Significant Trend Research Articles

Efficacy of nutritional selenium nanoparticles on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity, expression of growth and immune-related genes, and post-stress recovery in juvenile Sobaity seabream (Sparidentex hasta)

This study evaluated the impacts of nano-Se on the growth, immunity, antioxidant capacity, physiological parameters, gene expression, and stress resistance of fingerling Sobaity seabream (Sparidentex hasta). The fish with an average weight of 21.5 ± 0.1 g were divided into four treatment groups in triplicates that received one of the test diets supplemented with varying levels of nano-Se: 0 (control), 0.5 (Se-0.5), 1 (Se-1), and 2 (Se-2) mg/Kg for 60 days. The results showed that final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio improved with significant linear and quadratic trends (P < 0.05) in response to nano-Se-supplemented diets, and the best values were measured in the Se-2 group. Superoxide dismutase activity level remained unaffected among the four groups (P > 0.05). Catalase activity increased in nano-Se-supplemented groups, with the highest level measured in fish fed the Se-0.5 diet. Glutathione peroxidase activity levels were not significantly different between the control and nano-Se groups, but the lowest malondialdehyde concentration was detected in the Se-2 group. Nano-Se had no marked effect on total plasma Ig levels; however, the highest lysozyme activity and alternative complement activity (ACH50) were observed in the Se-0.5 and Se-2 groups, respectively. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, triglyceride, and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) contents among the groups. However, the lowest cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein values and the highest high-density lipoprotein concentration were measured in the Se-2 group. The Se-0.5 and Se-1 groups exhibited significantly lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase activity, and the lowest alkaline phosphatase activity level was detected in the Se-1 group. The expression level of insulin-like growth factor I gene in all nano-Se-fed groups was significantly higher than the control. Also, the expression of interleukin-1β and lysozyme genes was significantly upregulated in nano-Se-supplemented groups, with the highest values in the Se-2 group. Following acute crowding stress, plasma cortisol and lactate levels at all post-stress time intervals were not significantly different among the experimental groups. Fish fed the Se-0.5 and Se-2 diets tended to have lower plasma glucose concentrations than other groups. In conclusion, dietary nano-Se at 2 mg/kg is recommended to promote growth performance and enhance antioxidant and immune parameters in Sobaity juveniles.

The Impact of Regional and Segmental Factors on the Benefits and Risks of Venture Capital Financing

This paper presents an analysis of aspects of venture capital (VC) financing, focusing on risks and rewards, correlation with geographic location and industry. The results were obtained through statistical analysis of data from public startup databases and a questionnaire distributed to selected VC-funded startups. The aim of the paper was to analyze the risks and benefits of VC funding and the impact of regional and segment factors. The paper identifies the key benefits of VC funding as fast and flexible access to capital, while the key risks include loss of control over the business and high pressure on performance. The analysis suggests that the perceived riskiness of VC financing is strongly influenced by both geographic location and industry. Certain geographic locations were found to have an affinity for specific industries, suggesting regional specialization within the VC market. The paper reveals significant trends in funding, with the dominance of technology startups, business platforms and the HealthTech sector, and increasing activity in certain regions in recent years.

Teacher-leader position in the realization of educational strategizing

Aim. To analyze the transformation of the model of interaction between teacher-leader and students, building educational space in the classroom.Objectives. To consider such key elements of V.L. Kvint’s concept of strategizing as vision and mission in relation to school education and teacher-leader’s work.Methods. One of the most significant trends in the modern school educational environment is the obsolescence of the model “teacher-head” and the growing importance of the model “teacher-leader”. This determines the expediency of applying the concept of strategizing by academician V.L. Kvint in this environment.Results. Among the key elements of the mission of school education should be presented not only the transfer of academic, subject knowledge, but also the development of skills to apply it beyond the school subjects. For this purpose, the school education system needs teachersleaders who have a high status among students, who are able to combine formal and informal communication, and who have developed emotional intelligence.Conclusions. It is shown that one of the most significant competitive advantages of Russian school education is the depth of academic, subject knowledge. Meanwhile, part of the mission should be the development of skills to apply this knowledge beyond the disciplines in which it is obtained.

Rainfall Erosivity Characteristics during 1961–2100 in the Loess Plateau, China

Rainfall erosivity, which signifies the inherent susceptibility of soil erosion induced by precipitation, plays a fundamental role in formulating a comprehensive soil loss equation (RUSLE). It stands as a crucial determinant among the foundational factors considered in a comprehensive soil loss equation’s establishment. Nonetheless, the prediction and quantification of future alterations in rainfall erosivity under the influence of global warming have been relatively limited. In this study, climate change was widely evaluated and 10 preferred global climate models in the Loess Plateau were selected by using the data sets of 27 models simulating climate change and the CN05.1 data set provided by the latest CMIP6. The monthly precipitation forecast data were obtained by using the delta downscaling method. Combined with trend analysis, significance test, and coefficient of variation, the annual rainfall erosivity during 1961–2100 under four SSP scenarios was analyzed and predicted. Among the 27 GCM models used in this paper, the most suitable climate models for simulating monthly precipitation in the Loess Plateau were CMCC-CM2-SR5, CMCC-ESM2, TaiESM1, EC-Earth3, EC-Earth-Veg-LR, INM-CM4-8, CAS-ESM2-0, EC-Earth-Veg, ACCESS-ESM1-5, and IPSL-CM6A-LR. In comparison to the base period (1961–1990), during the historical period (1961–2014), the average annual rainfall erosivity on the Loess Plateau amounted to 1259.64 MJ·mm·hm−2·h−1·a−1, showing an insignificant downward trend. In the northwest of Ningxia, Yulin City and Yanan City showed a significant upward trend. In the future period (2015–2100), the annual rainfall erosivity continues to constantly change and increase. The potential average increase in rainfall erosivity is about 13.48–25.86%. In terms of spatial distribution, most areas showed an increasing trend. Among these regions, the majority of encompassed areas within Shanxi Province, central Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia increased greatly, which was not conducive to soil and water conservation and ecological environment construction. This study offers a scientific reference for the projected future erosivity characteristics of the Loess Plateau.

Trends in the Main Residency Match From 2007 to 2020.

Background The United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE)Step 1 was recently changed from a numerically scored grading system to a pass/fail grading system. Until late 2024, there will be no formal studies about the impact that the grading change will have on the match process. To thoroughly assess the impact that this change will have on the overall match process, it is important to look at what the trends in applicants' objective measures have been in the years before the change. We aim to systematically evaluate the rates of change and mean trend of objective metrics found in residency applications in the main residency match. Methods Objective medical student data of matched and unmatched applicants were queried from the National Matching Program's Charting Outcomes in the Match Reports for the 2007 to 2020 application cycles. Data were used to create linear regression analyses and statistical tests were performed to evaluate trends over time. Results For matched applicants, there were statistically significant positive trends for the mean number of contiguous ranks (m=0.33, p<0.01), having another non-doctoral graduate degree (m=0.67, p<0.01), membership to Alpha Omega Alpha(AOA) honor society (m=0.22, p<0.01), mean USMLE Step 1 score (m=1.01, p<0.01), mean USMLE Step 2 score (m=1.68, p<0.01), mean number of research experiences (m=0.12, p<0.01), and mean number of abstracts, presentations, and publications(m=0.34, p<0.01). Additionally, there was a statistically significant negative trend for the percentage who graduated from a top 40 National Institutes of Health-funded medical school (m=-0.41, p<0.01). For unmatched applicants, there were statistically significant positive trends for having another non-doctoral graduate degree (m=0.83, p<0.01), mean USMLE Step 1 score (m=1.26, p<0.01), mean USMLE Step 2 score (m=2.27, p<0.01), mean number of research experiences (m=0.13, p<0.01), and mean number of abstracts, presentations, and publications (m=0.33, p<0.01). Conclusion Our study shows that there have been statistically significant increases in almost all objective measures in the residency application. Recent changes to the abstracts, presentations, and publications on the Step 1 scoring system will force almost all residency programs to overhaul their application process and potentially increase reliance on Step 2, research, and other nonobjective factors. For students early in their medical education, emphasis on Step 2 and research will yield increased chances of matching into residency in the future.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: A Review of State-of- the-Art Trends, Global Developments, and Practical Implications

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest trends, global developments, and practical implications in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). The introduction highlights the transformative impact of AI and ML across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, transportation, manufacturing, retail, and entertainment. The purpose of the scientific research is to analyze the scientific, knowledge, and practical significance of AI and ML developments, emphasizing their potential impact on diverse domains. The study encompasses three main parts: state-ofthe- art trends, global developments, and practical implications. The scientific and practical importance of this paper lies in its examination of the growth and transformative potential of AI and ML technologies. The research methodology involves a comprehensive literature review, covering academic journals, conference proceedings, and reputable research papers and reports, to provide valuable insights and advancements in the field. The key findings of the paper revolve around significant trends in AI and ML, such as the increasing adoption of deep learning techniques and the integration of AI with big data analytics. Additionally, the study highlights global developments in AI research and investments from countries like the United States, China, Canada, Japan, South Korea, and the European Union. Practical implications include improved disease diagnosis and personalized treatment plans in healthcare, enhanced fraud detection and risk assessment in finance, and the use of AI-powered virtual assistants in customer service interactions. The research brings practical relevance to industries and policymakers, demonstrating the transformative potential of AI and ML in reshaping sectors and improving various aspects of human life. The paper concludes with recommendations for establishing robust frameworks to govern the responsible development and deployment of AI and ML systems, ensuring their long-term viability and beneficial impact on society.

Temporal Trends in the Completeness of Epidemiological Variables in a Hospital-Based Cancer Registry of a Pediatric Oncology Center in Brazil.

This ecological time series study aimed to examine the temporal trends in the completeness of epidemiological variables from a hospital-based cancer registry (HbCR) of a reference center for pediatric oncology in Brazil from 2010 to 2016. Completeness categories were based on the percentage of missing data, with the categories excellent (<5%), good (5-10%), regular (11-20%), poor (21-50%), and very poor (>50%). Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed using R.4.1.0; a Mann-Kendall trend test was performed to examine the temporal trends. Variables with the highest incompleteness included race/color (17.24% in 2016), level of education (51.40% in 2015), TNM (56.88% in 2012), disease status at the end of the first treatment (12.09% in 2013), cancer family history (79.12% in 2013), history of alcoholic consumption (39.25% in 2015), history of tobacco consumption (38.32% in 2015), and type of admission clinic (10.28% in 2015). Nevertheless, most variables achieved 100% completeness and were classified as excellent across the time series. A significant trend was observed for race/color, TNM, and history of tobacco consumption. While most variables maintained excellent completeness, the increasing incompleteness trend in race/color and decreasing trend in TNM underscore the importance of reliable and complete HbCRs for personalized cancer care, for planning public policies, and for conducting research on cancer control.

Investigating epidemiological distribution (temporality and intensity) of respiratory pathogens following COVID-19 de-escalation process in Catalonia, September 2016-June 2021: Analysis of regional surveillance data.

Following the low incidence rates of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses registered during the strict lockdown enforced in the pandemic, a resurgence of several endemic viruses in Catalonia (Spain) was noted during the early summer of 2021. In this study, we investigated whether the circulation of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses in Catalonia, assessed by Microbiological Reporting System of Catalonia (MRSC) and the Epidemiological Surveillance Network of Catalonia, was affected by the strict lockdown measures, as well as, the implication of the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) de-escalation process in the late season outbreaks registered during the 2020-2021 season. A retrospective comparison of epidemic patterns in the respiratory viruses' incidence, using regional public health surveillance data from MRSC, was performed between weeks 26/2016 to week 27/2021. Data were expressed as the weekly total number of test positivity for individual viruses. A segmented negative binomial regression model was conducted, with two parameters included (level and trend) for each segment of the time series (2020 pre-lockdown, 2020 post-lockdown and 2021). Results were reported as a unit changed in the strict lockdown. A total of 51588 confirmed cases of the different respiratory viruses were included in the analysis, the majority were influenza cases (63.7%). An immediate reduction in the weekly number of cases was observed in 2020 after the COVID-19 outbreak for human adenovirus virus (HAdV) (β2 = -2.606; P <0.01), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) (β2 = -3.023; P <0.01), influenza virus (IFV) (β2 = -1.259; P <0.01), but not for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), where the number of cases remained unchanged. During 2020, a significant negative trend was found for RSV (β3 = -0.170, P <0.01), and a positive trend for HAdV (β3 = 0.075, P <0.01). During 2021, a significant reduction in the weekly number of cases was also observed for all respiratory viruses, and a borderline non-significant reduction for HPIV (β3 = -0.027; P = 0.086). Moreover, significant positive trends were found for each viral pathogen, except for influenza during 2020-2021 season, where cases remained close to zero. The respiratory viruses increased activity and their late season epidemic start particularly affected children under 6 years old. Our data not only provides evidence that occurrence of different respiratory virus infections was affected by the strict lockdown taken against SARS-CoV-2 but it also shows a late resurgence of seasonal respiratory viruses' cases during the 2020-2021 season following the relaxation of COVID-19-targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions.

Recent Changes in the Management of High-Grade Blunt Pancreatic Injury in Children: A Nationwide Trend Analysis.

The optimal management of pediatric patients with high-grade blunt pancreatic injury (BPI) involving the main pancreatic duct remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the nationwide trends in the management of pediatric high-grade BPI at pediatric (PTC), mixed (MTC), and adult trauma centers (ATC). This is a retrospective observational study of the National Trauma Data Bank. We included pediatric patients (age 16 years or less) sustaining high-grade BPI (Abbreviated Injury Scale 3 or more) from 2011 to 2021. Patients who did not undergo pancreatic operation were categorized into the nonoperative management (NOM) group. Trauma centers were defined as PTC (level I/II pediatric only), MTC (level I/II adult and pediatric), and ATC (level I/II adult only). Primary outcome was the proportion of patients undergoing NOM, and secondary outcomes included the use of ERCP and in-hospital mortality. A Cochran-Armitage test was used to analyze the trend. A total of 811 patients were analyzed. The median age was 9 years (interquartile range 6 to 13), 64% were male patients, and the median injury severity score was 17 (interquartile range 10 to 25). During the study period, there was a significant upward linear trend in the use of NOM and ERCP among the overall cohort (range 48% to 66%; p trend = 0.033, range 6.1% to 19%; p trend = 0.030, respectively). The significant upward trend for NOM was maintained in the subgroup of patients at PTC and MTC (p trend = 0.037), whereas no significant trend was observed at ATC (p trend = 0.61). There was no significant trend in in-hospital mortality (p trend = 0.38). For the management of pediatric patients with high-grade BPI, this study found a significant trend toward increasing use of NOM and ERCP without mortality deterioration, especially at PTC and MTC.

A 7-year record of vertical profiles of radar measurements and precipitation estimates at Dumont d'Urville, Adélie Land, East Antarctica

Abstract. Studying precipitation falling over Antarctica is crucial as snowfall represents the main water input term for the polar cap. However, precipitation observations still remain scarce – and, more particularly, in the atmospheric column – due to numerous experimental issues related to the white continent. This paper aims at helping to close this observation gap by presenting 7 years of Micro Rain Radar (Metek MRR-2) data at the Dumont d'Urville station in coastal Adélie Land, East Antarctica. Statistics are calculated on three radar variables (equivalent reflectivity, mean Doppler velocity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) to outline the main characteristics of the radar dataset. Seasonal and interannual variabilities are also investigated, but no significant temporal trends are detected, except for the seasonal mean Doppler velocity, which is higher in summer and lower in winter. We then use the snowfall rate (S) data from a collocated snow gauge to estimate the MRR precipitation profile from the radar equivalent reflectivity (Ze) through a locally derived Ze–S relation. We find the relation Ze=43.3S0.88. The processing method used to obtain this relation, data quality and uncertainty considerations are discussed in the paper. In order to give an example of application of the dataset, a brief statistical comparison of the MRR precipitation rate along the vertical with model data from the ERA5 reanalysis and the LMDZ climate model is performed, which notably shows that models underestimate heavy precipitation events. All datasets are available on the PANGAEA database with the associated DOI: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.962727 (Wiener et al., 2023).

Environmental performance assessment in the transport sector using nonparametric frontier analysis: A systematic literature review

The increasing environmental issues relating to carbon dioxide emissions are a primary concern globally and have triggered excessive research to investigate possible ways to reduce such emissions, especially in the transport sector, as initiated by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13. This study investigates the importance of the nonparametric frontier analysis methodology, particularly Data Envelopment Analysis, in measuring environmental performance in the transport sector, emphasising how EU countries are working on meeting the recommendations of SDG 13. Researchers and policymakers have indisputably identified the transport sector as the primary source of global emissions. This paper aims to underline the significant environmental trends in the transport sector, including research topics, key works, research methods, future research direction, and recommendations to explore possible global or regional research agendas. In this regard, we mainly focus on various techniques used to measure the environmental performance within the transport sector. This research considers 186 articles from 46 journals. The survey's main findings show the ever-increasing attention paid to studying the transport sector's emissions, emphasising road and passenger car CO2 emissions as the major source of emissions in the transport sector. In the existing literature, the top three frequently adopted methodologies for measuring environmental performance in transportation include Data Envelopment Analysis, emission analysis, and simulation. This study shows research gaps and future directions on environmental performance assessment within the transport sector, particularly maritime and aviation.

Синтез иконографического и формально-стилистического методов в музейных ретроспективах Росэцу Нагасавы

The paper presents an analysis of the materials of the largest museum programs of recent years and the latest publications devoted to the creative work of Rosetsu Nagasawa. The research aims to identify the content of the exhibition catalogs and the articles representing Rosetsu Nagasawa’s individual works and collections. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the following: the synthesis of the iconographic and the formal stylistic method chosen by the curators of the exhibitions and the related academic events allows us to consider the trends of the artist’s spiritual life and the historical and cultural context of his creative work. As a result of analysing the museum programs “Nagasawa Rosetsu: The Legendary Edo Master of Eccentric Painting” (2023) and “Rosetsu – Ferocious Brush” (2018), as well as the articles covering the artist’s life and creative work published in the last ten years, the meaning of the works, significant trends in the spiritual life of Rosetsu Nagasawa and the historical and cultural context of his creative work have been revealed.

Access, interest and equity considerations for virtual global health activities during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundGlobal health activities (GHAs) reduce health disparities by promoting medical education, professional development, and resource sharing between high- and low- to middle-income countries (HICs and LMICs). Virtual global health activities facilitated continuity and bidirectionality in global health during the COVID-19 pandemic. While virtual engagement holds potential for promoting equity within partnerships, research on equitable access to and interest in virtual global health activities is limited.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, online, mixed-methods survey from January to February 2022 examining access to virtual activities before and during the pandemic across resource settings. Eligible participants were participants or facilitators of global health activities. Closed- and open-ended questions elicited participants’ access to and interest in virtual global health engagement.ResultsWe analyzed 265 surveys from respondents in 45 countries (43.0% LMIC vs. HIC 57.0%). HIC respondents tended to report greater loss of in-person access due to the pandemic at their own institutions (16 of 17 queried GHAs), while LMIC respondents tended to report greater loss of in-person activities at another institution (9 of 17 queried GHAs). Respondents from LMICs were more likely to gain virtual access through another organization for all 17 queried VGHAs. HIC respondents had significantly more access to global health funding through their own organization (p < 0.01) and more flexibility for using funds. There were significant differences and trends between respondent groups in different resource environments in terms of accessibility to and interest in different virtual global health activities, both during and after the pandemic.ConclusionsOur results highlight the need to examine accessibility to virtual global health activities within partnerships between high- and low- to middle-income countries. While virtual activities may bridge existing gaps in global health education and partnerships, further study on priorities and agenda setting for such initiatives, with special attention to power dynamics and structural barriers, are necessary to ensure meaningful virtual global health engagement moving forward.

Behavioral physical activity counselling to promote an active healthy lifestyle among adolescent psychiatric outpatients. The TRANSPAC-study

Introduction&#x0D; Mental health disorders are one of the main reasons for disability in adolescents worldwide (Dahl et al., 2018). Sleep disturbances are an important contributor to a vicious cycle of increased vulnerability during this developmental period. Interventions that improve sleep are suggested to improve psychosocial outcomes. One such intervention may be physical activity (PA), with a beneficial effect on both sleep and mental health. Yet, PA levels are declining during adolescent years, with even higher inactivity levels for individuals with psychiatric disorders. Guidance on how to address PA counselling (PAC) among psychiatric adolescents in routine clinical practice has the potential to improve clinical and psychosocial outcomes.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; During this ongoing randomized waitlist controlled trial, 18 adolescent psychiatric outpatients have been recruited from local clinics and private practices. Those who met inclusion criteria were aged 12 to 18 years, suffered from sleep problems, and had at least one additional mental health diagnosis. Exclusion criteria included organic sleep and brain disorders and changes in medication. At baseline, participants completed questionnaires related to sleep and psychopathology. For the next seven days, participants wore an Actigraph to track PA and sleep patterns. Participants were serially randomized into two groups after baseline: PAC or Treatment as usual (TAU). At 3-month follow-up, all tests were repeated. Additionally, a semi structured interview was conducted with intervention participants. To assess intervention effects, mixed model ANOVAs were conducted for PA, psychopathology, and composite sleep health.&#x0D; The 6-session intervention builds on previous standardized and theory-based PAC programs (Gerber et al., 2019).&#x0D; Results&#x0D; By 2023, follow-up data were available from 12 participants (Mage 15.33 yrs; 75% females). Preliminary data show a significant trend for increased PA on school days, and composite sleep health (p = .07). Yet, compliance of Actigraph wear time was low. No changes were observed for psychopathology. The post-intervention interview revealed positive experiences.&#x0D; Discussion/Conclusion&#x0D; The preliminary data show the feasibility of the intervention. It is likely that improvements in PA and sleep patterns must first stabilize before they can have a meaningful impact on psychopathology. However, more data is needed to confirm the results. The interviews revealed that the content and mode of delivery were generally accepted. Considering the many other obligations adolescents face in their everyday lives, including homework and psychotherapy, the combination of online and face-to-face sessions was well received. Because of the low compliance rate of Actigraph wear time, alternative devices should be considered for this population.&#x0D; References&#x0D; Dahl, R. E., Allen, N. B., Wilbrecht, L., &amp; Suleiman, A. B. (2018). Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective. Nature, 554(7693), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25770&#x0D; Gerber, M., Beck, J., Brand, S., Cody, R., Donath, L., Eckert, A., Faude, O., Fischer, X., Hatzinger, M., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Imboden, C., Lang, U., Mans, S., Mikoteit, T., Oswald, A., Pühse, U., Rey, S., Schreiner, A. K., Schweinfurth, N., … Zahner, L. (2019). The impact of lifestyle physical activity counselling in IN-PATients with major depressive disorders on physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, depression, and cardiovascular health risk markers: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3468-3

Analyses of Climate Variability and Trends in the Oil Palm Belt of Ghana

The current production of oil palm in Africa has been severely limited by long periods of drought and perennial floods due to the increased rates of climate change. The study was aimed at assessing the climatic variability trends in 7 major Oil Palm growing areas (Benso, Mpohor, Bogoso, Twifo Praso, Kade, Juabeng and Brewaniese) located in the oil palm belt in Ghana spanning the semideciduous and the wet evergreen rainforest zones of Ghana using 30 years of historical weather data (1993-2022). The data was analysed to evaluate the extent of seasonal changes in weather over the 30-year period using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0 version), using descriptive statistics and time series analysis. Trend analysis was conducted using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) and Sen’s slope estimator tests. A seasonal trend in rainfall was observed at all sites with maximum levels observed between May and July as well as a minor rainy season in September to Mid-November. The Mann-Kendall trend analysis showed a generally increasing trend at most stations in rainfall, temperature and solar radiation. A generally increasing trend in annual rainfall was observed from 1993-2022 with significant trends at Mpohor and Juabeng. The trend was higher in the moist evergreen rainforest zone than in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone. An average increase of 6.7 mm/yr in rainfall trend was observed for the period. An increasing trend in monthly maximum, minimum and mean temperatures were also observed. Significant increases in mean temperatures were observed at Bogoso (0.022°C/yr), Benso (0.018°C/yr), Juabeng (0.011°C/yr) and Mpohor (0.017°C/yr). The trend in mean annual solar radiation was generally not significant except in Benso where the mean solar radiation increased at the rate of 0.044 MJ/day. Higher drought levels in the first half year combined with very heavy rains later in the year are features of the ongoing climate change menace.

Unraveling sub-seasonal precipitation variability in the Middle East via Indian Ocean sea surface temperature

This study examines sub-seasonal precipitation anomalies, challenging to predict yet vital for society and the environment. Focusing on October, we investigate correlations between the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Index (DMI), West Tropical Indian Ocean Index (WTIO), and Middle Eastern precipitation. We find robust correlations (~ 0.7), up to a two-month lag, demonstrating strong links between these climate indices and rainfall patterns, potentially suggesting sub-seasonal precipitation predictability. Over the past four decades, DMI and WTIO have shown a significant upward trend of ~ 0.4 °C, intensifying their impact on precipitation dynamics. This trend signifies evolving Indian Ocean climate patterns with potential regional consequences and is projected to continue in the twenty-first century. Significant correlations also emerge between DMI, WTIO, and maximum daily precipitation, highlighting their role in extreme rainfall events. Finally, our study attributes most of October’s precipitation variability to Indian Ocean sea surface temperature variations. These temperature anomalies influence the Indian Ocean’s Walker circulation, affecting water vapor flux to the Middle East and shaping regional precipitation. Our findings underscore the importance of these indices in understanding and predicting Middle East climate variability, revealing intricate ocean–atmosphere interactions.

(286) Gender Disparities Exist in the Surgical Management of Peyronie's Disease and Urologic Prosthetics: An Evaluation of American Board of Urology (ABU) Surgical Case Logs

Abstract Introduction Urology has been predominantly male-dominated, although recent trends indicate increased female representation among urology residents, physicians and advanced-practitioner providers. While progress has been made, gender disparities persist due to societal perceptions and biases. The goal of this study was to investigate whether a provider gender gap exists in the field of reconstructive urology using American Board of Urology (ABU) case logs. Objective To examine case volume characteristics for provider gender disparities in Peyronie’s disease and urologic prosthetic surgery. Methods Retrospective review of surgical case log data from 2003 to 2023 of certified urologists was performed for 11 Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for the surgical management of Peyronie’s disease (penile plication CPT 54360, plaque excision/incision with grafting CPT 54111, 54112), male urethral sling or artificial urinary sphincter (CPT 53440, 53445), and placement of penile implant (CPT 54400, 54401, 54405). Inclusion criteria included male patients who were 18 years old or older. Data collected included patient and surgeon demographics, surgical procedure, and surgeon fellowship training status. Cases were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression testing. Results From 2003 to 2023, a total 2,852 urologists performed 15,171 Peyronie’s disease and urologic prosthetic surgical procedures. Among these procedures, 1,910 (13%) Peyronie’s disease, 8,940 (59%) penile implant, and 4,321 (28%) incontinence procedures were identified. Out of the total practicing urologists, 2,626 were male and 226 were female; the distribution of cases revealed 5 cases performed per male surgeon and 4 cases per female surgeon. Over two decades, there was a significant positive trend in the proportion of cases performed by female surgeons (p &amp;lt; 0.001). 169 (6%) surgeons completed fellowships in Andrology or Male Reconstruction, and performed 2,129 (14%) of total procedures. Across surgeons with Andrology or Male Reconstruction fellowship-training, there were 13 cases performed per male surgeon and 7 cases per female surgeon. Conclusions Our study confirms underrepresentation of female surgeons in the field of Peyronie's disease and prosthetic urology. Although there is a trend of increasing female representation over time, further research can be done to identify barriers to gender equality in the field. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Boston Scientific, Coloplast.

Six-Year Prescription Pattern of Antimicrobial Use in Cats at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Pisa

The use of antimicrobials has greatly contributed to improving animal health. However, their inappropriate use reduces their effectiveness in treating bacterial infections and contributes to the selection of resistance. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the six-year pattern (2017–2022) of antimicrobial use in cats visiting the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the University of Pisa (Italy). The total number of prescribed antimicrobials, the number of animals for which an antimicrobial was prescribed, and the total number of antimicrobial prescriptions showed a significant time trend decrease during the study period, except for the fixed-dose combinations. The most frequently prescribed antimicrobials were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Synulox) (39.1%) followed by enrofloxacin (29.8%). These antimicrobials were mostly prescribed to treat infections affecting the genitourinary tract (~30%), followed by the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and respiratory system affections. Antimicrobials in empirical associations represented 13.0% of the total antimicrobial prescriptions, and the combination of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Synulox) with enrofloxacin accounted for the majority. The oral route represented the main route of administration of prescribed antimicrobials, followed by parenteral and topical ones. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Synulox) (37.2%), ceftriaxone (2.7%), and tobramycin (2.8%) were the most prescribed antimicrobials for the oral, parenteral, and topical routes, respectively. Antimicrobial prescriptions complied with prudent use recommendations in terms of availability of diagnosis, respect to the dose range, duration of treatment, and the use of medicinal products approved for the species. On the contrary, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were used infrequently (5.2%), lacking compliance with the existing guidelines observed in companion animal practice. Overall, additional interventions are required not only to improve the responsible use of antimicrobials in our feline practice but also to implement antimicrobial stewardship programs, enhancing diagnostics such as culture and sensitivity testing in the future.

Bioaccumulation of Microcystin-LR and Induced Physio-Biochemical Changes in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Vegetative Stage under Hydroponic Culture Conditions.

Irrigation with water containing a variety of microcystins (MCs) may pose a potential threat to the normal growth of agricultural plants. To investigate the phytotoxicity of MC-LR at environmental concentrations on rice (Oryza sativa L.), the characteristics of uptake and accumulation in plant tissues, as well as a series of key physio-biochemical process changes in leaves of rice seedlings, were measured at concentrations of 0.10, 1.0, 10.0, and 50.0 μg·L-1 in hydroponic nutrient solutions for 7, 15, 20, and 34 days. Results showed that MC-LR could be detected in rice leaves and roots in exposure groups; however, a significant accumulation trend of MC-LR in plants (BCF > 1) was only found in the 0.10 μg·L-1 group. The time-course study revealed a biphasic response of O2•- levels in rice leaves to the exposure of MC-LR, which could be attributed to the combined effects of the antioxidant system and detoxification reaction in rice. Exposure to 1.0-50.0 μg·L-1 MC-LR resulted in significant depletion of GSH and MDA contents in rice leaves at later exposure times (15-34 days). Low MC-LR concentrations promoted nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, whereas high concentrations inhibited NOS activity during the later exposure times. The reduced sucrose synthase (SS) activities in rice exposed to MC-LR for 34 days indicated a decrease in the carbon accumulation ability of plants, and therefore may be directly related to the inhibition of plant growth under MC exposure. These findings indicate that the normal physiological status would be disrupted in terrestrial plants, even under exposure to low concentrations of MC-LR.

Research on regional ozone prevention and control strategies in eastern China based on pollutant transport network and FNR

O3 pollution in China has worsened sharply in recent years, and O3 formation sensitivity (OFS) in many regions have gradually changed, with eastern China as the most typical region. This study constructed the transport networks of O3 and NO2 in different seasons from 2017 to 2020. The transport trends and the clustering formation patterns were summarized by analyzing the topological characteristics of the transport networks, and the patterns of OFS changes were diagnosed by analyzing the satellite remote sensing data. Based on that, the main clusters that each province or city belongs to in different pollutant transport networks were summarized and proposals for the inter-regional joint prevention and control were put forward. As the results showed, O3 transport activity was most active in spring and summer and least active in winter, while NO2 transport activity was most active in autumn and winter and least active in summer. OFS in summer mainly consisted of transitional regimes and NOx-limited regimes, while that in other seasons was mainly VOC-limited regimes. Notably, there was a significant upward trend in the proportion of transitional regimes and NOx-limited regimes in spring, autumn, and winter. For regions showing NOx-limited regime, areas with higher out-weighted degrees in the NO2 transport network should focus on controlling local NOx emissions, such as central regions in summer. For regions showing VOC-limited regime, areas with higher out-weighted degrees in the O3 transport network should focus on controlling local VOCs emissions, such as central and south-central regions in summer. For regions that belong to the same cluster and present the same OFS in each specific season, regional cooperative emission reduction strategies should be established to block important transmission paths and weaken regional pollution consistency.