Significant Proportion Of Young People Research Articles

The value sphere of native and newcomer youth in their subjective assessment of the environment of a megalopolis

IntroductionThe modern world is a civilization of cities. The development of society, technology, culture, wealth, and new knowledge are today primary functions of cities but not of other socio-territorial formations. Cities are now centers of freight logistics, information, and social streams. Therefore, fullness of city life -- especially if we speak about a large city with multiple events and a large number of alternatives for work, leisure, education, sources of information, services, and other benefits (Kogan, 1990) -- makes this type of settlement most attractive location for many groups of people. This attraction is also evidenced by population growth of large Russian cities (including as a result of internal migration) and sparser rural population (Volkova, Sokolov, & Terentyev, 2015).The development of modern cities depends on their human resources -- that is to say, on their populations. Therefore, to attract and retain in city class -- young people -- city has to create conditions for its future development. To this end, many cities have implemented targeted programs of social support for young people and formation of specific conditions of urban environment conducive to maximum fulfillment of capacity of their young residents. Thus, in strategic development plan of municipality of Ekaterinburg (Strategic development plan of Ekaterinburg through 2020, 2010), one of priorities is development of conditions for active self-determination and self-realization of young people as carriers of innovation. However, socioeconomic-development strategy for Moscow (Strategy for socio-economic development of Moscow through 2025, 2012) emphasizes that one of major challenges will be reduction of population of 20-35 year-olds by a third; as a result, Moscow will become a city with a strongly deformed age structure. In connection with these trends special attention in development strategy of Moscow is paid to mechanisms for creating special conditions to attract people necessary for a megalopolis: representatives of the creative class, highly qualified specialists, as well as active, talented youth.A significant proportion of young people migrate actively inside country. For example, more than 70% of high school graduates from small settlements moved to Central federal region. And, in 2013, 114,347 people from rural settlements arrived in cities of Ural federal region; of them 39,754 people were from other regions of Russian Federation and 74,593 migrated inside Ural federal region[1] (Migration inside Russia by territories of arrival and departure, 2014).141The experience of living in certain places affects perceptions and environmental preferences of people. They may prefer or look for what they are accustomed to (Hauge, 2007). When they transfer their residence experience in other areas to urban environment, certain risks of pseudourbanization are created. But also arriving in cities are young people with increasing experience of interaction within an urban community; they are changing themselves more and more, and city and its way of life have already become for them a measure for evaluating environmental living conditions. The acquired experience of life in a city creates individual stories of young people as citizens who identify themselves with city. Identity with place is formed through a combination of human-ascribed meanings and values of a particular location (for example, a city) and various features (Lalli, 1992). Thus urban environment becomes for young people a place of opportunities for self-realization. This process takes place with a background of risks of urban life, and goals that young people set reflect their need-motivational bases of personality.A city concentrates opportunities, but young people are quite aware of obvious disadvantages of artificial, highly dynamic environment of a city (Kruzhkova, 2014); this environment runs counter to natural conformity built up for thousands of years by rural way of life that was typical for majority of population of Russia one hundred years ago (Bondyreva & Kolesov, 2004). …

Unintended pregnancies among young women living in urban slums: evidence from a prospective study in Nairobi city, Kenya.

BackgroundDespite the significant proportion of young people residing in slum communities, little attention has been paid to the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges they face during their transition to adulthood within this harsh environment. Little is known about the extent to which living in extreme environments, like slums, impact SRH outcomes, especially during this key developmental period. This paper aims to fill this research gap by examining the levels of and factors associated with unintended pregnancies among young women aged 15–22 in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.MethodsWe use data from two waves of a 3-year prospective survey that collected information from adolescents living in the two slums in 2007–2010. In total, 849 young women aged 15–22 were considered for analysis. We employed Cox and logistic regression models to investigate factors associated with timing of pregnancy experience and unintended pregnancy among adolescents who were sexually active by Wave 1 or Wave 2.FindingsAbout two thirds of sexually experienced young women (69%) have ever been pregnant by Wave 2. For 41% of adolescents, the pregnancies were unintended, with 26% being mistimed and 15% unwanted. Multivariate analysis shows a significant association between a set of factors including age at first sex, schooling status, living arrangements and timing of pregnancy experience. In addition, marital status, schooling status, age at first sex and living arrangements are the only factors that are significantly associated with unintended pregnancy among the young women.ConclusionsOverall, this study underscores the importance of looking at reproductive outcomes of early sexual initiation, the serious health risks early fertility entail, especially among out-of school girls, and sexual activity in general among young women living in slum settlements. This provides greater impetus for addressing reproductive behaviors among young women living in resource-poor settings such as slums.

Sudden cardiac death at workplace

Introduction. There has been a marked increase in the incidence of the sudden death (SD) and «rejuvenation» contingent suddenly dead in the last decade. There are improved and developed new technologies for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which is the basic cause of the SD. However, even in the developed countries the problem of the sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains unresolved. The SCD at workplace, according to the WHO statistics, makes 7 %. Among those, who died as a result of the SD, is a significant proportion of young people under 35, and among the reasons noted – sudden physical or psycho-emotional stress. Purpose. To determine the prevalence of the SD at workplace in different occupational groups and to define peculiarities of its occurrence, depending on their working conditions and professional responsibilities. Results. This article presents data on the prevalence of the SD at workplace in Ukraine. In the study it is determined that in 2012 there have been registered 966 workplace SD cases in Ukraine, which is 5,3 per 100 000 of the working population and 14,1 per 100 000 of the population, working in harmful work conditions. The analysis of the SD cases, depending on gender, age and work experience shows that almost 95 % referred to males; their average age was 50–60 years, and work experience – more than 30 years. The majority of cases of the SD at workplace were recorded in Dnepropetrovsk and Kiev regions, reaching from 10,76 % to 15,8 % in the structure of the general mortality. Also, the analysis covered cases of the SD at workplace, depending on the branches of industry, socio-cultural sphere among them, took the principle place – 33 %, transport – 15 %, machine building and metallurgy – 14 %, coal mining and minerals industry – 9,3 %. The SD cases at workplace in miners of underground mines have been analyzed in details, where work conditions are characterized by exposures to physical and emotional strain, overheating and, so, can exert unfavorable effect on the blood-circulation system and result in fatal consequences. The measures for preventing the SD at work place have been proposed.

Intensive Treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Worry is a normal part of child development. However, a significant proportion of young people experience excessive worry that causes distress and interference with daily functioning. Although worry is a common feature of all anxiety disorders, it is a defining feature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Cognitive-behavioural therapy is an efficacious treatment for GAD and other anxiety disorders that in recent years has been successfully adapted into short, time-limited formats for other childhood anxiety disorders including Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, Panic, Separation Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. However, intensive treatments for GAD specifically have not been examined to date. This paper provides a brief overview of the characteristics of youth with GAD, followed by a review of current intensive treatments for other anxiety disorders and evidence suggesting these approaches are effective in treating comorbid GAD. Potential benefits of an intensive treatment for GAD are outlined, and directions for future research on intensive treatments for GAD are discussed.

Young People Transitioning from Out-of-home Care in Victoria: Strengthening Support Services for Dual Clients of Child Protection and Youth Justice

A significant proportion of young people leaving out-of-home care make their transition to independence via the youth justice system, exposing them to further risks and reducing their likelihood of full social and economic engagement in mainstream society. This article presents the initial findings of a research project based on a partnership between Monash University and seven nongovernment child and youth welfare agencies in Victoria, Australia. Seventy-seven key stakeholders participated in interviews and focus groups with a view to identifying practices and policies that could reduce the over-representation of young people leaving out-of-home care in the youth justice system. Factors that contributed to offending included varied responses by the child protection and youth justice systems, limited utility of leaving care plans, and the availability of a range of preventative and diversionary programs. The findings point to a need for more formalised interagency collaboration, and intensification of the interventions and supports offered both in custodial settings and post discharge from custody or care.

Adolescent simulated gambling via digital and social media: An emerging problem

Recently, there has been significant expansion in the range of gambling activities supported by digital technology. The convergence of gambling and digital media is of particular concern with respect to the immense potential for earlier age of gambling involvement, and development of positive attitudes and/or behavioral intentions toward gambling. This study examined the prevalence of adolescent involvement in a range of digital and social media gambling activities, and the association between exposure to, and involvement in, simulated gambling and monetary gambling and indicators of pathological gambling risk. A total of 1287 adolescents aged 12–17years were recruited from seven secondary schools in Adelaide, South Australia. The results indicated that a significant proportion of young people engage in a range of simulated gambling activities via internet gambling sites, social media, smartphone applications, and video-games. A logistic regression analysis showed that adolescents with a history of engagement in simulated gambling activities appear to be at greater risk of endorsing indicators of pathological gambling. These findings highlight the need for further research on the potential risks of early exposure to simulated gambling activities, as well as greater consideration of the need for regulation and monitoring of gambling activity via digital technologies.

Medical and psychological outcomes for young adults with Type 1 diabetes: no improvement despite recent advances in diabetes care

To assess medical and psychological outcomes among young people with Type 1 diabetes and to compare medical outcomes with a previous audit. An observational study in two diabetes clinics for young adults (aged 16-21 years) in Sheffield, UK. Young people (n = 96: 81.4% response rate) with Type 1 diabetes (diagnosed > 6 months) completed measures of depressive symptoms, anxiety and disordered eating and consented for their medical records to be consulted. Mean HbA1c (86 ± 23 mmol/mol; 10.0 ± 2.1%); was comparable with that reported previously and considerably higher than recommended (< 58 mmol/mol or 7.5%). Screening rates were improved and non-attendance was lower than previously reported, but levels of non-proliferative retinopathy have increased. Microvascular complications are present in 46.9% of those diagnosed more than 7 years. Elevated levels of disordered eating were reported by 35.1%. Those scoring above cut-off levels for clinical anxiety (26.6%) and depression (10.9%) are comparable with other work with young people with Type 1 diabetes. Despite technological advances and improvements to delivery of care, HbA1c remain above recommended levels in a significant proportion of young people, many of whom already have microvascular complications. We need to learn from European centres who achieve better results, improve transition from paediatric care, integrate mental health support with diabetes care provision and take into account young people's views about clinic.

Outcomes in young adulthood: are we achieving community participation and inclusion?

Despite recognition of the importance of integrated community living and support, there is evidence that parents remain the primary caregivers of young adults with intellectual disability (ID). In addition, employment rates remain low in this population. This study aimed to investigate the changes in living arrangements and participation in daytime activities over time in a community population of young people with ID. The sample consisted of 536 participants aged 4.0-18.9 years at Wave 1, followed up at Wave 5 when aged 20.5-37.6 years. Information was collected on their living arrangements and daytime activities at both time points, along with living skills and information on community social inclusion at Wave 5. For parents still caring for their adult child with ID, information was also collected on parental ratings of their own mental and physical health, and their satisfaction with the long-term care arrangements for their adult child. A significant proportion of young people were still living with their parents at Wave 5. A greater proportion of those with a severe-profound degree of ID were living in residential care. Parents caring for their adult child reported high levels of mental health problems and dissatisfaction with the long-term care arrangements for their child. A small proportion of young people were in paid employment, and the majority was engaged in structured activities provided for those with an ID. Over one-third of the sample participated in a structured daytime activity for 10 or fewer hours per week, and 7% were not engaged in any structured daytime activity. These results suggest that adequate provision of accommodation and employment services for young adults with an ID is lacking. In many cases the responsibility of care continues to reside with parents as their children transition from childhood to adulthood. Greater attention is needed to address these issues and facilitate social inclusion and integration for young people with ID.

Is there a ‘low‐risk’ drinking level for youth? The risk of acute harm as a function of quantity and frequency of drinking

Drinking guidelines have rarely provided recommendations for different age groups despite evidence of significant age effects on alcohol consumption and related risks. This study attempted to quantify the degree of risk associated with lower levels of consumption for people under 25 years of age, with the broader purpose of informing the development of Canadian low-risk drinking guidelines. A random community-based sample of 540 youth aged 16-23 (54.4% female) completed an interview concerning alcohol consumption patterns and a broad range of acute health and social harms. Logistic regression analyses were designed to test whether there were discernible thresholds of risk as a function of both gender and age. A significant proportion of young people consumed in excess of adult drinking limits recommended by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) to minimise risk of alcohol-related harm. Compared with abstainers, rates of reported harm increased linearly with increasing frequency and quantity levels. However, problems were most strongly associated with consumption in excess of two drinks per occasion and a frequency of more than once a week. No independent effects of age or gender were identified. The CAMH guidelines for adult drinkers do not adequately address acute risks for young people. More specific guideline recommendations for young people could be considered with a more prominent focus on drinking quantity (one to two drinks per occasion), and a recommended frequency of consumption (once a week).

The ‘land in-between’: A comparative European study of the victimisation of young people travelling to and from school

This article draws upon the initial results of a survey of school students from eight European countries regarding their experiences of victimisation and offending while travelling to and from school. This is the first such comparative survey to be undertaken. This article provides evidence from the research that travel between the perceived safety of home and school is a risky activity for a significant proportion of young people across Europe. Utilising the notion of anti-social behaviour as the most useful measure for comparative research of victimisation of young people, this article suggests that almost one-fifth of the young people are regularly subjected to behaviour they consider anti-social. However, the majority of young people show surprisingly high levels of self-confidence and security. The key is the existence of friendship groups, which provide security from victimisation, and if something negative does occur, the friendship group also provides a place to share concerns. Teachers, police officers, youth workers and even parents are far less important in dealing with incidents of anti-social behaviour. This article concludes by arguing that this points to a move away from increasing ‘formal’ interventions, such as CCTV, adults travelling on buses with young people, or police officers outside schools, towards supporting the, already existing, informal methods used by young people to limit the possibility of victimisation.

Beating the Odds: Impact of the Economic Recession on Young People in the UK

Beating the Odds: Impact of the Economic Recession on Young People in the UK

HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and sexual risk behaviours among Montenegrin youth

Context: Montenegro has a low-level HIV epidemic, but the majority of registered HIV cases have been diagnosed in patients between the ages of 20- to 34-years-old. Th e aim of this study was to assess the level of HIV-related knowledge, attitudes towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) and sexual behaviour among youth aged 15-24 in Montenegro. Methods: A nationally representative cross-sectional survey assessed 1164 young people aged 15-24. Th e data were collected in December 2009 using face-to-face interviewing for topics concerning HIV-related awareness and attitudes, whereas a self-administered questionnaire covered topics related to sexual experiences and behaviour. Results: In general, the level of HIV-related knowledge and accepting attitudes towards people living with HIV were unsatisfactory. Of the surveyed population, slightly more than half reported current sexual activity. Th e reported level of sexual risk behaviour diff ered signifi cantly according to participant sex and region. Early sexual initiation and not using condoms during the fi rst episodes of sexual intercourse were found to be signifi cant predictors of more frequent sexual risk behaviour. Conclusions: Despite the relatively high awareness pertaining to routes of HIV transmission, the surveyed population reported misconceptions related to HIV transmission. A significant proportion of young people have engaged in risky sexual behaviours. Th ese results strongly support the introduction of secondary school curriculum related to HIV/STI prevention as well other risk behaviours observed in this age cohort.

Mild induced hypothermia and an urgent invasive coronary strategy: A promising protocol for comatose survivors of sudden cardiac arrest

Context: Montenegro has a low-level HIV epidemic, but the majority of registered HIV cases have been diagnosed in patients between the ages of 20to 34-years-old. Th e aim of this study was to assess the level of HIV-related knowledge, attitudes towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) and sexual behaviour among youth aged 15-24 in Montenegro. Methods: A nationally representative cross-sectional survey assessed 1164 young people aged 15-24. Th e data were collected in December 2009 using face-to-face interviewing for topics concerning HIV-related awareness and attitudes, whereas a self-administered questionnaire covered topics related to sexual experiences and behaviour. Results: In general, the level of HIV-related knowledge and accepting attitudes towards people living with HIV were unsatisfactory. Of the surveyed population, slightly more than half reported current sexual activity. Th e reported level of sexual risk behaviour diff ered signifi cantly according to participant sex and region. Early sexual initiation and not using condoms during the fi rst episodes of sexual intercourse were found to be signifi cant predictors of more frequent sexual risk behaviour. Conclusions: Despite the relatively high awareness pertaining to routes of HIV transmission, the surveyed population reported misconceptions related to HIV transmission. A significant proportion of young people have engaged in risky sexual behaviours. Th ese results strongly support the introduction of secondary school curriculum related to HIV/STI prevention as well other risk behaviours observed in this age cohort.

Perceptions et comportements face au bruit dans les zones urbanisées : l'exemple de l'Île-de-France

Résumé Le bruit est l’objet d’attention croissante de la part des Français, notamment dans les zones fortement urbanisées où les sources sont multiples. Dans ce contexte, cet article, basé sur une exploitation régionale du Baromètre santé environnement 2007 de l’INPES, a pour objectif de déterminer en quoi les spécificités de la région Île-de-France influent sur les perceptions, comportements et attentes de ses habitants à l’égard de cette problématique. Le bruit est avant tout perçu comme une source de gêne, en particulier en Île-de-France, alors que les préoccupations sanitaires sont de second plan et ne sont pas influencées par le degré d’urbanisation. Par ailleurs, une part importante des jeunes, en particulier franciliens, s’exposent à des niveaux sonores élevés lors de leurs loisirs. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les attentes et les besoins des Franciliens en termes de politique d’information, de prévention et de réduction des nuisances sonores.

The Individual Placement and Support approach to vocational rehabilitation for young people with first episode psychosis in the UK

Background: The onset of schizophrenia is associated with a pronounced decline in employment and educational attainment.Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing the Individual Placement and Support approach (supported employment) adapted to include supported education within an Early Intervention Team for young people with a first episode of psychosis in the UK.Method: Demographic, clinical and vocational data were collected between November 2001 and July 2006 to evaluate the impact on service user vocational outcomes at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Individual vocational pathways are reported for the follow-up periods and fidelity to the implementation of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach.Results: By 6 months, 69% of people were supported in open employment and mainstream education/training and this rose to 81% at 18 months. The open employment rate increased significantly from 13% at baseline to 48% at 18 months and this was maintained through to 24 months.Conclusion: This study suggests that the IPS approach combined with supported education was effective at enabling a significant proportion of young people with a first episode of psychosis in a UK Early Intervention Service to gain/retain open employment and mainstream education.

Prevalence of Adolescent Problem Gambling, Related Harms and Help-Seeking Behaviours Among an Australian Population

Epidemiological studies have consistently reported prevalence rates ranging between 0.9 and 23.5% for problem gambling among young people. With such a large range reported in the literature, it is clear that more research in this area would be of value. The current study investigated the prevalence rate of adolescent gambling and problem gambling and explored types of harm-related and help-seeking behaviours associated with gambling specific to this population in an Australian setting. A self-administered battery of questionnaires was distributed to 252 students aged 12-18 years, attending four private schools in the Eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. The battery included a self-administered socio-gambling demographic questionnaire, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Fourth Edition Multiple Response Juvenile (DSM-IV-MR-J) diagnostic instrument to assess problem gambling status, the Gambling Attitudes Scale, and questionnaires using a Likert scale to measure gambling-related harms and help-seeking behaviours. The prevalence rate among this group was found to be 6.7%. The study found further support for previous findings suggesting that a significant proportion of young people meet criteria for problem gambling, that males are at-risk and that few adolescents are able to recognise when gambling is problematic or access mental health professionals for assistance.

Autonomie retardée et négociée : l’émancipation résidentielle des jeunes Européens

Delayed and negotiated autonomy : residential emancipation of young Europeans. A significant proportion of young people from 15 to 29 years old in the European Union still live in their parents’ home. This tendency displayed by young people to delay moving out varies from country to country, and between young men and young women. So far, rather little research has been done on this phenomenon., but these «birds » in no hurry to leave the nest are nevertheless arousing increasing interest among experts on family policy. The fact is that those experts have noted that delaying residential emancipation is also tantamount to later founding one’s own family. Hence this contribution deals with the residential emancipation of young people in Europe. It relies on an analysis of quantitative tendencies and on qualitative interviews carried out within the framework of the European Union project called «Family and Transitions in Europe » .

Hepatitis A virus infection -- shifting epidemiology.

To determine the age distribution in HAV infection and seasonal variations in the prevalence of acute viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis A virus. A descriptive study. The study was carried out on the patients reporting at Virology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, for determination of hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgM antibody, from July 2003 to June 2004. Altogether 626 patients with clinical suspicion of hepatitis A virus infection were referred to AFIP Rawalpindi for this test. Blood samples were collected and sera were separated and transferred to plastic aliquots that were stored at -20 degrees C in a retrievable fashion until utilized in testing. The testing for ant-HAV IgM was carried out with the help of a commercial Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) using reagent kits of DiasSorin (Germany) for HAV IgM antibodies. The HAV IgM positive rate was 40.57% (252/626). Those tested included the sporadic cases as well as the patients from outbreak in two schools of Nowshera cantonment. The age of patients testing positive for HAV IgM, ranged from 03 to 27 years. There was a statistically significant seasonal difference in rate of positivity in different months of the calendar year. An outbreak of HAV infection was seen in the children of two neighboring schools of a cantonment, in which 44 children in different classes developed clinical jaundice. HAV infection occurs in a significant proportion of young people with a clinical suspicion of HAV infection. There is a changing trend of developing hepatitis A in the age beyond 18 years and in outbreaks, which was not there in our patients previously due to universal immunity found against HAV by the age of 18. It was because of chances of consumption of polluted food.

Assessing the effects of age, sex and shared environment on the genetic aetiology of depression in childhood and adolescence.

Depressive symptoms and disorder are experienced by a significant proportion of young people and have long-lasting deleterious effects. The aims of the current investigation were to examine the aetiology of depressive symptoms using a twin design. In particular to examine the effects of sex, age, maternal depression and anxiety symptoms and to examine the aetiology of high depression scores. Questionnaires were sent to the families of a population-based sample of twins aged between 8 and 17 years. Parents and children over the age of 11 were asked to complete the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (mothers only). Responses were obtained from 1463 families and data were analysed using genetic model fitting and DeFries and Fulker regression analysis. Depressive symptoms, particularly when self-rated, were significantly genetically influenced. There was evidence of significant heterogeneity according to age, with shared environmental factors more important and genetic factors less important for children aged 8 to 10 than for adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. Some but not all of the shared environmental influences on parent-rated depressive symptoms were accounted for by maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety. There was a significant effect of gender for self-rated depressive symptoms. For boys, genetic factors were of greater importance and common environmental influences of less importance than for girls. Shared environmental effects had a substantial influence on high self-rated depression scores. Adolescents who scored highly on self-rated depression questionnaires experienced significantly more shared life events and their mothers had significantly higher internalising symptoms than adolescents who scoredwithin the normal range. The results of this study add to the evidence that the aetiology of depressive symptoms differs by age, with genetic factors becoming more important from childhood to adolescence. Some but not all of the shared environmental effect observed for mother-rated depression scores is due to maternal depression and anxiety symptoms. For self-rated depressive symptoms, the importance of genetic and environmental factors may also differ by sex, with genetic influences more important for boys. The aetiology of high depression symptom scores, when self-rated, appears to differ from scores within the normal range in that shared environmental factors appear to be more important. Further research is needed to identify these shared environmental factors using longitudinal models that test genetic and environmental mediation.

Controlling Gameplay

Controlling Gameplay