Significant Motivating Factor Research Articles

The role of self‐efficacy beliefs in learning English as a foreign language among young Indonesians

This article examines the role of self‐efficacy beliefs in learning English as a foreign language in an Indonesian primary school setting. Self‐efficacy is a significant motivational factor affecting the cognitive and behavioral engagement of learners (Linnenbrink & Pintrich, 2003). The study adopted a mixed‐methods research design that involved the administration of a questionnaire (N = 516), an English proficiency test (N = 516), and a semistructured interview (N = 12). The participants of the study were sixth graders from 12 primary schools in the Indonesian province of East Java. The quantitative findings indicate a relationship between self‐efficacy and language ability, which the interview findings support by pointing to the different cognitive and motivational engagement of the students who held different self‐efficacy levels. These findings provide empirical evidence for the motivational role of self‐efficacy beliefs in language learning. The article ends with practical implications for using EFL instructional processes in the Indonesian primary school context.

Spiritual downfall in ascetic thought of the Kiev-Pechersk Patericu

Spiritual downfall is observed as an essential link in Christian ascetic practice. Three fragments of the Kiev-Pechersk Patericus are investigated in the article with three different situations of the spiritual downfall of the ascetics – through avarice, vanity and hatred for their neighbour. Their analysis permits us to define the hagiographic myth as a sociocultural channel for the presentation and transmission of the ascetic ideology of Orthodoxy with its regulatory mechanism. It is shown that the texts of the Kiev-Pechersk Patericus not only project the ascetic ideology prevailing in Christianity, but also form an ideological mechanism for regulating the spiritual practice of the ascetics. It is emphasized that the process of external regulation of the ascetic’s life by the Christian tradition induces the Ascetics to work out a self-regulation mechanism, in which a spiritual decline / restoration takes on the significance of a significant motivational factor in expanding and deepening of the ascetic lifestyle.Considerable attention is paid to understanding of the status of the inevitable death of the soul, which is constituted in a myth-poetic form as the most important motivational mechanism for activating self-motivated activity in the direction of the restoring of the spiritual state of the Ascetic. The role of the mythology of the Kiev-Pechersk Patericus is substantiated in the sense-life orientation, as well as in the personalization of the ascetic figure, which looks like a transcending person in the direction of the Christian ideal of holiness. The attention is paid to the fact that by the means of the value scale, the mythology of Kiev-Pechersk Patericus also realizes the function of the sense vital orientation and alongside with it the personalization of the image of the Ascetics which looks like a transcending personality towards the Alternative.Keywords: spiritual decline, spiritual elevation, ascetic thought, hagiographic myth, being-in-situation-threat, Alternative

1319. Examining PrEP Knowledge and Prescribing Likelihood Among Medical Residents Before and After PrEP Education

BackgroundPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective for HIV prevention, but prescribing rates remain low. We examined the effect of an educational intervention on PrEP knowledge and prescribing likelihood among medical residents.MethodsThis was a prospective study using a convenience sample of Internal Medicine and Internal Medicine-Pediatrics residents at a tertiary care center in Portland, Maine. Participants attended a resident-led teaching session on PrEP and completed pre- and post-session surveys. PrEP knowledge was measured with five questions (definition, evidence, patient selection criteria, medication choice, and guidelines), and prescribing likelihood was assessed on a Likert scale. Participants identified motivating factors and barriers to prescribing. Survey data were analyzed with McNemar’s test or a paired Student’s t test as appropriate.ResultsThirty residents completed the study; of these, 24 (83%) had at least 1 patient that they considered at high risk for HIV, and 14 (46%) reported having >5 such patients. None had ever prescribed PrEP. Average PrEP knowledge score increased after the intervention (pre = 2.33 vs. post = 4.1, P < 0.001). After the intervention, more participants reported that they would be likely to prescribe PrEP (pre = 76% vs. post = 90%, P = 0.014), fewer identified unfamiliarity with PrEP guidelines as a barrier (pre = 73% vs. post = 27%, P < 0.001), and Òother residents are prescribing PrEPÓ became a significant motivating factor (pre = 47% vs. post = 70%, P = 0.04). Preceptor comfort with prescribing PrEP was a consistently important influence on prescribing likelihood (90% vs. 82%, P = 0.22).ConclusionFamiliarity with PrEP is relevant to resident practice, and an educational intervention is effective in the short term for addressing inadequate knowledge as a barrier to offering PrEP. Resident practice is influenced by preceptors and peers, suggesting that it may be helpful to include attending physicians in future PrEP education efforts at our institution. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Determining the Factors Attracting the Tourists to Visit Kedah State, Malaysia

Among central approaches when studying the basic problems of the tourism geography, e.g. visitor’s relationship with a visited location is research on perception and image of visited locations, motivations, preferences, and experience of visitors. This study aimed to determine the impact of motivation to visit on the satisfaction with the respective visit to chosen types of locations attractions in the mountain and sub-mountain areas linked with the water component of the landscape. The study was carried out in the northern part of Malaysia specifically in Kedah State. A questionnaire survey was used to collect the required data. The targeted respondents were the visitors include both residents and non-residents who visited the attracted places in this mentioned state. This study could identify some useful motivational factors that cause an impact on the tourism industry in Kedah State, and it could also determine the level of satisfaction. The results revealed that beauty of scenery, cleanliness, hospitality and recommendation by friends are among the significant motivational factors in attracting tourists to visit the tourism destinations in Kedah State, whereas food, climate condition, personal safety, cleanliness and cultural diversity are of significant importance factors in attracting tourists to visit the State of Kedah.

Examining the determinant factors of perceived online community usefulness using the expectancy value model

PurposeThis study aims to examine the determinant factors of perceived online community usefulness from a motivational point of view. The researchers have combined the use of the expectancy value model and the information system continuous-use model to predict continuous knowledge-sharing behaviour between online community members. This research provides an additional view of current literature focusing on technology-related factors.Design/methodology/approachThis research has adopted a quantitative research method, with data being collected through a Web survey technique. The members of online business communities were invited to participate in the survey. A total of 220 respondents participated in the online survey. These data were then analysed using structural equation modelling.FindingsThe research findings revealed that motivation-related factors have a moderate ability to predict members’ perception of online community usefulness. The research findings have shown that attainment and utility values are two significant motivational factors, which can positively influence perceived online community usefulness. By promoting these values, continuous knowledge-sharing intentions can be encouraged through perceived online community usefulness.Research limitations/implicationsHaving members from communities other than online business communities might deliver different results, given that they have different needs and values. Also, this study only received responses from active contributors within selected online business communities. The responses from non-active contributors were not included in this study.Practical implicationsThis study provides practical suggestions on how the administrators and designers of an online community can promote positive values within their community platform, using motivation-related mechanisms.Originality/valueThe existing literature that examines the determinants of perceived online community usefulness have mainly directed attention towards technology-related factors. This study fills the gap by examining the determinant factors of this construct from a motivation perspective.

Effects of Exam Group Time on Academic Performance

IntroductionTo accommodate large class sizes, students are often divided into smaller groups for laboratory exams. What students do with the additional time they have when placed in a later exam group and how this additional time may impact their exam performance is largely unknown. At the Medical College of Georgia, Year 1 medical students are assigned to sequential time slots for their gross anatomy laboratory exams. The assigned time rotates, so students are not assigned the same time slot for each exam.Purpose &amp; HypothesisThe purpose of this study was to assess whether gross anatomy laboratory exam performance was impacted by having a later exam time. We also examined factors contributing to exam time preferences and how students utilize their time immediately before these exams. We hypothesized that student cohorts would have similar scores on gross anatomy laboratory exams regardless of when they took the exam.MethodsScores from four gross anatomy laboratory exams (Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary, Head &amp; Neck, and Neuroanatomy) taken by first year medical students (n=189) during the 2016–2017 academic year were analyzed. Students' overall weighted academic average for the year was also calculated based on end of module grades and number of credit hours for each module. Anatomy lab exam averages and overall Year 1 weighted averages for each exam time cohort were compared using a one‐way ANOVA and Tukey's post‐hoc analysis. At the end of the year, students (n=104) completed a short online survey targeting exam time preferences and how they utilized their time immediately before exams. Data from free response survey questions were themed and quantified for analysis.ResultsSignificant differences in cohort performance between lab groups were only found on the Head &amp; Neck anatomy lab exam. On this exam, students in the first lab group performed significantly better (93% ± 6.3%) than the second (89.9% ± 5.6%) and third (88.9% ± 8.2%) lab group cohorts (p&lt;0.05). However, comparison of the overall Year 1 weighted averages for these exam time cohorts revealed that students in the earlier lab group also had a significantly higher overall Year 1 average (87.5% ± 3.8%) compared to the other cohorts (Cohort 2: 86% ± 3.4%; Cohort 3: 85.2% ± 3.6%) (p&lt;0.05). When surveyed on exam time preference, 75% of respondents preferred to take the exam in the first or second group. Respondents reported that this preference was driven by a desire to finish the exam earlier (46.8%) if they preferred an earlier time slot or for more study time (36.7%) if a later time was preferred. The desire to reduce stress/anxiety minimally affected their preference (13%). If respondents did switch times, scheduling conflicts (42.6%) were cited by the majority who switched to an earlier time slot, while the desire for more study time (65. 5%) was the primary reason cited for switching to a later time slot. However, most students (82.4%) reported never or rarely swapping exam times.ConclusionsThe results suggest that exam group time does not affect lab exam performance. Cohorts who performed better on the Head &amp; Neck anatomy lab exam were overall academically stronger as determined by their overall weighted Year 1 average. Survey results show that while students may have an exam time preference, their preference does not frequently motivate them to switch groups. Test anxiety does not appear to be a significant motivating factor to switch lab exam times and does not appear to play a role in lab exam performance.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Homicide-Suicide in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 1991-2016.

Research on homicides followed by suicides has relied heavily on small samples and relatively short time spans of data. This study helps to fill this gap by examining 26years of homicide-suicide data from Cuyahoga County, Ohio, between 1991 and 2016. The main data source for the study is medical examiner files. Analyses of the data indicate the rate of homicide-suicide in Cuyahoga County is consistent with other studies but fluctuates considerably across years studied. The majority of victims are female while perpetrators are overwhelmingly male. Black people are overrepresented as victims and offenders. Use of drugs and/or alcohol leading up to the incident is common among perpetrators. Both the homicides and suicides were overwhelming committed with firearms. When comparing our results to the typology of murder-suicides developed by Marzuk, Tardiff, and Hirsch (JAMA 1992;267:3179), we find amorous jealousy is a significant motivating factor in a many cases, including those involving nonintimate partners. Our findings underscore the importance of widespread use of lethality assessment instruments.

Motivations, income determinants and livelihood vulnerability of female teenage head porters in Kasoa, Ghana

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide statistical and empirical evidence on the motivations, income determinants and livelihood vulnerabilities of female teenage head porters. The paper draws from the motivational theory and the livelihood vulnerability approach to assess the motivations, livelihood vulnerabilities and income determinants of female teenage head porters in Kasoa, Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The mixed methods data collection instruments were used to collect primary data from 200 randomly sampled female teenage head porters in Kasoa. It includes both close and open-ended questionnaires, one case study and personal observation. Findings Based on the estimation, the study found that household poverty, unemployment, desire for regular income and quest for personal independence were significant motivational factors drawing teenage girls into head porting. Also, age of respondents and years of experience in the occupation were the significant determinants of income of respondents. Exposure to frequent malaria, stress and physical pains were common livelihood risk factors faced by the respondents. Majority of them were from the northern region of Ghana and less than 20 percent of them had formal education. Practical implications The paper proposed for extensive implementation of robust macroeconomic and specific social protection interventions to enhance equal job and income opportunities as well as to protect the vulnerable. Originality/value The study provides statistical and empirical results different from other related studies (Opare, 2003; Awumbila, 2007; Baah-Ennumh et al., 2012; Akanle and Chioma, 2013).

The Youth Olympic Games: a facilitator or barrier of the high-performance sport development pathway?

ABSTRACTResearch question: This paper examined the impact of participation in YOG on Norwegian team members with a particular emphasis on differences between those who continued in elite sport and those that dropped out.Research methods: We used a retrospective survey design to collect quantitative and qualitative data from former Norwegian YOG participants (from 2010, 2012, and 2014), with 58 of the 64 athletes responding to the survey in December 2015.Results and findings: Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Roemer’s [(1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406] typology of constraints and their concept of deliberative practice provided the framework for the data analysis. Key findings include: (a) the dropout rate was lower than that reported for similar groups; (b) the main reasons for dropout were school pressures and poor relations with the coach; (c) there was little difference in the perceived level of support from schools, parents and coaches between those who dropped out and those who did not; (d) participation in the YOG was a significant motivating factor for staying in elite-level sport for some athletes; (e) medal winners were as likely to dropout as non-medal winners; and (f) the national context for elite youth development may play a larger role in deeper engagement in sport than YOG participation. We derive hypotheses/propositions based on our results, which should be tested in future studies.Implications: Our findings suggest the entourage’s support is critical for continued engagement in sport, but is not sufficient for preventing dropout. The national context, in terms of the sport and education systems, must align to ensure young athletes do not need to choose between elite-level sport and school. The national context may play a larger role in deeper engagement in sport than YOG participation/success.

Motivational Factors Affecting the Integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education by Faculty Members: A Developing Country Perspective

The purpose of this study was to examine motivational factors affecting the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the educational practices of faculty members at a university in Jordan. A quantitative approach was used in which 35 participants completed a questionnaire. They were faculty members who were teaching in the first semester of the 2016–2017 academic years. The participants reported limited use of ICT for educational purposes. The most significant motivational factors they reported were internal and personal ones related to the direct benefits of ICT in terms of enhancing their teaching practice, enhancing students’ learning, and improving their job satisfaction. External factors including physical and moral motivational factors, as well as university support and encouragement, had a moderate influence on the participants’ use of ICT for educational purposes. Recommendations are presented based on the findings.

Взаимоотношения в системе «учитель—ученик» как условие успешности учебной деятельности школьников

This paper reviews how teacher-student relationships affect the success of learning activity in schoolchildren. Outcomes of Russian and foreign studies suggest that positive relationships between teachers and students are critically important for successful learning at school. The paper thoroughly analyses individual characteristics of teachers. It is emphasized that some of these characteristics (such as emotional support and academic guidance) can act as a reliable basis, encouraging students to engage more fully in learning activities and to achieve high academic performance. It is argued that the assumption according to which the relationship between teachers and students is a significant motivational factor in academic performance is still relevant. The paper describes the effect of teacher expectations on student achievement and concludes with several important notes concerning the discussed problem of teacher-student relationships and their impact on the success of learning activity.

Gaeilge Gaming

In the 2011 census almost one in three Irish teenagers claimed to be unable to speak Irish (Central Statistics Office, Ireland, 2012), despite the language being taught daily in school. The challenges facing the Irish language in schools are complex and multifaceted. The research reported here attempts to address some of these challenges by adopting a novel approach to teaching Irish to primary school children using an online detective game. This paper details how a group of 10 year old children (n = 17) report their experience of the game, and how this compares to its proposed affordances for language learning. Overall, the children responded very positively, and identified significant motivational factors associated with the game, such as rewards, positive team interactions, challenge and active learning. Their feedback demonstrates that this use of gaming technology has the potential to support children's language learning through creating a language community where users are motivated to use Irish in a meaningful way.

Specialty choice preference of medical students according to personality traits by Five-Factor Model.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between personality traits, using the Five-Factor Model, and characteristics and motivational factors affecting specialty choice in Korean medical students.Methods:A questionnaire survey of Year 4 medical students (n=110) in July 2015 was administered. We evaluated the personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness by using the Korean version of Big Five Inventory. Questions about general characteristics, medical specialties most preferred as a career, motivational factors in determining specialty choice were included. Data between five personality traits and general characteristics and motivational factors affecting specialty choice were analyzed using Student t-test, Mann-Whitney test and analysis of variance.Results:Of the 110 eligible medical students, 105 (95.4% response rate) completed the questionnaire. More Agreeableness students preferred clinical medicine to basic medicine (p=0.010) and more Openness students preferred medical departments to others (p=0.031). Personal interest was the significant motivational factors in more Openness students (p=0.003) and Conscientiousness students (p=0.003).Conclusion:Medical students with more Agreeableness were more likely to prefer clinical medicine and those with more Openness preferred medical departments. Personal interest was a significant influential factor determining specialty choice in more Openness and Conscientiousness students. These findings may be helpful to medical educators or career counselors in the specialty choice process.

Motivational Factors on Adopting Modular Coordination Concept in Industrialized Building System (IBS)

Modular coordination (MC) is recognized as a tool towards rationalization and industrialization. The implementation of MC concept in the design stage may improve the constructability and construction time. However, the implementation of MC in Industrialized Building System (IBS) implementation is still low compare to other developed countries such as the United Kingdom, Sweden and Japan. This paper examined the interrelationship between motivational factors of stakeholders in adopting MC concept using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). Questionnaire survey was engaged in this study to identify significant motivational factors. Then, semi-structure interviews were used to collect qualitative data. ISM was adopted to build relationship between factors and develop an initial model to promote the adoption of MC in IBS construction. Seven (7) significant motivational factors were identified in this research namely 1) ‘stakeholder’s commitment’, 2) ‘reduce site disruption’, 3) ‘increase productivity’, 4) ‘high skilled workers’, 5) ‘site sustainability (environment, economy and social benefits)’ 6) ‘standardization’ and 7) ‘enabling ‘open building’ concept’. The result using Matrice d’Impacts Croises Multiplication Applique an Clasment (MICMAC) shows that there are three factors can be categorized as Independent / Driving Factors namely ‘stakeholder’s commitment’, ‘standardization’ and ‘enabling “open building” concept’. These factors should be explored in details to enhance the adoption of IBS in Malaysia. The findings provide a very good platform for a further research in formulating an efficient solution to promote MC concept adoption among the stakeholders. This scenario will improve the deliverables of IBS construction and eliminate negative perception in its implementation.

Job Satisfaction Variance among Public and Private School Teachers, Case of Pakistan Administrative Kashmir

A comparative account for job satisfaction analysis was conducted between public and private school teachers (n=300) in Pakistan Administrative Kashmir. The study was primarily based on teachers’ perception to assess work environment conduciveness at schools and their consequent impacts. Nine key determinants were used in the survey as delineated by Lester, (1987) in Teacher’s Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (TJSQ) which included: supervision, colleague, working condition, pay, responsibility, working itself, advancement, security and recognition to find the differences. We applied descriptive statistic and binary logistic regression in two steps to find the significant difference in teaching motivational and job satisfaction factors. Among public schools, 84% teachers regarded teaching as ‘best profession to serve the nation’ which appeared as most significant motivational factor (odds ratio (OR) =15.16; p

Factors Affecting Team Motivation

Motivation in software engineering is a complex topic. Cultural background is reported to be one of the factors moderating software engineers' motivation and project outcome. The authors conducted a survey with 36 software engineers from Finland to explore 1) the relationship between team motivation and project outcome, 2) factors that motivate Finnish engineers, and 3) how these motivational factors are related. The authors compare Finnish motivational factors with those identified in prior research. In addition they build a prediction model to identify the best indicators of team motivation for Finnish software engineers. Their results show that teamwork is the only culturally independent motivational factor. Having 1) a project manager with a clear vision (project manager vision) and 2) a project manager given full authority to manage the project (project manager authority) are also significant motivational factors among Finnish engineers. There are significant associations between some factors, e.g., customer involvement and staff appreciation. While these factors partially explain motivation in software engineering, cultural differences also play an active role in explaining team motivation. Their questionnaire needs to be updated to enable measurement of motivation for modern development practices such as agile development.

Engineering Students’ Career Choice and the English Teacher's Profile in Romanian Higher Education

Due to an increasingly globalized and technologically developed society and to growing professional expectations from higher technical education systems in view of meeting the demands of a competitive multicultural labour market, the English teacher's profile becomes a prerequisite for the prospective engineers’ choice of career and occupational opportunities. It is worth mentioning that career choice is a complex decision for engineering students since it determines the kind of profession they intend to pursue in life. As students try to make career choices while in tertiary education, they have to match their career choices with their abilities, professional performance as provided and ensured by a series of factors such as the English teacher's profile. A key observation is that a good quality English teacher will not only assist engineering students, anticipating graduation, in their career decision-making process but also ensure a more flexible and smoother professional insertion worldwide. Hence, both personal and professional personality of the higher education teacher is regarded as one significant motivational factor for engineering students. The current research follows up previous studies on the same topic conducted during 2012-2014. Therefore, on one hand, the present research aims at analysing the importance of the English teacher's profile, as a driving force for language performance, engineering career choice and employability assurance. On the other hand, it deems fit to correlate the engineering students’ expectations from English teachers in higher education with their career choices.

Cloud-based rehabilitation and recovery prediction system for stroke patients

Motivation is one of the main reasons that a group of patients with the same pathology respond differently to a rehabilitation program. It is well-known that besides family and close friends, showing the real progress to the patients is another significant motivating factor for them. This can increase patient's self-satisfaction, engagement, and enjoyment. In this study, we have designed and implemented a cloud-based rehabilitation system that helps stroke patients enhancing their motor functions. Forty five healthy persons (18 females and 27 males) and three stroke patients have volunteered to participate in our experiment. The derived data from the healthy subjects is served as motion normative data that can be used for accurate assessment of hand function. We have applied a well-known optical alignment technique, dynamic time warping, to compare the time series kinematics patterns of stroke patients with those of healthy subjects. The prototype of this system is tested on three patients for ten weeks. Results show that patients have improved moving and controlling their upper limbs over the course of training. Such conclusion is also confirmed clinically; the patients have performed the action research arm test under a direct supervision of an orthopedic doctor and a professional physiotherapist. Moreover, recovery predictions with ARIMA models of stroke patients have given encouraging results with percentage of error less than 2.0 % for patient one and patient three, and 10.35 % for patient two.

Engaging Online Adult Learners in Higher Education: Motivational Factors Impacted by Gender, Age, and Prior Experiences

As the number of online degree programs continues to grow among higher education institutions in the United States, engaging online adult learners to online degree programs is getting more difficult than before. Therefore, this study, situated in a land grant university, investigated the motivational factors that contribute to adult learners’ engagement with online graduate degree programs. Based on 190 sets of survey responses, this quantitative study identified four significant motivational factors (intrinsic motivation, short-term extrinsic motivation, long-term extrinsic motivation, and technological willingness) that contributed to their selection of online programs. Gender differences were found to be influential in intrinsic motivation while age differences could affect learners’ short- and long-term extrinsic motivations. Discussions further focused on the implications of the findings in engaging online adult learners in order to sustain online degree programs in higher education.

Motivations to quit cannabis use in an adult non-treatment sample: Are they related to relapse?

BackgroundThe majority of cannabis smokers who quit do so without formal treatment, suggesting that motivations to quit are an important part of cessation process. However, little is known about how motivations relate to successful quitting. MethodA convenience sample of 385 non-treatment-seeking adult cannabis smokers (58% male, age 16–64years at start of quit attempt) who made a “serious” (self-defined) quit attempt without formal treatment while not in a controlled environment were administered the 176-item Marijuana Quit Questionnaire (MJQQ) to assess their motivations to quit and outcome of the quit attempt. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify significant motivational factors. Subgroup comparisons used t-tests and ANOVA. Cox proportional hazard regression and the General Linear Model were performed to evaluate the influence of motivational factors, gender, and age on relapse status at time of interview and risk of relapse over time, with time between quit attempt and interview as a covariate. ResultsExploratory factor analysis identified 6 motivational factors with eigenvalues >1 which accounted for 58.4% of the total variance: self-image and self-control, health concerns, interpersonal relationship concerns, legal concerns, social acceptability concerns, and self-efficacy. Women were more likely than men to be motivated by self-image/self-control, health concerns, and social acceptability concerns. Older individuals were more likely to be motivated by health concerns. At the time of interview, 339 subjects had relapsed. Self-image and self-control, health concerns, interpersonal relationship concerns, and social acceptability concerns were associated with greater likelihood of abstinence at the study interview. Legal concerns and social acceptability concerns were associated with significantly lower hazard ratios (0.88, 0.83) for relapse during the abstinent period. ConclusionThese findings show gender and age differences in motivations to quit cannabis smoking and that adult cannabis smokers have motivations to quite similar to those of adolescent cannabis smokers and of adults who quit alcohol and tobacco use without formal treatment. The findings suggest areas of focus to improve secondary prevention and psychosocial treatment efforts.