Significant Predictors Of Depression Research Articles

Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome

ObjectiveDepression is common in people who have experienced recent Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), and predicts worse medical outcomes. Mechanisms underpinning the development of depression and its association with poor medical outcomes are unclear however. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of perseverative negative thinking (e.g. worry and rumination) in predicting depression in people with recent ACS. MethodsAdults attending specialist inpatient and outpatient cardiology services who had recently experienced ACS were invited to participate in this observational prospective cohort study. Questionnaire assessments were completed within 6months of index ACS (baseline), then 2months and 6months later. Results169 participants (131 male (78%), median age 68 (±16) years) completed baseline questionnaires, and 111 completed follow-ups. After controlling for the effects of key covariates, baseline rumination was a significant predictor of depression at 6months, accounting for 2% of the variance in depression. This association was partially mediated by poor problem-solving ability and lack of social support. Neither worry nor rumination at baseline were significant predictors of quality of life at 6months. ConclusionsRumination is a significant independent predictor of depression, and this association may be partially explained by deficits in problem-solving ability and reduced social support. Both rumination and problem solving may provide useful targets for the development of evidence-based interventions to reduce depression among people with coronary heart disease.

Social Determinants of Depression Among Older Black Women Living With HIV.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression spans age-groups, but it can be particularly destructive for older people with chronic illness. Among older Black women living with HIV (OBWLH), multiple social determinants have been associated with the prevalence and severity of depression. A greater understanding of the impact of the social determinants at the individual, interpersonal, and community levels is needed. AIMS: To explore social determinants of depression among OBWLH at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community levels. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive design. RESULTS: A total of 118 OBWLH were analyzed in the study. Depression was prevalent among the participants. Approximately 89.8% of the participants had moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Health status, exercise, and social support were significant predictors of depression in the sample. CONCLUSION: Social determinants at multiple levels play a significant role in the occurrence and management of depression among OBWLH. Implications for practice, education, and research can be drawn from these findings.

Depression in partner caregivers of people with neurological conditions; associations with self-compassion and quality of life

Objectives: Informal caregivers are vulnerable to poor mental health and quality of life (QoL). Self-compassion may protect against this. This study investigated depression and QoL in partner caregivers of people with a long-term or neurological condition (e.g. dementia or spinal cord injury) and explored the extent to which QoL and self-compassion are predictive of depression.Design: A cross-sectional, questionnaire design.Methods: Participants were recruited from charities and support groups. Partner caregivers (N = 57) completed assessments of depression, QoL, and self-compassion.Results: Over half (61.8%) of caregivers experienced at least mild symptoms of depression, illustrating high prevalence among caregivers compared with the general population. Overall QoL was poor compared with non-caregivers. QoL was poorest in the physical domain (M = 51.9, SD = 10.1) and highest in the environmental domain (M = 64.9, SD = 15.8). Both self-compassion and QoL were significant predictors of depression (p < 0.05), explaining 48.8% of the variance. Hours spent providing care was also significantly predictive of depression (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Self-compassion and QoL may be important targets for supportive interventions for this population. This study underscores the importance of developing supportive interventions for informal partner caregivers, and developing self-compassion in these.

Cross-sectional examination of gender differences in depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

This study examined the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in OSA patients, and predictors of mood disturbance in male and female patients. N = 344 consecutive OSA patients (mean age 51.6 SD 14.1 years, 176 women) completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. 42.3% of females reported significant depressive symptoms compared to 32.7% of males, and 29.7% of females compared to 21.4% of males reported significant anxiety. In women, sleepiness, anxiety, and BMI were significant predictors of depression, whereas only sleepiness and anxiety were significant predictors of depression in males. Obesity was a stronger predictor of depression among women, suggesting a complex interaction between weight, sleep, and depression in female patients.

Exploring the relationship between depression and marital satisfaction amongst pregnant women residing in southern Sri Lanka

BackgroundMaternal mental health is considered a global health priority, but despite this, there are still many limitations in addressing issues related to maternal mental health in Sri Lanka. Depression is the most commonly occurring psychiatric disorder among pregnant mothers, and is associated with an increased risk of suicide. Maternal suicides have increased in recent years, with a rate of 12.1 per 100,000 live births in 2010. There is a pressing need to explore the factors that influence the mental well-being of pregnant mothers. AimsThe aim of this study was to explore the relationship between antenatal depression and marital satisfaction. MethodsA questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 203 pregnant mothers who presented to 10 maternity clinics in the Galle Municipal area. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale were used to assess for depression and the level of marital satisfaction, respectively. ResultsA total of 42.9% of participants screened positive for antenatal depression, while 5.9% reported having ideas of self-harm or thoughts of suicide. A statistically significant weak negative correlation was detected, between marital satisfaction and antenatal depression. Lack of support from the husband was identified as significant predictor of depression amongst pregnant mothers. ConclusionsThe importance of a screening program for antenatal depression and the need for a directed focus on maternal mental health is highlighted in this study. Evidence-based, culturally sensitive mental health interventions would play a significant role in detecting and minimizing maternal mental illnesses, which is likely to help to reduce maternal suicides and minimize associated far-reaching negative impacts.

Exploring the associations between shift work disorder, depression, anxiety and sick leave taken amongst nurses.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between shift work disorder and mental health in hospital-based nurses. Staff completed an online survey comprising demographic questions, the Shift Work Disorder Questionnaire, Patient Health-9 and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 scale. Sick leave data were collected from archival records from the Human Resources Department. Two hundred and two nurses (95% female; age M=35.28years±SD=12) participated (42% of eligible staff). Those at high risk of shift work disorder had higher depression (M=7.54±SD=4.28 vs. M=3.78±SD=3.24; p<0.001) and anxiety (M=5.66±SD=3.82 vs. M=2.83±SD=3.33, p<0.001) compared to those at low risk. Linear regression models showed that being at high risk of shift work disorder was the most significant predictor of depression, explaining 18.8% of the variance in depression (R2 =0.188, adjusted R2 =0.184, F(1, 200)=46.20, p<0.001). Shift work disorder combined with the number of night shifts and alcoholic drinks on non-work days accounted for 49.7% of the variance in anxiety scores (R2 =0.497, adjusted R2 =0.453, F(3, 35)=11.51, p<0.001). Mean sick leave in those with high risk of shift work disorder was 136.17hr (SD=113.11) versus 103.98hr (SD=94.46) in others (p=0.057). Depression and years of shift work accounted for 18.9% of the variance in sick leave taken (R2 =0.189, adjusted R2 =0.180, F(2, 175)=20.36, p<0.001). Shift work disorder is strongly associated with depression and anxiety, providing a potential target to improve mental health in shift workers. Depression, in turn, is a significant contributing factor to sick leave.

Prevalence, comorbidity and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety in adolescents following an earthquake

This study sought to assess prevalence rate, comorbidity and predictors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety among adolescents affected by the 2016 Aceh Earthquake. A cross-sectional study was conducted six months after the earthquake. The multi-stage random sampling method was applied to a selection of respondents from district schools. A total of 321 students participated in the study. In addition to generating demographic data, a brief PTSD inventory, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire and the Disaster Impact Questionnaire (DIQ) were administered. Approximately 58.3%, 16.8% and 32.1% of adolescents reported the clinical symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety, respectively. The associations and comorbidity between PTSD, depression, and anxiety were statistically significant (p = 0.001). Gender, depression, having directly seen someone injured or trapped, the injury or hospitalization of a member of the nuclear family and being afraid to stay inside a building since the earthquake were demonstrated to be the significant predictors for PTSD. The injury and hospitalization of a member of the nuclear family and feeling stressed after the earthquake were significant predictors for depression. Having been injured, having one's house destroyed; being afraid to stay inside a building and gender were significant predictors for generalized anxiety disorder. The prevalence of PTSD in the current study population is relatively high and the fact that a significant number of adolescents were afraid to stay inside a building following the earthquake calls for further investigation and treatments.

Risk of depression in pregnant women with low-normal serum Vitamin B12.

High prevalence rates of both Vitamin B12 insufficiency and depressive symptoms exist in pregnant women. Although the association between depressive symptoms and certain nutrient deficiencies like iron, folate, or Vitamin B12 has been established, the specific relationship between low-normal serum Vitamin B12 levels and depressive symptoms in pregnant women in the United States has not been studied closely. Using 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, a secondary analysis was conducted to examine the association between low-normal serum Vitamin B12 level and depression, as measured by a score of 10 or higher on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, in pregnant women (N = 174). In bivariate regression models, Vitamin B12 level, experiencing poverty, and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) were significant predictors of depression. In multivariate logistic regression models, pregnant women with low-normal serum Vitamin B12 levels (OR = 3.82, 95% CI [1.10-13.31], p < 0.04) were 3.82 times more likely to experience depression, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, pre-pregnancy BMI, and the biomarkers hemoglobin and folate. Identifying and treating pregnant women with low-normal Vitamin B12 levels may enhance prenatal depression management.

The prevalence of depression and the association between depression and kidney function and health-related quality of life in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease: a multicenter cross-sectional study.

Purpose: The prevalence of depression and the relationship between depression and kidney function and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) are not well understood in elderly patients with predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of depression and the association between depression and kidney function and HRQOL.Patients and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1079 elderly participants with CKD were recruited at 32 clinical centers located within 26 cities throughout 24 provinces in China. Demographic information and laboratory analyses were collected. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). HRQOL was evaluated using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 (KDQOL-36) instrument.Results: The prevalence of depression was 23.0%. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was negatively correlated with the GDS score whether it was treated as a categorical variable (r=−0.097, P=0.001) or as a continuous variable (r=−0.100, P=0.001). Marital status, education level, history of CVD and diabetes, CKD stage and proteinuria confirmed to be independent and significant predictors of depression in patients with CKD. Compared with CKD 1–2 patients, we observed an increase of 0.541 and 4.171 in the odds for developing depression in patients CKD 4 (odds ratio [OR] =1.541; P=0.031) and CKD 5 (odds ratio [OR] =5.171; P<0.001), respectively. We observed negative and significant correlations with the GDS score for the following components: PCS (r=−0.370, P<0.001), MCS (r=−0.412, P<0.001), burden of kidney disease (r=−0.403, P<0.001), symptoms and problems of kidney disease (r=−0.360, P<0.001) and effects of kidney disease (r=−0.355, P<0.001). Depression was an independent and significant predictor of all the subcomponents of the HRQOL.Conclusions: The prevalence of depression in elderly patients with CKD was high and was negatively correlated with kidney function. Depression had a major negative impact on HRQOL.

Ригидно осмисляне и психично здраве във възникваща зрелост

Изследването проучва взаимовръзките между дименсиите на възникващата зрелост и самооценката, депресията и тревожността, както и медииращия ефект на рефлексията между тях. Участници са 202 изследвани лица на възраст 17-30 години. Използваните методи включват Въпросник за измерване на дименсиите на възникващата зрелост (IDEA), Въпросник за проактивно-ригидно осмисляне (RRQ), Скала на Розенберг за измерване на общата самооценка (RSEI), Кратка скала за депресия на Центъра за епидемиологични изследвания (CES-D 10), Ревизиран контролен лист за оценка на психологична симптоматика (Symptom Checklist 90 – R). Според получените резултати, жените се отличават с по-високи нива на депресия, ригидно и проактивно осмисляне от мъжете. Разкриват се значими ниски до умерени корелации между Изследване на идентичността, като дименсия на възникващата зрелост, ригидно и проактивно осмисляне, и депресия. Експериментирането/възможностите корелират с проактивното осмисляне, Негативността/нестабилността - с ригидното осмисляне, депресията и тревожността. Изследването на идентичността, Негативност/ нестабилност и Фокусиране върху себе си са значими предиктори относно равнището на депресия, а значими предиктори за равнището на тревожност във възникваща зрелост са дименсиите Негативност/нестабилност и Експериментиране/възможности. Ригидното осмисляне има значими индиректни ефекти по отношение на самооценката, депресията и тревожността, като значими независими предиктори са дименсиите на възникващата зрелост Изследване на идентичността, Негативност/Нестабилност (като се изключи по отношение на тревожността) и Чувство за „помежду“.

The Traumatic Experience of Breast Cancer: Which Factors Can Relate to the Post-traumatic Outcomes?

Background: Post-traumatic growth (PTG) is considered a positive outcome of struggling with a traumatic event, distinct, and opposite from negative outcomes, i.e., psychological distress. The present study aimed to shed light on the relationship between potentially relating factors (i.e., coping strategies, perceived social support, and attachment style) and both positive and negative psychological outcomes.Methods: A total of 123 breast cancer survivors were recruited, who completed a battery of self-report questionnaires, assessing PTG, psychological distress, coping strategies, perceived social support, and attachment style. Three regression analyses were run to evaluate whether relating factors were significant predictors of the positive and negative psychological outcomes.Results: The regression analyses showed that the “Fatalism” coping strategy and perceived social support were two significant predictors of PTG. Instead, the “Helpless-Hopeless” and “Anxious Preoccupation” coping strategies, as well as an insecure attachment style, were significant predictors of depression, while the “Anxious Preoccupation” coping strategy and an insecure attachment style were significant predictors of anxiety.Conclusions: The present findings showed that the factors underlying a positive or negative outcome are different and specific. While perceived social support and a fatalistic attitude seem to play a key role in the positive outcome, dysfunctional coping strategies, together with an insecure attachment style, appear to be related with negative psychological outcome. Considering these factors in clinical practice would help patients to give meaning to their traumatic experience, enhancing psychological growth.

Social Pressure for Pregnancy Scale: Its Development, Psychometric Properties, and Potential Contributions to Infertility and Depression Research.

Women with infertility in different cultures, especially those in West African countries, are viewed as inferior. They tend to experience discrimination and have suboptimal mental health outcomes. However, recent evidence shows that social pressure for pregnancy, not infertility, is a significant predictor of depression. Yet, instruments that measure social pressure for pregnancy are scarce. Existing instruments to measure social pressure for pregnancy show no evidence of psychometric properties. To assess the psychometric properties of a new tool, the Social Pressure for Pregnancy Scale (SPPS), among Malian women in West Africa. Exploratory factor analysis, and analyses of convergent validity, discriminant validity (known-groups technique), and reliability. The SPPS has good psychometric properties and can be used in future infertility studies especially in relation to depression.

Assessment of comorbid mild cognitive impairment and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

ContextDepression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia are highly prevalent chronic conditions associated with social, medical, and economic burdens. Although there are several epidemiological studies that have reported the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment or depressive syndrome in elderly diabetic population little is known about the comorbidity of these conditions. We aimed to study the prevalence of comorbid mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relation to glycemic control. Materials and methodsthe present work was carried on 400 patients with T2DM. History taking, physical examination, laboratory investigations (with special emphasis on glycemic profile and lipid profile parameters) were done for every patient. Assessment of anxiety and depression using the HADS score and assessment of mild cognitive impairment using MoCA score were done. Results76% of studied patients had depression of varying degrees while 56.8% of studied patients had MCI. Decreased level of HDL-cholesterol and increased HADS anxiety score were significant predictors of depression. On the other hand, increased level of total cholesterol, decreased level of HDL-cholesterol, increased HADS depression score and decreased MoCA score were significant predictors of anxiety. HDL-cholesterol HADS anxiety score, FBG, and duration of DM were the significant predictors of MCI. ConclusionIncreased level of total cholesterol, decreased level of HDL-cholesterol, increased HADS depression score and decreased MoCA score were significant predictors of anxiety. HDL-cholesterol, HADS anxiety score, FBG, and duration of DM were the significant predictors of MCI.

The relationship between mindfulness, spiritual well‐being and chronic depression: Different predictors in distinct phases of treatment

AbstractObjectiveThis study sought to analyse the relationship between mindfulness, spiritual well‐being and chronic depression, together with the possible predictive power of the independent variables, during and after a therapeutic intervention. Clients were treated in a residential therapeutic unit for a period of 3–6 months.MethodThe research sample consisted of 63 patients, 28 females and 35 males, between 15 and 57 years old (M = 32.84, SD = 10.24), separated into two groups: residential phase (In‐Treatment) and after termination of treatment (Post‐Treatment). The In‐Treatment group included 32 participants halfway into treatment, and the Post‐Treatment group included 31 participants who had concluded the intervention at least 1 year previously. All the clients had been diagnosed with chronic depression disorder. The instruments used were as follows: the Beck Depression Inventory‐II, the Five facet mindfulness questionnaire and the spiritual well‐being questionnaire.ResultsMindfulness dimensions are more relevant during treatment, contrary to spiritual well‐being dimensions. There were significant negative associations between mindfulness and depression in the In‐Treatment group. In the Post‐Treatment group, there were significant negative associations between all the spiritual dimensions (barring the transcendental dimension) and depression. The non‐reactivity dimension of mindfulness was a significant predictor of depression in the In‐Treatment group, while the environmental dimension of spiritual well‐being was a significant predictor in the Post‐Treatment group.ConclusionThe results support the known associations between the studied variables, but indicate that in different phases of treatments, mindfulness and spiritual well‐being have a different impact.

Prevalence and determinants of depression among patients with hypertension: A cross-sectional comparison study in Ghana and Nigeria.

Despite evidence linking depression to poor blood pressure (BP) control and increased hypertension-related morbidity and mortality, there is paucity of data about depression among patients with hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed factors associated with depression among patients with hypertension in Ghana and Nigeria. Patients with hypertension were recruited from four hospitals: In Ghana, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (n = 120), and in Nigeria, the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, the Lagos State General Hospital, and the University College Hospital Ibadan (n = 237). Demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and clinical factors which predicted depression among the study cohort were assessed by logistic regression. Depression and beliefs about medications were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Beliefs about Medication Questionnaire, respectively. Depression was regarded as PHQ-9 score >4. The mean ages of the Ghanaian and Nigerian cohort were 57.0 ± 13.7 years (58.3% female) and 56.4 ± 12.9 years (57.0% female), respectively. Prevalence of depression was 41.7% and 26.6% among the Ghanaian and Nigerian cohorts, respectively. Significant predictors of depression in the Nigerian cohort were age in years [OR 0.97 (0.95-0.99)], concern about medications [OR 1.15 (1.03-1.30)], and poor BP control [OR 2.06 (1.09-3.88)]. Young age was the only independent predictor of depression in the Nigerian cohort. In the Ghanaian cohort, none of the factors significantly predicted depression. Prevalence of depression is high among patients with hypertension in Ghana and Nigeria. Screening and treatment of depression among patients with hypertension in Ghana and Nigeria may have important implications for improving outcomes.

Military-related experiences and late-life depressive symptomatology among Japanese-American world war II veterans

Objectives: To examine military service-related variables and late-life depressive symptomatology among older Japanese-American males.Method: This study is a secondary data analysis of a longitudinal, community-based study. A sample of 2669 participants (771 World War II veterans, 1898 civilians) was drawn from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Depressive symptoms were assessed twice across a 9-year period with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale. Covariates included sociodemographic, physical health, health behavior, and psychosocial variables. Combat exposure and symptomatology were examined among a subset of 426 veterans. Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs were analyzed with linear regression.Results: Veterans and civilians did not differ in depression scores. Baseline depression scores significantly predicted follow-up depression scores. For the full sample, lower ratings of quality of life satisfaction, daily activity control and general health were associated with higher depression scores both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Among veterans, light combat exposure was marginally associated with lower depression scores and longitudinally, previous depression scores and poorer health ratings were significant predictors of depression scores.Conclusion: Results suggest that military service does not affect late-life depressive symptomatology. However, combat exposure may play a marginal role in increased symptoms. Reasons for results include the possibility that other factors are more relevant to late-life depression, symptomatology naturally decreasing over time, or type of combat exposure measurement. Results expand literature by examination of an ethnoracial group not studied often and longitudinal examination of late-life depressive symptoms within a military-related context. Stakeholders should be knowledgeable of the distinct issues presented when serving aging veterans.

The Influence of Self-efficacy and Activities of Daily Living on Depression among Elderly Nursing Home Residents

Purpose: This purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-efficacy and activities of daily living on the level of depression among elderly nursing home residents. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using a self-reported questionnaires completed by 163 elderly. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheff? test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 20.0. Results: The mean score for depression was 9.24, for self-efficacy 3.19, and for activities of daily living 1.85. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to examine the influences of research variables. Activities of daily living and self-efficacy were significant predictors of depression. The model explained 24.0% of the variables. Conclusion: As a result of this study, the activities of daily living and self-efficacy were defined as an important influential on depression. Therefore, the development nursing intervention programs is needed to reduce depression levels in the elderly to enhance daily living activities and self-efficacy.

Perception of Discrimination in Employment and Health in Refugees and Immigrants.

Unemployment is associated with poor health among refugees and immigrants; however, the degree to which discrimination in employment contributes to poor health remains unclear because of methodological limitations. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate factors associated with perceived discrimination, ethnicity and migration status, and their implication on health (self-rated health & depression). Perceived discrimination was investigated in 273 Iraqi skilled-workers, refugees and immigrants, who are members of a professional scientific organization. It was hypothesized that unemployment, ethnicity (Arab), and migration status (refugee) would be associated with perceived discrimination. Additionally, it was hypothesized that participants who endorse discrimination are more likely to report poor health. Results reveal that more individuals who were unemployed (46.4%), reported perceived discrimination (X2 (1, N=273) =6.63, p<.05), however, when linear regression modeling was applied, age [OR=1.36], gender [OR=2.13], and ethnicity [OR=2.15], not migration status became significant predictors of discrimination. With respect to health, age [OR=2.25], length of residency [OR.93], language skills [OR=3.00], and perception of discrimination [OR=2.12] were predictors of SRH, while ethnicity [OR=3.93], age [OR=1.39], and discrimination [OR=3.26] were significant predictors of depression. Notably, perceived discrimination was a predictor in both health variables. In conclusion, there appears to be a link between discrimination and health in a homogenous refugee and immigrant sample.

Illness perceptions, depression and anxiety in informal carers of persons with depression: a cross-sectional survey

PurposeTo examine the illness perceptions of informal carers of persons with depression, using the theoretical framework of Leventhal’s Common-Sense Model (CSM) and to determine whether these illness perceptions are predictors of anxiety and depression, as measures of psychological well-being.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted with 94 Maltese individuals caring for a person with depression within a community setting. The informal carers completed the modified Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQS-Relatives version) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s rank order correlations and ANCOVA regression models, to identify predictors of anxiety and depression respectively in the informal carers.ResultsThe informal carers perceived depression as a cyclical condition, having negative consequences on both the patient and on themselves. Participants perceived the causes of depression to be mainly psychosocial in nature and generally viewed the treatment as effective. Caring for a person with depression was perceived as having a considerable negative emotional impact on them. Years of caring was identified as a predictor of anxiety accounting for 20.4% of the variance, and timeline chronicity beliefs, consequences (relative) and illness coherence were identified as predictors of depression, accounting for 56.8% of the variance.ConclusionIllness cognitions are significant predictors of depression, thereby suggesting that cognition-based interventions may be effective in targeting depression in these informal carers. Thus, health professionals should explore the carers’ personal understanding of the disease, their timeline beliefs and the perceived consequences of providing care, as they relate to their psychological well-being.

Spiritual Intelligence and Post-abortion Depression: A Coping Strategy.

Loss of pregnancy is a major stressor which can cause mental disorders. In stressful conditions, spiritual intelligence can be used as a coping strategy to manage and cope with the stressor. It may also produce positive outcomes in spontaneous abortion. This study aimed to assess the relationship of spiritual intelligence with depression after spontaneous abortion. This cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study was done in 2015-2016 on 185 women with spontaneous abortion who were hospitalized in the postnatal care ward of Kowsar teaching hospital, Qazvin, Iran. Data collection was performed in two steps. In the first step, a demographic and obstetric characteristics questionnaire and the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory were completed by participants during their hospital stay. In the second step, i.e., 7days after spontaneous abortion, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was completed for each participant over the phone. Variables which were found in univariate analysis to have a significant correlation with depression were entered into multiple logistic regression analysis to assess their roles in predicting depression. Most women were depressed (54%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant predictors of depression were women's educational status (OR 0.419; CI 0.18-0.93), gestational age at the time of abortion (OR 1.121; CI 1.02-1.22), and the personal meaning production dimension of spiritual intelligence (OR 0.82; CI 0.73-0.91). Spiritual intelligence is significantly correlated with post-abortion depression. Developing and following strategies for promoting spiritual intelligence can alleviate depression, stress, and anxiety after spontaneous abortion and also help manage complicated pregnancies.