools significantly contribute to the formation of attitudes that favour inequality. These contextual experiences also relate to significant attitudinal variations within all elite groups.

Comparative Study of O3 Forecast Performance Using Multiple Models in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and Surrounding Regions

In order to systematically understand the operational forecast performance of current numerical, statistical, and ensemble models for O3 in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and surrounding regions, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted for the 30 model sets regarding O3 forecasts in June–July 2023. The evaluation parameters for O3 forecasts in the next 1–3 days were found to be more reasonable and practically meaningful than those for longer lead times. When the daily maximum 8 h average concentration of O3 was below 100 μg/m3 or above 200 μg/m3, a significant decrease in the percentage of accurate models was observed. As the number of polluted days in cities increased, the overall percentage of accurate models exhibited a decreasing trend. Statistical models demonstrated better overall performance in terms of metrics such as root mean square error, standard mean bias, and correlation coefficient compared to numerical and ensemble models. Numerical models exhibited significant performance variations, with the best-performing numerical model reaching a level comparable to that of statistical models. This finding suggests that the continuous tuning of operational numerical models has a more pronounced practical effect. Although the best statistical model had higher accuracy than numerical and ensemble models, it showed a significant overestimation when O3 concentrations were low and a significant underestimation when concentrations were high. In particular, the underestimation rate for heavy polluted days was significantly higher than that for numerical and ensemble models. This implies that statistical models may be more prone to missing high-concentration O3 pollution events.

Evaluating and Analyzing the Efficiency and Influencing Factors of Cold Chain Logistics in China’s Major Urban Agglomerations under Carbon Constraints

With environmental degradation and energy shortages, green and low-carbon development has become an industry trend, especially in regards to cold chain logistics (CCL), where energy consumption and emissions are substantial. In this context, determining how to scientifically evaluate the cold chain logistics efficiency (CCLE) under carbon emission constraints is of great significance for achieving sustainable development. This study uses the three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist index model to analyze the overall level and regional differences regarding CCLE in China’s four major urban agglomerations, under carbon constraints, from 2010 to 2020. Then, the influencing factors of CCLE are identified through Tobit regression. The results reveal that: (1) the CCLE in the four urban agglomerations is overestimated when carbon constraints are not considered; (2) the CCLE in the four urban agglomerations shows an upward trend from 2010 to 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 1.25% in regards to total factor productivity. However, there are significant spatial and temporal variations, with low-scale efficiency being the primary constraint. (3) Different influencing factors have different directions and exert different effects on CCLE in different urban agglomerations, and the improvement of economic development levels positively affects all regions.

Health assessment of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in PM2.5 in northern and central Taiwan

Over the last two decades, Taiwan has effectively diminished atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) through the adept utilization of advanced technologies and the implementation of air pollution control devices. Despite this success, there exists a dearth of data regarding the levels of other PM2.5-bound organic pollutants and their associated health risks. To address this gap, our study comprehensively investigates the spatial and seasonal variations, potential sources, and health risks of PCDD/Fs, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCNs) in Northern and Central Taiwan. Sampling collections were conducted at three specific locations, including six municipal waste incinerators in Northern Taiwan, as well as a traffic and an industrial site in Central Taiwan. As a result, the highest mean values of PM2.5 (20.3–39.6 μg/m3) were observed at traffic sites, followed by industrial sites (14.4–39.3 μg/m3), and the vicinity of the municipal waste incinerator (12.4–29.4 μg/m3). Additionally, PCDD/Fs and PCBs exhibited discernible seasonal fluctuations, displaying higher concentrations in winter (7.53–11.9 and 0.09–0.12 fg I-TEQWHO/m3) and spring (7.02–13.7 and 0.11-0.16 fg I-TEQWHO/m3) compared to summer and autumn. Conversely, PCNs displayed no significant seasonal variations, with peak values observed in winter (0.05–0.10 fg I-TEQWHO/m3) and spring (0.03–0.08 fg I-TEQWHO/m3). Utilizing a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, sintering plants emerged as the predominant contributors to PCDD/Fs, constituting 77.9% of emissions. Woodchip boilers (68.3%) and municipal waste incinerators (21.0%) were identified as primary contributors to PCBs, while municipal waste incinerators (64.6%) along with a secondary copper and a copper sludge smelter (22.1%) were the principal sources of PCNs. Moreover, the study specified that individuals aged 19–70 in Northern Taiwan and those under the age of 12 years in Central Taiwan were found to have a significantly higher cancer risk, with values ranging from 9.26 x 10−9-1.12 x 10−7 and from 2.50 x 10−8-2.08 x 10−7respectively.

Peramalan Cuaca Harian di Kota Purwokerto Menggunakan Metode Rantai Markov

Daily weather forecasting is an important aspect in anticipating and managing the impact of weather changes that can affect various sectors of life, such as agriculture, transportation, tourism, and other activities. Purwokerto City, which is located in the middle of Java Island, Indonesia, is one of the cities that faces fluctuating weather changes. This research aims to perform daily weather forecasting in Purwokerto City using the Markov Chain Method, a statistical approach that has been widely used in various fields including weather forecasting. This research uses daily weather data in Purwokerto City on July 5 to 10, 2023. The data was obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) Purwokerto City. The weather data is based on the weather categories of cloudy, light rain, moderate rain, and thunder rain, as well as observation time which includes morning, afternoon, evening, and night. The results showed that the daily weather data from July 5 to 10, 2023 analyzed showed significant weather variations. However, cloudy weather was the most dominant condition during that week.

Very High-energy (>50 GeV) Gamma-Ray Flux Variability of Bright Fermi Blazars

Understanding the high-energy emission processes and variability patterns are two of the most challenging research problems associated with relativistic jets. In particular, the long-term (months to years) flux variability at very high energies (VHE >50 GeV) has remained an unexplored domain so far. This is possibly due to the decreased sensitivity of the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) above a few GeV, hence low photon statistics, and observing constraints associated with the ground-based Cherenkov telescopes. This paper reports the results obtained from the 0.05−2 TeV Fermi-LAT data analysis of a sample of 29 blazars with the primary objective to explore their months-to-year-long very high-energy (VHE) flux variability behavior. This systematic search has led to, for the first time, the detection of significant flux variations in five blazars at the >99% confidence level, whereas eight of them exhibit variability, albeit at a lower confidence level (∼95%–99%). A comparison of the 0.05–2 TeV flux variations with that observed at 0.1–50 GeV band has revealed similar variability behavior for most of the sources. However, complex variability patterns that are not reflected contemporaneously in both energy bands were also detected, thereby providing tantalizing clues about the underlying radiative mechanisms. These results open up a new dimension to unravel the VHE emission processes operating in relativistic jets, hence sowing the seeds for their future observations with the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array.