Significant Training Effects Research Articles

The Effect of Four Weeks Goal-Setting Training Programme on Football Passing Competencies among Students in Bayelsa State Sports Academy

This paper investigates the effects of goal-setting training on the football passing competencies of students enrolled in the Bayelsa State Sports Academy. The study aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on sports psychology and athlete development by assessing the effectiveness of a structured goal-setting intervention in enhancing passing skills in the context of football training. A pre-test and post-test design was employed to assess passing competencies among students in Bayelsa State Sports Academy before and after the goal-setting training intervention. 40 JSS1 students of the Bayelsa State Sports Academy were drawn from the class register comprising of JSSI A-C using the purposive sampling technique. The instrument that was used for data collection of this study was the observation schedule. Scoring was based on number of successful performances made out of (3) attempts by each of the participants for push pass, long pass, diagonal pass and backward pass. The descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were utilized in answering research question while the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with a significance level of.05 was utilized to test hypothesis. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant effect of goal-setting training on football passing competencies among students in the Bayelsa State Sports Academy and through the implementation of a structured goal-setting intervention, participants exhibited notable improvements in their passing skills, as evidenced by the quantitative and qualitative data collected.

Effect of Social Skills Training Counselling on Academic Anxiety among Secondary School Students in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria

Secondary school students are at their adolescent stage, during this stage many adolescents are face with problem of anxiety, therefore there is the need for proper counseling program to which would improve their ability to recognize, understand and manage their emotions. The study assessed the effect of Social Skills Training Counselling Technique on academic anxiety among Secondary School Students in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to find out the level of academic anxiety among Secondary School Students in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, effect of Social Skills Training counselling technique on academic anxiety among Secondary School Students in Kano Metropolis, Kano State and difference in the effect of Social Skills Training counselling technique on academic anxiety between boys and girls Secondary School Students in Kano Metropolis, Kano State. Based on these objectives one correspondent research question and two null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Quasi experimental design in form of pretest posttest only design was employed in the study. The population of this study comprised both male and female SS II students in senior secondary school students in Kano Metropolis, Kano State. Out of 145 SS II students identified with higher academic anxiety (60) SSII students were proportionally selected from the target population to form the sample size. The data collection instruments used for pretest and posttest in the study was an adopted instrument “Academic Anxiety Inventory”. Validity and reliability of the instrument was obtained and the reliability index of 0.68 was established. The t-test for related sample and for independent sample were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study found out, the level of Academic Anxiety among senior secondary school students in Kano Metropolis, Kano State is high with 50%, there is significant effect of Social Skills Training (SST) counselling technique on Academic Anxiety among senior secondary school students in Kano Metropolis, Kano State and there is no significant difference in the effect of SST counselling technique on Academic Anxiety between Boys and Girls senior secondary school students exposed to SST Counselling technique in Kano Metropolis, Kano State. It is recommended that since there is no significant difference in the effect of social skills training counseling technique on academic anxiety between boys and girls senior secondary school students in Kano state therefore the same treatment package of social skills Training counseling technique should be applying for both boys and girls students to reduce higher level of academic anxiety

The Effects of Virtual Reality Training on Cognition in Older Adults: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The aim of this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression was to examine the effects of virtual reality-based training on global cognition and executive function compared with conventional training or information-based treatment in older adults, regardless of cognitive level. A systematic literature search was conducted using four databases. A total of 31 randomized controlled trials were identified. Pooled effect sizes were calculated, the risk of bias was assessed, and evidence was graded. The primary analyses showed a small but statistically significant effect of virtual reality-based training compared with control on global cognition (Hedges' g 0.42, 95% confidence interval [0.17, 0.68], I2 = 70.1%, n = 876, 20 randomized controlled trials, low evidence) and executive function (Hedges' g 0.35, 95% confidence interval [0.06, 0.65], I2 = 68.4%, n = 810, 16 randomized controlled trials, very low evidence). Meta-regression yielded inconclusive results. Virtual reality-based training may be more effective than control in improving cognition in older adults; however, more high-quality studies are needed.

문턱값 들숨근훈련과 복합호흡훈련이 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 가로막 두께 및 호흡기능에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the application of inspiratory muscle training and complex breathing training on diaphragm thickness and respiratory function in individuals with chronic stroke.
 Methods: A total of 30 patients were randomly divided into experimental and control group. The experimental group performed 30 minutes of inspiratory muscle training and complex breathing training and 30 minutes lower limb ergometer training for a total of 60 minutes, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The control group performed 30 minutes of conventional physical therapy and 30 minutes lower limb ergometer training for a total of 60 minutes, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The diaphragm thickness of the participants was measured by using rehabilitative ultrasound image, and a respiratory function test was conducted using a Pony FX spirometer. These parameters were evaluated prior to the intervention and 6 weeks after the intervention.
 Results: In both groups, there was a significant difference (p<.05) between the results obtained before and after training. There was significant improvement in the affected and unaffected diaphragm thickness during contraction, as well as the respiratory function, in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<.05).
 Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed that there are significant effects of inspiratory muscle training and complex breathing training on diaphragm thickness and respiratory function in patients with chronic stroke.

EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON INFLAMMATION MARKERS AMONG OVERWEIGHT WOMEN

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on inflammation markers among overweight women. A sample of 20 overweight females between the ages of 18 to 24 years were recruited from the Women's University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Bagh. Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and anthropometric parameters were checked before and after 12 weeks of aerobic training (AT). Paired sample T-test was used for changes over time. The study revealed a significant effect of aerobic exercise on participant’s CRP (4.98 ± 1.65 vs 3.74 ± .61 P = 0.003) and IL-6 (8.41 ± 4.02 vs 5.22 ± 2.93 P = 0.001) levels. The study also found significant positive effects of long-term aerobic training on weight and BMI. Aerobic training significantly improves CRP and IL-6 and anthropometric measurements such as waist-hip ratio (WHR) weight and body mass index (BMI). The training protocol used can be used as a good tool for the reduction of weight and maintenance of good health, especially for females. Being overweight should not be considered trivial and needs special consideration and awareness for the serious consequences associated with obesity and overweight.

Pengaruh Pelatihan dan Motivasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Kompetensi Sebagai Variabel Intervening Pada PT. Sisir Katarindo Kabupaten Bekasi

Increasing employee performance is an implication of adequate employee capabilities so that they are able to support the implementation of their duties and responsibilities professionally. This research aims to determine the effect of training and motivation on employee performance through competency as an intervening variable at PT. Sisir Katarindo, Bekasi Regency. The research used a quantitative approach; data was obtained through questionnaires distributed to all PT employees. Sisir Katarindo, which has 50 employees. The number of samples in this study was 50, or the same as the population, and the sampling technique was total sampling. Data analysis uses path analysis. The variables used in this research are the independent (exogenous) variables Training (X1) and Motivation (X2), the dependent (endogenous) variable Employee Performance (Y), and the intervening variable Competence (Z).The research results with α = 0.05 show that there is a significant positive influence of training on employee performance (P-values 0.00, T-statistic 6.324). The magnitude of the influence of training on employee performance is in the high category (f-square 0.918). There is a significant positive influence of motivation on employee performance (P-value 0.029, T-statistic 2.189). The magnitude of the influence of motivation on performance is in the medium category (f-square, 0.184). Competency does not have a significant effect on employee performance (P-value 0.525, T-statistic 0.620). There is a significant positive effect of training on competence (P-values 0.001, T-statistics 3.322). The magnitude of the effect of training on competence is moderate (f-square 0.3). Motivation has no significant effect on competence (P-values 0.531 and T-statistic 0.627); training has no significant effect on employee performance through competence as an intervening variable (P-values 0.555 and T-statistic 0.59); and motivation has no significant effect on employee performance through competence as an intervening variable (P-values 0.786 and T-statistic 0.271).

Executive Functioning and Early Math Skills in Young Children at Risk for Mathematical Difficulties: Evaluation of Interventions Efficacy and Transfer Effects

ABSTRACT Research Findings: Executive Function (EF) and Early Math (EM) are foundational skills for children’s school success. Interventions have shown to foster these skills, but their effectiveness in less developed countries remains unknown. This study examined the initial efficacy of an eight-week EF and an EM skills program for young Iranian children at risk for mathematical difficulties. Participants included 88 five- to six-year-old children who were randomly assigned into three conditions: Business-As-Usual (BAU) control group, EF training group, or an EM training group. The experimental groups received 24 sessions over two months. In the EF group, children had significantly higher working memory and planning scores at posttest, which were stable five months later. No significant group difference was found on inhibitory control. In the EM group, children demonstrated stronger math performance compared to BAU children at the posttest and follow-up, suggesting stable math improvement. There was no significant effect of EF training on math performance or significant effect of math training on EF skills. Practice or Policy: Findings suggest that the EF training was related to stronger EF and EM training was related to better math performance. However, there were no significant transfer effects of EF on math and vice versa.

The Effects of 8-week Dance-Based Aerobic Training in Body Composition Features and Balance Ability

The study aims to determine the effects of 8-week dance-based aerobic training in body composition features and balance ability in middle age people aged between 35-55 years old of both ages. The study consists of an experimental method of testing the effects of applied training by comparing the control and experimental sample groups which contain 20 people aged 35-55 years old. The measurement tools consist of body composition features, balance ability tests, and dance-based aerobic training which are determined in certain sections of the study. The data analysis has been tested by using Shapiro-Wilks and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Two Way Repeated Measure ANOVA Box’s Test of Equality of Covariance Matrices. The results of the study have shown a significant effect of dance-based aerobic training on body composition features such as body mass index, fat percentage, etc (0.05). Practising dance-based aerobic training effects positively the body mass index, fat percentage, muscle mass, etc. However, the same training effects on the balance ability seem to be not significant, and the reason for this is considered the short time of application of the program. In order to see the effects of this training on balance ability there needed a longer time of application of the program. Also, this kind of training has a tendency to be more suitable for middle age people because of the characteristics of the training which seem to not have a potential risk of injury.

EFFECT OF COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING TRAINING ON POSYANDU CADRES KNOWLEDGE AS STUNTING PREVENTION ON 6 – 12 MONTHS CHILDREN

Introduction: Complementary feeding period is one the critical period in the first 1000 day of life for stunting prevention. There are many problems found in complementary feeding practices related to low mother’s knowledge , such as too early introduction of complementary feeding, low frequency of complementary feeding, low variety and diversity of food ingredients. Posyandu cadre can help mothers become more knowledgeable about complementary feeding. Method: Design of this research is one-group pre-post design to measure cadre knowlodge relate to complementary feeding for children 6 – 12 months. Research conducted in West Bandung District in 6 stunting loci villages, Kertajaya, Kertamulya, Mekarjaya, Cihampelas, Sirnajaya and Gunung Halu Villages. Complementary feeding training material focus on complementray feeding for 6 – 12 months. Training conduct online using zoom meeting platform. Objectives: To analyzed impact of complementary feeding on posyandu cadre knowledge as stunting prevention in children 6 – 12 months. Result: Based on paired t-test show that there significant different between pre-test and post-test result on posyandu cadre knowledge (p<0.001). Conclusion: There are significant effect of posyandu cadre training on knowledge related complementary feeding for 6 – 12 months as stunting prevention in the first 1000 days of life

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 10-YEAR CHANGES IN COGNITIVE ABILITY AND SUBSEQUENT MORTALITY: FINDINGS FROM THE ACTIVE

Abstract Cognitive ability and cognitive decline have been linked with mortality in older adults. However, little was understood about the role of cognitive interventions on mortality outcomes in this population. Using twenty-year follow-up data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) trial, we examined the association between cognitive change and mortality risk, and the effect of ACTIVE cognitive training (memory, reasoning, and speed of processing) on mortality risk. Mortality was ascertained through linkage to the National Death Index database. To model time to death as a function of cognitive change and training effect, we used shared growth-survival models with simultaneously estimated latent intercepts and slopes as predictors. Among the 2802 participants, 2021 died on or before the year 2019 (72.1%). Both higher baseline level and slower decline in global cognition were associated with lower hazards of all-cause mortality after adjusting for covariates (HR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.58, 0.79; HR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.40, 0.44, respectively). We did not observe any significant effects of ACTIVE cognitive training in memory, reasoning, or speed of processing on all-cause mortality. Our findings demonstrated the association between the trajectory of cognitive change and mortality among older adults, independent of cognitive training interventions. More work is needed to identify relevant timing as well as modalities of non-pharmaceutical interventions that can promote healthy longevity.

Enhancing goalkeeper reaction speed in football: The impact of ball launcher training in physical training methods

The football goalkeeper position arguably represents a unique role in team sports. This research aimed to increase the reaction speed of football goalkeepers using a ball launcher. The research method was experimental using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research was conducted by applying reaction speed training using a ball launcher to measure and found out the results of the data obtained by researchers using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The research sample consisted of 20 students of the Department of Sports Coaching Education at Universitas Negeri Medan who specialised as football goalkeepers. The instrument used in data collection techniques was the Nelson Foot Reaction. The data analysis technique used was a t-test with a significance level of 0.05. The research results concluded that there was a significant effect of training using a ball launcher on the reaction speed of the goalkeeper. The results can be used as a basis for developing more effective and innovative training methods in the sport of football. In addition, the findings can provide guidance for coaches and researchers in developing relevant and efficient training methods. This study also opens the door for further research to explore the impact of reaction speed in actual match situations, which may yield further insights into the development of quality goalkeeping athletes.

THE EFFECT OF DRILL AND BOX JUMP EXERCISES ON LEG POWER IN SMASH BACK ATTACK VOLEYBALL

The aim is to determine the effect of drill and box jump training methods on leg power in the smash back attack in men's volleyball. Experimental research uses a quantitative approach, sample of 20 people and data collection through observation, interviews and test instruments. Results (1) significant effect of drill training on leg power in the smash back attack, Pretest results for the Drill training method were 152 and the Posttest were 201 with a difference of 55, while the Pretest for the Box Jump training method was 153 and the Posttest was 175 with a difference. 30, the calculated t value is 3.665> t table 2.145 and the significant value is 0.005 < 0.05 with a time difference of 4.90 seconds. (2) significant effect of box jump training on leg power in the smash back attack as shown by the calculated t value of 2.703> t table 2.145 and a significant value of 0.024 <0.05 with a time difference of 2.20 seconds. (3) box jump training is more effective than drill training on leg power in the smash back attack as shown by the calculated t value of 2.257> t table 2.048 and a significant value of 0.037 < 0.05 with a time difference of 2.60 seconds.

Application of speed and agility training: How do they affect dribbling skills in football?

Background and Study Aim. Dribbling skills have a crucial role in the achievement of a football player, especially at a young age level such as the SSB Medan Satria U-16 Football team. This study aims to investigate the effect of speed and agility on the dribbling skills of SSB U-16 Medan Satria students.Material and Methods. The method used in this research is experimental, the data collection techniques used are tests and measurements. The population in this study were SSB U-16 Medan Satria students. The sample taken from the results of purposive sampling amounted to 20 students. The instrument used is a dribbling skill test. Data analysis using the SPSS 26 application.Results. The results showed a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 so there is a significant effect of speed training on dribbling skills of soccer games. The application of agility training shows a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 so that there is a significant effect of agility training on dribbling skills of soccer games. Further results show the comparison between speed training and agility training shows a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 which means that there is a significant difference between speed training and agility training, the results also provide information that speed training is better for improving dribbling skills.Conclusions.The results of this study are expected to provide a clear picture of the effect of speed and agility training on dribbling skills at the youth level. These findings can then be applied in the development of a more specific and focused training program, with the aim of improving the quality of each player's dribbling skills.

EFEKTIFITAS LATIHAN WALLPASS TERHADAP KETEPATAN PASSING DALAM SEPAK BOLA ATLET U12 SSB TALENTA ACEH FOOTBALL ACADEMY

Football is a team game in which two teams compete against each other involving physical, technical, tactical, and mental elements. This study aims to examine the influence of wallpass training on the accuracy of passing in extracurricular football activities for athletes of SSB Talenta Aceh Football Academy. This study uses an experimental method with a one group pretest posttest design. The sample in this study consists of 18 students who participate in extracurricular football activities. The research results show that there is an average for the pretest score of 6.05 and the posttest score of 7.83. The median middle value for the pretest score is 6 and the posttest score is 7. The mode for the pretest score is 6 and the posttest score is 8. The standard deviation for the pretest score is 0.801 and the posttest score is 0.708. Based on the results of the normality test data in the table above, it shows that the pretest has a result of 0.062 and the posttest has a result of 0.040, so it can be interpreted that the research data is normally distributed. The average results of the pre-test and post-test or to determine whether there is a significant effect on wallpass training. From the t-test results, it can be seen that the t-value is 3.738 and the t-table is 2.131, indicating a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis Ha stating that there is a significant effect of wallpass training on passing accuracy is used as a training to improve passing accuracy

Efficacy of Core Strength Exercises in Enhancing Rebound Jump Performance in Martial Arts Athletes

Background and Aim: Core strength exercises have become a focus in sports performance and injury prevention research. The core muscles, which include the diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and pelvic floor muscles, are instrumental in providing stability and power during athletic activities. The study focuses on the impact of core strength exercises on specific performance metrics—namely, the standing long jump and rebound jump—in martial arts athletes. Materials and Methods: The study employs a structured, eight-week intervention program to investigate the effects of core exercises on martial arts athletic performance. The study involves forty student-athletes from Guangzhou Sport University, divided into an Experimental Group (EG) and a Control Group (CG). Various physical tests are conducted both pre- and post-intervention to measure the effects. Statistical analyses, including Two-way ANOVA, are used to interpret the data. Result： For the standing long jump, the Two-way ANOVA showed no significant effect of training (F=1.129, p=0.291) or time point (F=0.587, p=0.446). Effect sizes, measured by Cohen's d, indicate a slight benefit in the core reinforcement group with a value of d=0.425, compared to d=0.111 in the non-reinforcement group. In the case of the rebound jump index, there is a pronounced effect from the group (F=4.92, p=0.03) and the time point (F=105.97, p<0.001). Large effect sizes were observed, with d=2.5522 for the core reinforcement group and d=2.0457 for the no core reinforcement group. Conclusion: For standing Long Jump: Given the absence of a significant impact of core reinforcement on this metric, coaches, and athletes might consider incorporating other methodologies, such as plyometrics or attentional focus strategies, into their training regimen. For the rebound Jump Index: Core reinforcement exercises should be strongly considered for inclusion in warm-up routines for martial arts athletes, given the substantial effect size observed.

The Effect of Push-Up Exercise and Dumbbell Exercise Overhead The Passing Ability of Volleyball Games of SMPN 20 Makassar Extracurricular Participants

This researcher aims to determine the effect of push-up exercises and dumbbell exercises on the overhead passing ability of volleyball extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar. The population in this study were students of SMP Negeri 20 Makassar. A sample of 40 people was taken based on random sampling. The dependent variable of the research is the ability to pass under volleyball. The independent variables are push-ups and dumbbell exercises. The research method is an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The research data were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-test techniques at a significance level of 95%. The results of the study showed that: (1) There was a significant effect of push-up training on the passing ability of volleyball extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar. The results of testing the data obtained a t-count value of 15.891 and t-table obtained 1.729 and a significance value of 0.000 <α0.05, so these results indicate that there is a significant difference. Because the t-count is greater than the t-table, so Ho is rejected. (2) There is a significant effect of dumbbell training overhead passing ability in volleyball extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar. The results of data testing obtained a t-count value of 14.311 and t-table obtained 1.729, and a significance value of 0.000 <α0.05, so these results indicate that there is a significant difference. Because the t-count is greater than the t-table, so Ho is rejected. And (3) there is a significant difference in the effect of push-ups and dumbbell exercises on overhead passing abilities in volleyball extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar. The results of data testing obtained a t-count value of 3.440 and a t-table obtained 2.021, and a significance value of 0.001 <0.05, so these results indicate that there is a significant difference. Because the t-count is greater than the t-table, so Ho is rejected. The magnitude of the increase in the push-up group (average value 16.4500) with dumbbell exercises (average value 13.9000) can be seen from the data with an average difference of 2.5500 points. This shows that push-up exercises can improve passing skills in volleyball games for extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar compared to dumbbell exercises.

Pengaruh Pelatihan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas IIB Solok

This study aims to examine the effect of job training on employee performance at Class IIB Solok Penitentiary. While the research sample was determined using the saturated sample method by including all research samples in a population, for this research the sample was taken from all employees of Class IIB Solok Correctional Institution as many as 83 people. The types of data used include instrument testing, simple regression analysis, coefficient of determination and hypothesis testing. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant effect of job training on employee performance in all employees of Class IIB Solok Penitentiary. This is evidenced by using the t test with a tcount of 2.153 > ttable 1.664 with a significant value of 0.034 <0.05. It can be concluded that job training has an effect on employee performance in class IIB correctional institutions in Solok City or the hypothesis is accepted. This means that the job training provided is very influential for the performance of employees in class IIB correctional institutions in Solok City.

Pengaruh Latihan Zig-Zag Run Dan Shuttle Run Terhadap Kemampuan Dribbling Bola Siswa Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) Mahayana Usia 10-11 Di Senggreng Kecamatan Sumberpucung Kabupaten Malang

This study aims to determine the effect of Zig-zag run and shuttle run training on ball dribbling abilities in soccer games. The subjects used were SSB Mahayana Senggreng participants, Suberpucung District with a total of 18 participants. This study used an experimental method with the independent variable zig-zag run training, the free variable shuttle run training, and the dependent variable (Y) ball dribbling ability. This type of research is an experiment with a pre-test and post-test group research design. The instruments used are: Ball dribbling test, while for data analysis the t-test is used. Based on the results of testing the hypothesis of the zig-zag run exercise variable, the t-table value at a significance level of 5% and db = 8 is 1.86. Meanwhile, the t-count value is 3.2. And by testing the hypothesis of the shuttle run training variable, the t-table value at a significance level of 5% and db = 8 was 1.86. The t-count value is 1.023. Furthermore, the results of the mean difference test obtained the t-table value at the 5% significance level of 1.75 and the 1% significance level of 2.58 with db = 16. The t-count value was obtained at 0.748. So it can be concluded: (1) There is a significant effect of zig-zag run training on the ability to dribbling the ball in a soccer game (2) There is no significant effect of the shuttle run exercise on the ability to dribbling the ball in a soccer game (3) There is a significant difference in the effect There is a significant difference between zig-zag run and shuttle run training on ball dribbling ability in soccer games.

The Effect of Imegery Training on Increasing Shooting Accuracy in the 10 m Air Rifle Women's Class Before Porprov XI in 2022

The research problem is the low ability to shoot air rifles in Class 10 m Air Rifle Women athletes before PORPROV XI 2022, due to the still weak accuracy of the players. This is evident from the various tournaments that have taken part, very rarely athletes are able to shoot on target. Mental imagery is one of the mental exercises that really has an influence on improving performance, especially in shooting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of imagery training on increasing the accuracy of the 10 m Air Rifle Women Class before PORPROV XI 2022. The research design used was experimental one pre-test-post-test group, and the type of research is using experimental research. The research sample consisted of 9 athletes shooting the PERBAKIN NTB air rifle. The research instrument used was shooting 60 shots for 75 minutes. Based on data processing and analysis, the increase in the results of the initial training test was 73.33%. So the researchers concluded that: "There is an effect of imagery training on increasing the accuracy of the 10 m Class Air Rifle Women's shot before PORPROV XI 2022" meaning that there is a significant (real) effect of mental imagery training on the shooting skills of athletes shooting air rifles.

Effect of oligosaccharides and aerobic training on hyperglycemia, growth and intestinal microbial diversity of diabetic rats

Abstract Objectives Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by dysbiosis. Modulation of the gut microbiota by oligosaccharides and aerobic training are proposed mechanisms that ameliorate the disease through affecting host-microbiota interactions. Methods Seventy-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups – 5 with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and 3 healthy controls. The effect of two oligosaccharides – xylo- and galactooligosaccharides, and of aerobic training on the blood glucose concentration, growth and diversity of the gut microbiota was evaluated in the current study. Results The galactooligosaccharides positively affected the glycemic status of the experimental animals as the diabetic and healthy rats had lower blood glucose concentration after 6 weeks of treatment (diabetic rats: week 4 vs. week 8, p=0.047; healthy rats: week 2,4,6,10 vs. week 8, p=0.001, p=0.000, p=0.025 and p=0.001, respectively). A positive effect of the galactooligosaccharides on body weight was observed when administered to diabetic rats in comparison to the diabetic control (p=0.020). Similar results were observed for the aerobically trained diabetic rats (p=0.004). The identification of bacterial species showed preserved microbiota diversity and indicated Bifidobacterium indicum, Lactobacillus feritoshensis and E. coli as the most abundant species among the analyzed genera. Conclusions Prebiotic treatment beneficially affected the hyperglycemia and growth of type 1 diabetic rats. The most significant effect of the aerobic training was the improvement of the morphological parameters. Oligosaccharide administration and exercise did not affect the diversity of the bacterial species.