Significant Predictors Of Intention Research Articles

Applying an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Young Drivers’ In-Vehicle Information System (IVIS) Use Intention and Behavior While Driving: A Longitudinal Two-Wave Survey

In-vehicle information system (IVIS) use while driving has raised concerns about driver distraction, especially for young drivers. To understand better their psychological factors, an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) was employed to predict young drivers’ IVIS use intentions and behavior while driving. A two-wave longitudinal survey was conducted to explore the temporal effects of ‘intention–behavior’ causality. At Time 1, 236 qualified participants completed a main questionnaire assessing the standard TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control) and the extended constructs (descriptive norms, moral norms, and perceived risks). At Time 2, 145 follow-up questionnaires measuring self-reported behavior were successfully administered. The hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the standard constructs account for 36.5% of the intention variance and 41.2% of the behavior variance. The extended constructs additionally contributed 20.3% of intention variance. All variables were identified as significant predictors of intentions, except for perceived crash risks and perceived risks of being caught and fined. The sole significant predictor of prospective behavior was intention. Theoretically, the findings further support the efficacy of the TPB in explaining IVIS use while driving. Practically, it is helpful to design non-legal interventions that sustainably reduce young drivers’ engagement in IVIS-related distractions.

Do social cognitive factors influence final-year undergraduate students’ intentions to pursue advanced degrees? An examination of the moderating effect of sex

This study explores the factors influencing final-year undergraduate students’ intentions to pursue advanced degrees through the lens of social cognitive theory (SCT). In addition, it investigates the moderating effect of sex on the causal pathways in the proposed model. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, 578 final-year undergraduate students from various degree programs participated in an online survey. The results revealed that outcome expectations and social support are significant predictors of intention, while intention itself predicts the implementation of intentions to pursue an advanced degree. However, self-efficacy was not found to influence intention, and sex did not moderate the hypothesized paths in the model. These findings suggest that SCT provides a useful and robust framework for understanding the factors shaping undergraduate students’ intentions to pursue advanced degrees, as evidenced by the high explanatory power of the structural model. The study also offers practical and theoretical implications, along with suggestions for future research.

Factors Influencing Nurses’ Intentions to Protect Patient Privacy: A Survey-Based Study Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background and Purpose:Patient privacy and confidentiality are fundamental ethical principles in healthcare. Protecting patient privacy, which is accepted as a patient’s right, is one of the responsibilities of nurses. Few studies on patient privacy among nurses have used social cognitive approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine nurses’ intentions to protect patient privacy using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).Methods:This is a cross-sectional and correlational design study. The study sample consisted of 202 nurses working in the emergency departments, operating rooms, inpatient wards, and intensive care units of the hospitals. Research data were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire that included TPB components on patient privacy. The proposed research model was tested using structural equation modeling.Results:Attitude (β= .238,p< .05), subjective norm (β= .295,p< .05), and moral norm (β= .337,p< .05) toward patient privacy are positive predictors of intention. The moral norm is the most effective component of intention. Perceived behavioral control is not a significant predictor of intention (β= .049,p> .05).Implications for Practice:Norms that create a sense of moral obligation in nurses are a significant determinant in increasing the intention to protect patient privacy. Interventions that improve moral norms, attitudes, and subjective norms will increase the intention to protect privacy. Nurse managers should provide nurses with adequate skills, resources, and an appropriate work environment to ensure perceived behavioral control regarding patient privacy.

Public acceptance of using artificial intelligence-assisted weight management apps in high-income southeast Asian adults with overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional study.

With in increase in interest to incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) into weight management programs, we aimed to examine user perceptions of AI-based mobile apps for weight management in adults with overweight and obesity. 280 participants were recruited between May and November 2022. Participants completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic profiles, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2), and Self-Regulation of Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was performed using R. Model fit was tested using maximum-likelihood generalized unweighted least squares. Associations between influencing factors were analyzed using correlation and linear regression. 271 participant responses were analyzed, representing participants with a mean age of 31.56 ± 10.75 years, median (interquartile range) BMI, and waist circumference of 27.2 kg/m2 (24.2-28.4 kg/m2) and 86.4 (80.0-94.0) cm, respectively. In total, 188 (69.4%) participants intended to use AI-assisted weight loss apps. UTAUT2 explained 63.3% of the variance in our intention of the sample to use AI-assisted weight management apps with satisfactory model fit: CMIN/df = 1.932, GFI = 0.966, AGFI = 0.954, NFI = 0.909, CFI = 0.954, RMSEA = 0.059, SRMR = 0.050. Only performance expectancy, hedonic motivation, and the habit of using AI-assisted apps were significant predictors of intention. Comparison with existing literature revealed vast variabilities in the determinants of AI- and non-AI weight loss app acceptability in adults with and without overweight and obesity. UTAUT2 produced a good fit in explaining the acceptability of AI-assisted apps among a multi-ethnic, developed, southeast Asian sample with overweight and obesity. UTAUT2 model is recommended to guide the development of AI-assisted weight management apps among people with overweight and obesity.

Predicting Training Transfer of Oxygen Therapy During COVID-19: Theory of Planned Behavior Application

Introduction: Patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms need respiratory support. Therefore, nurses should use oxygen therapy knowledge and skills to treat such patients. Despite heavy investment in health care training to improve nurses’ skills, such as oxygen therapy skills, only a small portion of training is transferred to the workplace. Objective: The present study aims to predict training transfer (use of oxygen therapy in the workplace) among nurses using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on nurses who participated in the oxygen therapy workshop and was selected using the method proposed by a random sample of 127 nurses. The TPB questionnaire and the oxygen therapy checklist were used to collect data. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was applied. Results: The results showed that nurses’ attitudes toward oxygen therapy (β=0.358, 95%CI, 0.182%-0.542%, P=0.01), subjective norms regarding oxygen therapy (β=0.246 95%CI, 0.0.018%-0.223%, P=0.01), and perceived behavioral control over oxygen therapy (β=0.229, 95%CI, 0.050%-0.264%, P=0.01) are significant predictors of intention toward oxygen therapy application. Moreover, the results showed that perceived behavioral control over oxygen therapy (β=0.412, 95%CI, 0.226%-0.499%, P=0.01) and intention toward the use of oxygen therapy (β=0.360, 95%CI, 0.241%-0.640%, P=0.01) are significant predictors of nurses’ actual use of oxygen therapy. Conclusion: The TPB can predict the intention to use oxygen therapy and the actual use of oxygen therapy in nursing staff. Therefore, this theory can guide health officials to create a suitable environment for using oxygen therapy.

Determinants for COVID-19 vaccination intention in Mexico

This investigation aims to determine the predictors that have the most significant influence over COVID-19 vaccination intention for the population of 18 years or above in Mexico. This will be done through a comprehensive theoretical model comprising: the theory of planned behaviour, the health belief model, and the model of goal-directed behaviour. An exploratory, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was carried out. The structured questionnaire was applied to 1085 adults in the first trimester of 2021 through Google Forms in social media groups. The data analysis was carried out through partial least square structural equation modelling. Positive anticipated emotions, desire, subjective norms, attitude, and perceived behavioural control were the most significant predictors of intention. The model that combines the theoretical perspectives explains mostly the vaccination intention. The study can be a valuable theoretical perspective for understanding similar behavioural intentions related to health risks. The results are also valuable for public health decision-makers to design strategies that promote vaccination.

Perceived Moral Norms in an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting University Students' Bystander Intentions toward Relational Bullying.

Relational forms of bullying, such as social exclusion, are prevalent among students in higher education (HE) and pose challenges to the creation of a safe and inclusive learning environment for young adults. Based on research showing how bystanders in bullying incidents can counteract bullying effectively, the present study investigated the extent to which bystanders' prosocial behavioral intentions may be predicted using an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). Students' behavioral intentions toward the physical-social exclusion of peers in a hypothetical group work setting were investigated in a sample of 419 university students in the United Kingdom. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that moral norms significantly predicted intention over and above cognitive attitude, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control. In contrast, emotional attitudes and injunctive norms were not significant predictors of intention. Moreover, significant weak mediation effects could be shown for moral norms as a mediator of the relationships between standard TPB predictors and intention. The present study contributes knowledge to the growing research body on applications of the TPB and on bystander intentions in bullying in HE. Implications for a development in preventive measures to foster university students' prosocial intentions toward bullying are discussed.

Towards a unified model of consumers’ intentions to use drone food delivery services

The aim of this study is to examine the factors influencing consumers’ intentions to use drone food delivery services drawing on four theories, namely the theory of planned behaviour, norm activation theory, technology acceptance model, and perceived risk theory. 305 survey data are collected in Malaysia and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The findings show that attitudes, perceived behavioural control, and personal norms are significant predictors of intentions. Furthermore, ascribed responsibility and awareness of consequences significantly predict personal norms. Additionally, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and psychological risk are also predictors of attitudes.

Intention to Engage in Alcohol Use during Pregnancy: The Role of Attitudes and Prototypes

Background: There is no known risk-free level of alcohol use in pregnancy. Despite this, many still believe that occasional drinking is safe. To-date, there is limited evidence of the influences on women’s decisions about low to moderate alcohol use in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to explore alcohol use intentions during pregnancy, using variables from the theory of planned behavior, the prototype/willingness model and personality variables. The study also investigated whether priming participants with exposure to prototypes describing different alcohol use behaviors had an impact on intentions. Methods: Participants, 746 women aged 20 to 45 years, were randomized to be prompted to think of one of two different “types” of behaviors, i.e., small level of alcohol use in pregnancy and ambiguous level of alcohol use in pregnancy. They then completed measures of theoretical variables, impulsivity, venturesomeness, and self-efficacy. Participants then answered whether they intended to use alcohol during a future pregnancy. Results: Over half of the variance in intentions to consume alcohol while pregnant were predicted by the final model (R2 = .527, F (1, 438) = 13.201, p < .001). Positive attitudes toward alcohol use in pregnancy, from the theory of planned behavior, were the most significant predictor of intentions and intentions did not differ between groups according to prototype exposure. Conclusions: Future research should aim to explore the efficacy of interventions to reduce low to moderate alcohol use in pregnancy that utilize both the theory of planned behavior and prototype/willingness model to target determinants of intentions.

Affective Response to Exercise and Affective Judgments as Predictors of Physical Activity Intention and Behavior among New Mothers in their first 6-Months Postpartum.

Understanding the predictors of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during early postpartum is important to improve promotion efforts. Affect-related constructs are key predictors of MVPA but have limited research in mothers during the postpartum period. To examine two affect-related constructs (affective response to exercise and affective judgments) as predictors of MVPA intention and behavior across three months, among a sample of new mothers. Participants were 105 mothers (M age = 30.64 years; SD = 3.93) who completed measures during postpartum at 2-months post-birth of their first child. The affective response to exercise (assessed at baseline [2-months postpartum] during a submaximal treadmill test), affective judgments and intention (baseline, 6-weeks after baseline), and MVPA (baseline, 6- and 12-weeks after baseline) were assessed via self-report. Path analysis, using ordinary least squares regression, showed that the affective response during exercise was a significant predictor of intention (baseline, 6-weeks), as well as change in intention from baseline to 6-weeks. By contrast, affective judgments predicted intention at 6-weeks, but not at baseline or in the change model. Past MVPA did not moderate these findings, although the affective response during exercise also had a significant indirect effect on MVPA through intention at 6-weeks and 12-weeks. Interventions targeting women's affective response during exercise may be important during postpartum, perhaps through self-paced physical activity guidance. Affective judgments may not be predictive of MVPA, in part due to unanticipated changes during early postpartum leading to inaccurate expectations of the physical activity experience.

Motivations for watching videos on mobile phones while driving in parking lots and while waiting at intersections in the United States

This is a two-part mixed methods study that investigated motivations for watching videos on mobile phones while driving. We make three theoretical contributions in this paper. First, we specifically examine watching videos on mobile phones while driving, whereas previous studies examine calling, texting, monitoring messages, and using apps. Second, we specifically focus on waiting at intersections and driving in parking lots; parking lots have not been studied in previous studies. Third, we incorporate perception about the law into the Theory of Planned Behavior model as a predictor of intention.The quantitative survey yielded responses measuring each variable in our extended Theory of Planned Behavior model. We found that although people don’t watch videos on their phones while driving as much as they text or converse, the rates of watching are disturbingly high (41% watch at intersections). The intention to watch while driving is a significant predictor of behavior, and attitude is a significant predictor of intention in both scenarios. Moral norms are significant predictors of intention in the parking lot scenario. Nearly half (48%) of drivers don’t know their state laws regarding mobile phone use while driving. Neither knowledge about state law with respect to watching videos on mobile phones while driving nor the actual state law about using handheld devices while driving is a significant predictor of the intention to watch videos while driving. The qualitative survey yielded open-ended responses on drivers’ salient beliefs about watching videos on mobile phones while driving. We propose using a multitude of laws to reduce mobile phone use while driving, and requiring drivers to take a short course on distracted driving.

Attachment, altruistic personality traits and the theory of planned behaviour as predictors of altruistic driving behaviours in young adults

Young adults are overrepresented in crash statistics compared to mature drivers. Research has addressed this concern by investigating factors related to risky driving; however, studies investigating altruistic driving are scarce. Altruistic driving, conceived as driving in a way that benefits others without expectation of benefit for oneself, may lead to less risky driving and reduction in crashes. The current study investigated psychological attachment, altruistic personality traits and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs as predictors of altruistic driving behaviours. The sample consisted of 17–25-year-old licensed drivers, living in Queensland, Australia, who had completed at least three quarters of mandated supervised driving practice with their mother or father as supervisor. Participants completed two linked online surveys. Survey 1 (N = 93) assessed sociodemographic factors, TPB variables, previous behavioural performance, attachment, altruism and intentions for altruistic driving. Survey 2, occurring two weeks later (n = 23), measured opportunity for and engagement in altruistic driving. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses supported the predictive value of the TPB constructs in explaining behavioural intention in general altruistic driving and two specific altruistic driving scenarios. However, altruism and attachment were not significant predictors of intention in any scenario. Bivariate correlations found that neither intentions or PBC (from Survey 1) were significantly associated with altruistic driving behaviours (from Survey 2) in any scenario. This research increases knowledge about motivators of altruistic driving by young drivers. This insight may be used to inform road safety interventions to motivate more altruistic driving, decrease aggression on the roads, and reduce young driver involvement in crashes.

What influences the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in the Western Balkans?

Abstract Background Although effective vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed with the unprecedented speed, insufficient vaccine uptake suggests that many people are unwilling to get vaccinated worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess factors influencing intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in five Western Balkans countries. Methods Total of 700 unvaccinated respondents aged 18-75 participated in the study. Intention was assessed by a single item gauging the likelihood of getting vaccinated on a 5-points Likert scale. Multiple linear regression was used to determine whether socio-demographics (gender, age, religiousness, educational level, employment status, presence of chronic diseases) and attitudes towards vaccination predict intention to get vaccinated. Results Proportion of respondents willing to get vaccinated against COVID-19 ranged from 22.6% in Serbia to 40.4% in Montenegro. In Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania stronger intention to get vaccinated in the future was associated with confidence in vaccine safety (β=.24, p&amp;lt;.01 and β=.20, p&amp;lt;.01 respectively) and efficacy (β=.28, p&amp;lt;.01 and β=.26, p&amp;lt;.001), higher feeling of danger of the disease (β=.21, p&amp;lt;.05 and β=.17, p&amp;lt;.05) and higher social responsibility (β=.35, p&amp;lt;.001 and β=.18, p&amp;lt;.01). Confidence in vaccine efficacy (β=.34, p&amp;lt;.001) and social responsibility (β=.24, p&amp;lt;.01), accompanied with higher sense of susceptibility to the disease (β=.13, p&amp;lt;.05), were significant predictors of intention in Serbia. In North Macedonia willingness to get the vaccine was significantly associated only with social responsibility (β=.09, p&amp;lt;.001), while in Montenegro age was the single predictor (β=-.32, p&amp;lt;.001); Conclusions Results of this study suggest that vaccination campaigns should focus on specific set of socio-psychological factors in each country, enhancing confidence in vaccine efficacy and appealing to collective responsibility as most prevalent determinants of vaccination intention in Western Balkans. Key messages • Specific set of socio-psychological factors influenced vaccination intention in each country. • Most prevalent factors influencing intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 were confidence in vaccine efficacy and social responsibility.

Theory of planned behaviour for physical activity of adults living with physical disabilities: A replication systematic review

Programme interventionists often determine best practices from systematic reviews of the literature. Interpretations of findings from systematic reviews, however, are susceptible to subjective decisions of the authors. Replication of systematic reviews by different authors on the same topic can increase the authenticity of findings, analysis, and interpretations. The purposes of the current paper were to (a) replicate a systematic literature review using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to understand the intention of adults living with physical disabilities to participate in PA, and (b) compare the findings with a published systematic literature review on the same topic. CINAHL, ERIC, SPORTDiscus, Medline, Psycinfo, and Pubmed databases were searched for eligible studies. A total of 11 articles were included for the current review. Intention was the strongest predictor for PA behaviour, with attitude and perceived behavioural control were also significant predictors for intention. Subjective norm had less influence but a distinct role shaping intention. A total of six of 11 studies overlapped with the comparison review. Selection of different studies were due to differences in search databases, search strategy, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inconsistency was also found in relationships among other components in the theory, with different interpretations made between the two reviews. The current replication review provides practical and research related implications that add to the understanding of the TBP for persons living with physical disabilities and the findings of the comparative review.

Explaining adults’ mental health help-seeking through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: a scoping review

BackgroundDespite evidence-based efficacy, mental health services are underutilized due to low rates of help-seeking, leaving unmet mental health needs a global concern. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been applied to understand the help-seeking process and in the development of behavior change interventions. The aim of this scoping review was to map the literature on the TPB as applied to mental health help-seeking in adults aged >18 years.MethodsThis scoping review was conducted based on the methodology presented by Arksey and O’Malley (2005). Six databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, ProQuest Health and Medicine, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Web of Science) and two grey literature sources (OpenGrey, Google Scholar) were systematically searched in February 2018 and updated in March 2020. Studies that explicitly discussed the TPB in the context of mental health help-seeking were initially selected; only studies that explored formal help-seeking for mental health problems and were published in English were retained. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel.ResultsInitially, 8898 records were identified. Of these, 49 met the selection criteria and were included: 32 were journal articles and 17 were theses. Forty-three papers reported on non-intervention studies and seven articles reported on TPB-based interventions. Most studies (n = 39) identified predictors of help-seeking intentions. Attitudes and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of intentions in 35 and 34 studies, respectively. Subjective norms were a significant predictor of intentions in 23 studies. Few studies aimed to predict help-seeking behavior (n = 8). Intentions and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of behavior in seven and six studies, respectively. Only six TPB-based interventions were identified, all used digital technology to influence help-seeking, with mixed results.ConclusionsThe present scoping review identified a considerable evidence base on the TPB for predicting mental health help-seeking intentions. Attitudes and perceived behavioral control were frequently found to be significant predictors of help-seeking intentions. Knowledge on the TPB for predicting mental health help-seeking behavior, and on TPB-based interventions, is limited. Thus, the role of the TPB in developing help-seeking interventions remains unclear. Recommendations are presented to address such research gaps and inform policy and practice.

Medical Mistrust, COVID-19 Stress, and Intent to Vaccinate in Racial-Ethnic Minorities.

Members of the Black, Asian, and Latinx community have been particularly vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic but may be hesitant to vaccinate. In a December 2020 study in Black, Asian, and Latinx adults in the U.S. (n = 779), only 50% of Black respondents endorsed intending to vaccinate against COVID-19, followed by 65% and 75% of Latinx and Asian participants, respectively. Medical mistrust, fears about COVID-19 contamination, and a proclivity for compulsive checking behaviors related to COVID-19 were significant predictors of intent to vaccinate in Black respondents. Similarly, Asian respondents’ intent to vaccinate was predicted by medical mistrust, fears of the dangerous nature of the virus, and xenophobic concerns about viral spread. In Latinx participants, medical mistrust and compulsive checking for COVID-19-related information were significant predictors of intent to vaccinate. Our findings identify specific behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs we can target to inform community-wide outreach and increase the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines.

The Trend of Intention to Not Use Contraception among Married Women in Nepal

Background: Family planning (FP) enables people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies, but many barriers prevent the use of family planning and result in unplanned pregnancies. This study investigates the trend of intention not to use contraceptives among married women in Nepal. Methods: The data for this study was obtained from three sequential Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys [NDHS] of 2006, 2011, and 2016. We used data from 4297, 4833, and 4677 women who were currently not using any FP methods on NDHS 2006, NDHS 2011, and NDHS 2016, respectively. Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate analyses were made. Results: Minor fluctuation can be seen in the proportion of women who did not intend to use FP methods for ten years. Above a fourth (26%) women who were currently not using any FP methods had no intention to use FP in 2006, which decreased to 19% in 2011 and slightly increased to 23% in 2016. Overall, the significant socio-demographic predictors of intention to not use FP methods were the age of women, age at marriage, and education of women, religion, residence, and wealth index. Education was a significant predictor of intention not to use FP. Uneducated women and women with only primary education were 83 percent (aOR=1.84, CI=1.52-2.22) and 17 percent (aOR=1.17, CI=0.97-1.43), respectively, more likely not to intend to use FP than women with secondary or above education, and the relation was significant among uneducated women. Similarly, Muslim women were three times (aOR=3.28, CI=2.66-4.02) more likely to intend not to use contraceptives than Hindu women. Likewise, women residing in rural areas and belonging to richer wealth index were significantly more likely to intend not to use FP methods than their counterparts. Conclusion: Although expenditure for enabling environment has increased, nonuse intentions of FP have increased in 2016 than in the survey year 2011, highlighting the necessity of different program modality. This study elucidates the necessity of focusing the FP interventions among uneducated women, rural women, and those belonging to the Muslim religion to increase the intention to use FP in the future.

Evaluating the Working With Older Adults Scale With Clinical Psychology Doctoral Students.

The ongoing workforce shortage in geropsychology requires continued efforts to understand the factors that influence whether or not students choose to enter this field. The current study builds on prior research by replicating the Working with Older Adults Scale (WOAS) model. Further, the scale was expanded to add professional attitudes, adultist concerns, and number of known professionals in the field of aging. Graduate students in clinical psychology (n = 117) completed the WOAS and new items as part of a larger survey of graduate students in an American Psychological Association-accredited doctoral program. Structural equation modeling was used to first replicate the existing WOAS model and then expanded to include new antecedents in a second model. Results were largely similar to past research validating the WOAS, with the exception that Perceived Behavioral Control was not a significant predictor of Intention in this population. In the expanded model, new items improved the overall model fit and exhibited significant indirect paths to predict intention to work with older adults. These findings further validate use of the WOAS and expand scholarly understanding of the factors influencing the choice of a career in aging. Individuals positioned to encourage careers in aging may wish to address adultist concerns, explore attitudes about such careers, challenge unhelpful assumptions, and provide greater exposure and access to mentors in the field as part of recruitment efforts.

Predicting intention and maintenance of breastfeeding up to 2-years after birth in primiparous and multiparous women

Objectives Breastfeeding up to 2-years has been associated with short and long-term health benefits for both newborns and mothers. However, few women breastfeed up to 2-years after birth. This study extends previous research on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) examining the predictors of intention and maintenance of breastfeeding up to 2-years in both primiparous and multiparous women. Design 155 pregnant women participated in this longitudinal study. Methods Expectant mothers completed a questionnaire and then 2-years after the child’s birth were asked to report breastfeeding behaviour. Interactions among parity and TPB constructs were examined. Results Attitudes, descriptive and injunctive norms, and perceived behavioural control (PBC) explained 58% of the variance in mothers’ intention to breastfeed. Attitudes were the strongest predictor, followed by PBC, descriptive norms and parity. A significant interaction was found between parity and PBC, showing that PBC was only a significant predictor of intention to breastfeed at 2-years in multiparous women. Intentions predicted breastfeeding behaviour at 2-years. Conclusion Promoting intentions may be a useful way to increase breastfeeding duration to 2-years and targeting attitudes and norms may be one way to increase intentions. Further, targeting PBC may also be useful to increase intentions, but only in multiparous women.

Predicting Young Adults’ Intentions and Involvement in Alcohol-Influenced Aquatic Activity

Globally, alcohol consumption is a public health issue and a risk factor for drownings among young adults. While studies have identified a prominence of alcohol in youth drownings, little is known about the factors that influence young adults’ involvement in alcohol-influenced aquatic activity. The current study aimed to identify the predictors of young adults’ intention to participate, and past participation, in alcohol-influenced aquatic activity. A reliable and valid survey, informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, was distributed to young adults (aged 18-24 years) educated in the UK and Australia. Cumulative odds ordinal logistic regressions with proportional odds were conducted to establish predictors. Overall, 182 participants completed the survey. Subjective norms (Wald χ2 (2) = 8.43, p = .015), cognitive attitudes (Wald χ2 (2) = 6.40, p = .041) and previous involvement (χ2 (1) = 8.98, p = .003) were significant predictors of intention, whilst the influence of friends (Wald χ2 (2) = 10.99, p = .004) and intention (Wald χ2 (2) = 10.80, p = .005) were significant predictors of behavior. Practitioners should enhance risk awareness and norm perceptions in prevention programs to encourage informed decision making in social aquatic situations.