Significant Positive Moderating Effect Research Articles

INNOVATION: A MODERATING FACTOR FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGIES ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF HOSPITALITY FIRMS IN NIGERIA

The study aims to examine the effect of innovation as a moderating factor for the effectiveness of diversification strategies on the sustainability of hospitality firms in Nigeria. The study applied a quantitative method involving a survey design. A questionnaire measurement instrument was constructed and deployed on a sample of 104 respondents from 3 four-star hotels in the study area. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to validate the constructs in the measurement instrument. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses. The results showed that concentric and conglomerate diversification strategies have a significant positive effect on the sustainability of hospitality firms. Also, innovation has a significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between diversification strategies and the sustainability of hospitality firms. Therefore, the study concluded that hospitality firms, particularly hotels should consistently innovate and diversify their services and product to gain market share, customer patronage and improve organizational performance in the long run while also remaining sustainable.

Does the Application of ICTs Improve the Efficiency of Agricultural Carbon Reduction? Evidence from Broadband Adoption in Rural China.

Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, this paper examines whether rural broadband adoption affects agricultural carbon reduction efficiency (ACRE), using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2019. This paper achieves a measurement of ACRE by taking the carbon sink of agricultural as one of the desired outputs and using a Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model and the global Malmquist–Luenberger (GML) index. The results show that: (1) Rural broadband adoption has a positive effect on ACRE. The relationship between the income of rural residents and ACRE was an inverted U-shaped, which confirms the EKC hypothesis. (2) Land transfer has a significant promoting effect on the relationship between rural broadband adoption and ACRE. When the land transfer rate is high, the positive effect of broadband adoption is obvious. (3) The positive effect of broadband adoption on ACRE was more obvious when farmers invested more in production equipment, that is to say, it has a significant positive moderating effect. As farmers in many developing countries suffer from increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather events, we believe that the results of this study also have implications for the implementation of agricultural carbon reduction and smart agricultural equipment roll-out in many countries.

The Impact of Public Opinion Pressure on Construction Company Green Innovations: The Mediating Effect of Leaders' Environmental Intention and the Moderating Effect of Environmental Regulation.

Media has paid more attention recently on environmental issues caused by construction companies which imposes public opinion pressure on construction companies and could potentially impact their decision-making processes for green innovations. However, research on the relationship between public opinions pressure and construction company green innovation behavior is still limited. To understand how such public opinions pressure can impact construction companies' green transition and formulate advice accordingly, it is necessary to use empirical data to find the correlations. Therefore, this research has gathered questionnaire data of the construction companies in Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle of China to study the influencing mechanism of environmental public opinion pressure on enterprise green innovation behavior, analyzes the realization path of leaders' environmental intention as a mediating variable in the impact of environmental public opinion pressure on enterprise green innovation behavior, and reveals the role boundary of environmental regulation as a moderating variable in the impact of environmental public opinion pressure on enterprise green innovation behavior. The results show that environmental public opinion pressure has a significant positive impact on enterprise green innovation behavior. More specifically, enterprise green innovation behavior is affected by leaders' environmental intention and the latter plays a partial mediating role between environmental public opinion pressure and enterprise green innovation behavior. Environmental regulation also enhances the sensitivity of companies to environmental public opinion pressure, and therefore can significantly strengthen the relationship between environmental public opinion pressure and enterprise green innovation behavior. Further research find that, compared with incentive-based environmental regulations, mandatory environmental regulations make companies more sensitive to environmental public opinion pressure and has a more significant positive moderating effect. The research conclusions could be used to provide theoretical reference with empirical data for accelerating the green innovation transformation and promoting the high-quality development in the construction industry.

Do subsidies and R&D investment boost energy transition performance? Evidence from Chinese renewable energy firms

To carry out the energy transition, the Chinese government's subsidy to renewable energy enterprises increased from 4.366 billion yuan in 2008 to 7.538 billion yuan in 2017, so what is the impact of government subsidies on the energy transition? Based on unbalanced panel data from 178 renewable energy listed companies in China for 2008 to 2017, this paper uses a two-way fixed effect model to analyse the relationship between government subsidies, research and development (R&D) investment and energy transition performance, as well as the moderating effect of government subsidies. The results show the following: (1) Government subsidies and R&D investment improve energy transition performance. For every 1 unit increase in government subsidies, energy transition performance improves by 0.689 units, and for every 1 unit increase in enterprise R&D investment, energy transition performance improves by 0.741 units. (2) In general, government subsidies negatively moderate the relationship between R&D investment and energy transition performance, and we find heterogeneity in the effect when we consider firm ownership, scale, industry and regional factors. Government subsidies have a significant negative moderating effect on state-owned enterprises, large enterprises, firms in the wind and photovoltaic power industries, and firms in the eastern region and a significant positive moderating effect on small and medium enterprises. Policy implications aimed at achieving the energy transition are discussed.

Egoism or Altruism? The Influence of Cause-Related Marketing on Customers’ Extra-Role Behavior

Based on attribution theory and regulatory focus theory, this paper discusses the influence mechanism of cause-related marketing on customers’ extra-role behavior and the moderating effects of customer promotion focus and customer prevention focus. The results show that egoistic cause-related marketing (ECRM) has a negative impact on customer extra-role behavior, while altruistic cause-related marketing has a positive impact on customer extra-role behavior. Customer promotion focus has a significant positive moderating effect on the negative impact of ECRM on customer extra-role behavior; customer promotion focus also has a significant positive moderating effect on the positive effect of altruistic cause-related marketing on customer extra-role behavior. There is a significant negative moderating effect of customer prevention focus on the negative impact of ECRM on customer extra-role behavior, while there is a significant positive moderating effect of customer prevention focus on the positive impact of altruistic cause-related marketing on customer extra-role behavior.

초등학교 교사의 생활체육 참여와 직무스트레스 및 조직몰입과의 관계

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between sports participation, work stress, and oraganizational commitment of elementary school teachers. A total of 342 questionnaire were used for this study. For data were analyzed using frequency analysis, descriptive analysis, chi-square test, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, and Scheffe’s post hoc test were conducted using SPSS WIN 23.0 program. This study also carried out hierarchical multiple regression to identify the moderating effects of variable. The results of the study are as followed: First, the participation in sports differed based on age, gender, teaching experience, school scale, and duty assignment status of elementary school teacher. Second, the level of job stress was significantly different based on the sports participation among elementary school teacher. Third, degree of organizational commitment was different based on element school teacher’s sports participation. Fifth, study participants’ degree of sports participation had positive correlation with organizational commitment. Thus, elementary school teachers highly involved in leisure sports had significantly high organizational commitment. Sixth, in the influence of elementary school teacher’s job stress on organizational commitment, the sports participation had significant positive moderating effect.

Mediating-moderating effect of employee creativity and team potency on expatriate innovative work behaviour

PurposeThis study aims to investigate how learning goal orientation (LGO), participative decision-making (PDM) and leadership member exchange (LMX) influence innovative work behaviour (IWB) through expatriate employee creativity (EC). This research study further contributes to the extant literature by investigating team potency’s (TP) potential interaction effect on the expatriate EC–IWB relationship.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered via survey from 175 expatriate employees in non-managerial positions in the United Arab Emirates. Partial least square structural equation modelling was used for analysing the collected data.FindingsThe statistical results show that PDM, LGO and LMX have a direct positive impact on IWB. The statistical findings also reveal that EC mediates the LGO and IWB relationship. Furthermore, TP has a significant positive moderating effect on the EC and IWB relationship.Originality/valueThis work adds to the literature in the field on innovation work behaviour and its antecedents by analysing data within the expatriate employee context, where empirical examinations are limited.

Impact of Corporate Environmental Responsibility on Firm’s Financial Performance: Moderating Role of Organizational Slack and Industry Competition

Due to speedy trade and industry expansion in the emerging economies it is creating stern environmental corrosion. Effluence makers’ enterprises are mostly responsible for environmental deterioration. Therefore, it is the responsibility of those firms to take steps to control this corrosion in the environment. This research explains the effect of corporate environmental responsibility (CER) on corporate financial performance (CFP) with the moderating effect of organizational slack and industry competition. Data was collected from annual reports of 50 KSE 100 index companies from 2012-2019, containing total 450 observations. Dynamic penal model was used to test the study hypothesis by using Eviews, different pre and post estimations are applied to confirm the data validity. Empirical results indicate that corporate environmental responsibility has significant positive effect on corporate financial performance, while the moderating effect of organizational slack is negative. Industry competition has significant positive moderating effect on the relationship, i.e., if there is high competition in industry then firms will invest more in environment to attract more consumers and to create good will in market. The study reveal that those firms will lead where competition is high and who will focus on their responsibility towards environment.

The Relationship between Perception of New Domestic Skin Care Products and Purchase Intention —— Based on the Moderation of Conscientiousness

Perceived value-perceived risk framework is the mainstream framework in consumer behavior and marketing research. Based on this framework, this paper expounds consumer's perceived value and perceived risk of new domestic skin care products, and analyzes its dimensional composition. On this basis, this paper introduces the moderating variable of conscientiousness, and applies regression analysis to test the influence of perceived value and perceived risk on purchase intention, and the moderating effect of conscientiousness between consumers' perception and purchase intention. The findings are as follows: 1. Perceived value includes quality value, social value and cost value; Perceived risk includes financial risk, physical risk and time risk; 2. Perceived value has a significant positive impact on consumers' purchase intention, which is the key path to affect consumers' purchase intention, and its main driving factor is social value; 3. Perceived risk has a significant negative impact on consumers' purchase intention, and its main driving factors are time risk and financial risk; 4. Personality traits-conscientiousness has a significant positive moderating effect on perceived value and purchase intention, while conscientiousness has a significant negative moderating effect on perceived risk and purchase intention.

Effectiveness of the board of directors' performance in Jordan: The moderating effect of enterprise risk management

This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of enterprise risk management on the relationship between the board of directors’ effectiveness on accounting and market performance in Jordan. The current study uses panel data of 684 firm-year observations, employed regression analysis and analysis of annual reports of 76 listed companies on the Amman stock exchange (ASE) from 2009 to 2017 covering 9 years. The findings of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that the enterprise risk management has a significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between the board of directors’ effectiveness on accounting and market performance in Jordan. The findings reveal that enterprise risk management positively moderated the relationship between board of directors’ effectiveness on Return on Assets, Return on Equity, and Tobin’s Q. It also moderated the interaction of board of directors’ effectiveness intercept enterprise risk management on Return on Assets and Return on Equity, which were found positive and significant. The findings of this paper can provide crucial conclusions and recommendations that clarify the relationship between the board of directors’ effectiveness and the accounting and market performance in Jordan and the moderate impact of the enterprise risk management.

항공사 객실승무원의 체면민감성이 직무만족에 미치는 영향: 자기효능감의 조절효과를 중심으로

The purpose of study is to investigate the impact of face sensitivity of cabin crew on job satisfaction and moderating effect of their self-efficacy. For this study, data were collected from 261 questionnaires completed from a total of 350 questionnaires distributed throughout the two major full-service airlines in Korea and multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis proposed by Baron & Kenny (1986) are applied on it. The main findings are as follows: First, while social formality and self-conscious shame of cabin crew has a significant positive effect on their job satisfaction, but self-conscious low esteem has no significant effect on it. Secondly, self-efficacy has a significant positive moderating effect between social formality of face sensitivity and job satisfaction but no moderating effect between self-conscious low esteem or self-conscious shame and job satisfaction.

최고경영진의 특성과 국제화 배경이 기업 국제화와 경영성과 간에 미치는 영향

This paper aims to examine the impact of top management team(TMT)’s demographic characteristics and international background on the internationalization-performance relationship of firms. Based on the upper echelons theory, we consider that TMTs play an important role in the internationalization process of firms in that they have an influential decision-making power on key issues in business. Furthermore, we assume that specific demographic characteristics or international background of TMTs make them select internationalization among business strategies, and it results in different levels of performance attained based on their information processing capacities and international experience. For the empirical analysis, panel data was composed of 89 manufacturers in the automobile industry and electronics industry listed on the KOSPI for seven years from 2013 to 2019, and the statistical result was summarized as follows. (a) The younger the average age, (b) the longer the average tenure, (c) the higher the average education level of TMTs, the more significant positive moderating effect on the relations between firm internationalization-performance. Moreover, (d) the higher ratio of TMTs majoring in internationalization and (e) the higher ratio of TMT’s internationalization have positive moderating effects significantly as well. However, the ratio of TMT's educated or working abroad have no significant moderating effect contrary to expectations. These results imply that characteristics and background of TMTs must be considered when identifying the reason firms with similar levels of internationalization has difference in management performance.

How Does House Demolition Affect Family Conspicuous Consumption?

Family conspicuous consumption behavior is affected by many factors. Existing pieces of literature seldom focus on the impact of house demolition on family conspicuous consumption and its underlying mechanism. Based on the mental accounting theory and conservation of resources theory, this study uses the micro-data of the 2011 China Household Finance Survey to empirically examine the relationship between house demolition and family conspicuous consumption. Robustness results suggest that house demolition positively affects household conspicuous consumption, which is not only reflected in the overall consumption level but also in the level of average consumption. Further analysis finds that household wealth and materialism value have a significant positive moderating effect on the relationship of the main effect. In addition, in order to clarify the relationship between conspicuous consumption and luxury consumption, this study finds that conspicuous consumption and luxury consumption are not completely equivalent through in-depth theoretical analysis and exploratory investigation. There are similarities in both consumption motivation and pattern, but with differences on consumer subject and object. The contribution of this research is to enrich the theory of decision-making in consumer behavior, which also has certain significance in deepening the understanding of the relationship between conspicuous consumption and luxury consumption.

Do Situations Influence the Environmentally Responsible Behaviors of National Park Visitors? Survey from Shennongjia National Park, Hubei Province, China

Natural ecological protection in protected areas involves the restriction of land use patterns and their intensity. Typically, the goal of land use is to balance environmental protection with community development. Nature education and ecological experiences in protected areas encourage visitor environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) which supports the sustainable use of land in national parks and reduces the degradation of natural environments. The existing research literature has a focus on ways of facilitating ERB through rational and external influences. However, individual behaviors are contextual and specific situations affect behavior. This research used environmental knowledge as a rational factor and situations were viewed as a moderator in stimulating ERB based on situational cognition theory. A knowledge-situation-behavior latent variable moderator model was constructed and tested with visitor survey data from Shennongjia National Park, Hubei Province, China. The findings showed that situations had a significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between environmental knowledge and ERB. Books, articles, authors and familiar people had a significant positive moderating effect on ERB, as did environmental interpretation and staff guidance. Precise measures to promote the ERB of national park visitors were proposed.

Impact of intellectual property protection on the innovation efficiency in China’s hi-tech industry

ABSTRACT A plethora of publications have discussed the correlation between intellectual property protection (IPR) and innovation capability; however, regarding the hi-tech industry in transition economies, the relationship remains unclear. Based on the data from 30 hi-tech industries in Mainland China during 2004–2016, the study used the SAR Tobit model to analyse the direct, mediating and moderating effects of IPR on China’s hi-tech industry’s innovation efficiency. The findings illustrated that both R&D efficiency and business transformation efficiency of China’s hi-tech industry have significant positive spatial correlation and spatial spillover effect. In addition, IPR significantly promoted R&D efficiency and business transformation efficiency. Market segmentation exerted a significant negative moderating effect between IPR and R&D efficiency, and a significant positive moderating effect between IPR and business transformation efficiency. The technology market development has an intermediary effect between IPR and two-phase innovation efficiency. In particular, the non-linear influence of IPR on business transformation efficiency is the hinge on the level of market segmentation. Ultimately, several possible policy suggestions are proposed.

Research on the impact of managers' green environmental awareness and strategic intelligence on corporate green product innovation strategic performance.

This article discusses the impact of corporate managers' green environmental awareness and strategic intelligence on the formulation of corporate green product innovation strategies and their relationship with marketing performance. As the pre-factors affecting innovation, the green environmental awareness and strategic intelligence will affect the formulation and implementation of corporate green product innovation strategies, thereby promoting corporate performance. According to the regression analysis of 367 questionnaires from heavily polluting enterprises, it can be seen that managers’ green environmental awareness is positively correlated with green product technological innovation and design innovation strategies. Managers’ meta-cognitive strategic intelligence does not have a moderating effect on the relationship between green environmental awareness and green product technological innovation strategy, but has a significant positive moderating effect on the green product design innovation strategy. Managers’ motivational strategic intelligence has a positive influence on the relationship between green environmental awareness and green product technology and design innovation strategy. In addition, the implementation of green product innovation strategies directly promotes the improvement of marketing performance. The above conclusions can provide inspiration or companies during the new opportunity period to transform managers' environmental awareness and strategic intelligence into corporate performance by using green product innovation strategies.

How Does Tie Strength Dispersion within Inter-Organizational Networks Affect Agricultural Technological Innovation? Evidence from China

Agricultural technology is key to ensuring food security. Innovation in agricultural technology plays a vital role in increasing national food production. Collaborative innovation has become an essential form of technological innovation in the new era. Although there has been a large body of literature exploring the influencing factors on technological innovation, how tie strength dispersion within inter-organizational networks affects agricultural technological innovation has not been systematically studied. In this research, we use a cooperative network to investigate how relational divisive faultlines caused by the uneven distribution of the strength of inter-organizational relationships affects agricultural technological innovation through the subgroup structure, and the moderating role of position embeddedness. This article uses the Derwent Innovations Index to select agricultural technology joint patent applications from 2000 to 2018 to build a cooperation network, and uses multiple linear regression to conduct an empirical analysis. The empirical results show that the relational divisive faultlines have a positive effect on the subgroup structure. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the subgroup structure and agricultural technological innovation. The initial stage of subgroup formation can transmit the information between the subgroups in time and promote the efficiency of agricultural technological innovation. However, as the degree of subgroup cohesion increases, the phenomenon of “in-group” and “out-of-group” will be formed, which will inhibit information exchange, having a negative impact on agricultural technological innovation. In addition, positional embeddedness has a significant positive moderating effect between relational divisive faultlines and agricultural technological innovation. This research provides a theoretical basis for understanding how the overall network relationship strength distribution affects technological innovation by exploring the micro-process of the structural changes of the cooperation network. Moreover, it has specific guiding significance for the organization to participation in a cooperation network to improve the efficiency of agricultural technological innovation.

Ethical behavior perceptions in Russia: Do ethics‐related programs and individual characteristics matter?

AbstractThis paper aims to analyze how individual differences and ethics‐related programs predict Russian business students and working adults' perception of personal business ethics. This research evaluates the business ethics perceptions based on surveys of 1,207 managers, employees, and business students in Russia. This study finds the significant correlations between individual differences (gender, age, education level, and management experience), ethics‐related programs (business ethics courses taught in universities, ethics and diversity professional development training), and personal business ethics' perceptions of Russian business students and working adults. We also find that individual differences moderate the relationship between ethics‐related programs and how the personal business ethics of Russian business students and working adults are perceived. These findings advance current literature by revealing that age moderates the relationship between ethics‐related programs (formal ethic courses, ethics, and diversity trainings) and personal ethical behavior perceptions of working adults and business students in Russia. Our study found that gender had a significant positive moderating effect on relationship of organizational code of ethics, formal ethic courses, and diversity professional development with personal ethical behavior perceptions. The relation between personal ethical behavior perceptions and the presence of an organizational code of ethics was negative and marginally moderated by age and managerial experience. This study contributes to business ethics research by deepening the understanding of the impact of individual differences on the relationship between ethics‐related programs and personal business ethics' perceptions.

CORPORATE VENTURE CAPITAL DIVERSIFICATION, PARENT COMPANY VALUE SPILLOVERS AND VALUE CREATION OF START-UPS

Corporate venture capital (CVC) not only promotes value creation for CVC parent companies but also brings rich entrepreneurial resources to invested start-ups. This paper explores the mechanisms through which CVC portfolio diversification promotes value creation for both parent companies as well as the invested start-ups. Focusing on 142 start-ups in China from 2003 to 2015, invested in by 49 companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Main Boards, we find that CVC portfolio diversification has a positive impact on the value of invested start-ups and CVC parent company value spillovers play a mediating role in this effect. In addition, CVC portfolio diversification has a nonlinear U-shaped relationship with the value of parent companies. Finally, geographical proximity between parent companies and their invested start-ups renders a significant reciprocal positive moderating effect on the relationship between CVC diversification and the value of parent companies, as well as the relationship between the value of parent companies and the value of invested start-ups.

Green product innovation and competitive advantage: an empirical study of chemical industrial plants in Jordanian qualified industrial zones

PurposeGreen product innovation is a global industrial concern. This research examines the possible impact of green product innovation on firms' competitive advantage in industrial enterprises operating in qualified industrial zones (QIZs).Design/methodology/approachThis research follows a descriptive analytical methodology, testing two hypotheses formulated based on the reviewed literature among chemical industrial plants of the three Jordanian QIZs (Amman, Zarqa and Irbid) in Jordan. Following a preliminary scoping study of all 219 Jordanian chemical manufacturers, a quantitative five-point Likert scale questionnaire was administered to firms applying green product activities.FindingsIn total, 20 firms were found to be utilizing green product innovation, representing only 9.13% of the overall population. The hypothesis testing results indicated that green product innovation has a statistically significant positive impact on competitive advantage. The results also showed that the factor “firm resources” has a statistically significant positive moderation effect on the relationship between green product innovation and competitive advantage.Research limitations/implicationsThe vast majority of Jordanian chemical manufacturers were not implementing green innovation or practices; further study is needed to identify barriers. Findings are limited to managers of chemical industrial plants in Jordan, excluding the demand side (e.g. plant customers who purchase final products), which leaves a different research angle to be explored.Originality/valueThis is a pioneering study of green product innovation implications for firm competitive advantage in manufacturing enterprises, especially in QIZs of Jordan (which offer tax exemptions to foreign and local investors and sell products to regional and international markets).