Significant Landmarks Research Articles

RETRACTED: Virtual garden landscape planning based on FPGA and GIS platform

The analysis of landscape visibility and scenic view is the essential area for studying the direct impact of landscape planning and management in a regional and urban area. The most particular analysis of landscape visualization is based on a GIS tool for conservation, management, and planning of urban landscapes for historic, major scenic spots, and value visualization. Visible mapping can be used to predict visual impact, visual acuity and natural landscape, cultural heritage of transformation and it is based on the protection of the landscape from selected points of view to significant landmarks need the intervention. Among them, the research is conducted in several cities around the world, and there is an Italian pilot project that has decided to integrate GIS-based visualization analysis into the planning of the cultural heritage. FPGA and GIS-based analysis of landscape have been implemented in various fields within the landscape planning frame work activities proposed by the development of science in Piedmont. Specific research is being conducted in the city of Turin. With an international perspective, this model focuses on describing these applications and introduces some of the difficult issues that are reduced in the field of planning and the possible uses of this technology.The design and implementation is executed in real time on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using Xilinx System Generator (XSG).

A novel approach for pre-surgical evaluation of facial morphometry in children using magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain: A feasibility analysis

Pre-surgical evaluation of facial morphometry is frequently warranted for children with facial dysmorphism. Though many methods utilized previously for such purposes, data is scarce on using magnetic resonance (MRI) brain images for such purposes. The purpose of this study was to appraise the feasibility of utilizing MRI brain scans done in epilepsy imaging protocol to assess facial morphometry. Measurements of the face; orbit, mouth, and nose of children aged 1 to 7 years were obtained using T1 sagittal, T2 axial and three dimensional (3D) MRI images of the brain (n=20). Ability to obtain facial measurements, inter and intra-observer variability calculated. The mean age of the studied children was 4±2 years, of which 40% (n=8) were boys, and 60% (n=12) were girls. Obtaining facial measurements were reliable with high intra-observer (α=0.757 to 0.999) and inter-observer agreements (α=0.823 to 0.997). The landmarks of the cranium, upper face, and upper nose could be identified (100%) in both two dimensional (2D) and 3D images when such landmarks were contained in the imaging field of view (FOV). Landmarks of lower nose, (subalar width = 0%) or mouth (0%) were not contained in the FOV of 2D images, but contained in 3D images (100%). Both 2D and 3D images did not allow assessment of lower face or the mandible as such landmarks were not contained in the FOV.We conclude thatBrain MRIs performed to evaluate cerebral pathology can be executed to assess facial measurements, provided the FOV of the scan is adjusted to include all significant landmarks.

Localization in Unstructured Environments: Towards Autonomous Robots in Forests with Delaunay Triangulation

Autonomous harvesting and transportation is a long-term goal of the forest industry. One of the main challenges is the accurate localization of both vehicles and trees in a forest. Forests are unstructured environments where it is difficult to find a group of significant landmarks for current fast feature-based place recognition algorithms. This paper proposes a novel approach where local point clouds are matched to a global tree map using the Delaunay triangularization as the representation format. Instead of point cloud based matching methods, we utilize a topology-based method. First, tree trunk positions are registered at a prior run done by a forest harvester. Second, the resulting map is Delaunay triangularized. Third, a local submap of the autonomous robot is registered, triangularized and matched using triangular similarity maximization to estimate the position of the robot. We test our method on a dataset accumulated from a forestry site at Lieksa, Finland. A total length of 200 m of harvester path was recorded by an industrial harvester with a 3D laser scanner and a geolocation unit fixed to the frame. Our experiments show a 12 cm s.t.d. in the location accuracy and with real-time data processing for speeds not exceeding 0.5 m/s. The accuracy and speed limit are realistic during forest operations.

Automatic detection of landmarks for the analysis of a reduction of supracondylar fractures of the humerus.

An accurate identification of bone features is required by modern orthopedics to improve patient recovery. The analysis of landmarks enables the planning of a fracture reduction surgery, designing prostheses or fixation devices, and showing deformities accurately. The recognition of these features was previously performed manually. However, this long and tedious process provided insufficient accuracy. In this paper, we propose a geometrically-based algorithm that automatically detects the most significant landmarks of a humerus. By employing contralateral images of the upper limb, a side-to-side study of the landmarks is also conducted to analyze the goodness of supracondylar fracture reductions. We conclude that a reduction can be classified by only considering the detected landmarks. In addition, our technique does not require a prior training, thus becoming a reliable alternative to treat this kind of fractures.

The Anterolateral Triangle: Implications for a Transnasal Prelacrimal Approach to the Floor of the Middle Cranial Fossa.

The anterolateral triangle enclosed by the foramen rotundum and foramen ovale constitutes part of the floor of the middle cranial fossa (MCF). To assess the feasibility of a transnasal prelacrimal approach for accessing the floor of MCF via an anterolateral triangle corridor and to determine the extent of maximal exposure while safeguarding neurovascular structures. A transnasal prelacrimal approach was performed in 5 cadaveric specimens (10 sides). Following the identification of foramen rotundum and foramen ovale, the bony ridge between 2 was drilled to expose the MCF. The temporal lobe dura was then elevated laterally, and the distances from foramen ovale to the respective borders of the area of the MCF window were measured using a surgical navigation device. The MCF was exposed with a 0° scope in all specimens also exposing significant landmarks including the middle meningeal artery, greater superficial petrosal nerve, superior petrous sinus, and arcuate eminence. Average distances from foramen ovale to the anterior, posterior, and lateral exposed borders were 22.86 ± 1.87 mm, 27.24 ± 0.94 mm, and 24.23 ± 1.61 mm, respectively. The average area of exposed MCF window was 554.12 ± 60.22 mm2. Preservation of vidian nerve, greater palatine nerve, lateral nasal wall, and nasolacrimal duct was possible in all 10 sides. It is feasible to access the floor of MCF via an endoscopic transnasal prelacrimal approach with seemingly low risk.

Robust Camera Pose Estimation for Unordered Road Scene Images in Varying Viewing Conditions

For continuous performance optimization of camera sensor systems in automated driving, training data from rare corner cases occurring in series production cars are required. In this article, we propose collaborative acquisition of camera images via connected car fleets for synthesis of image sequences from arbitrary road sections which are challenging for machine vision. While allowing a scalable hardware architecture inside the cars, this concept demands to reconstruct the recording locations of the individual images aggregated in the back-end. Varying environmental conditions, dynamic scenes, and small numbers of significant landmarks may hamper camera pose estimation through sparse reconstruction from unordered road scene images. Tackling those problems, we extend a state-of-the-art Structure from Motion pipeline by selecting keypoints based on a semantic image segmentation and removing GPS outliers. We present three challenging image datasets recorded on repetitive test drives under differing environmental conditions for evaluation of our method. The results demonstrate that our optimized pipeline is able to reconstruct the camera viewpoints robustly in the majority of road scenes observed while preserving high image registration rates. Reducing the median deviation from GPS measurements by over 48% for car fleet images, the method increases the accuracy of camera poses dramatically.

La construcción del derecho a la educación en México

El objetivo del texto es exponer la construcción del derecho a la educación en México en el marco de las transiciones del país y la formación del Estado constitucional. Se parte de una comprensión de la cultura y se distinguen cuatro transiciones en el país. Se analiza la historia constitucional y, en ella, los hitos significativos de la legislación secundaria. Se concluye que México se ha formado con fundamento en el proyecto de Estado democrático de derechos y que en las transiciones del país la educación ha sido un elemento clave del proyecto de nación; así mismo, se sostiene que la legislación educativa, al tiempo que muestra variantes en diversos momentos de reestructuración del proyecto nacional, en el presente recoge valores fundamentales de la herencia histórica y ofrece una perspectiva renovada de la tarea del Estado como garante del derecho a la educación.

Векторний аналіз в системі управління організаційно-правовою безпекою суб’єктів аграрного бізнесу

The management system formation of organizational and legal security of a business entity is a com-plex optimization process of decision making in dynamic and constantly changing conditions, which can simultaneously be characterized by uncertainty. In the classical formulation of the problems of modeling the optimized legal system of the sub-ject provides one objective function. In most cases, this function is a delineation of the economic component and will be a single criterion for increasing profitability while attracting cost constraints. Such a problem would be the only solution using linear programming theory. Such a theory will provide the development of the simplex method. But the situation of recent years with the use of single-criterion vector optimization problems allows us to consider them as partial, especially due to the involvement of factors of influence of different nature (economic, organizational, legal), which still have a system-ic influence. The latter, in turn, will not always be appropriate for the application of multi-purpose directed influence on a business entity. It is determined that the objective of the agricultural business entity objectively does not have a single de-nominator. Thus, the study of individual sources allows to distinguish at least economic and non-economic groups. In this way, a business entity cannot directly focus solely on the influence of a single purpose, economic, organizational or legal. Therefore, a business entity must identify several of the most significant landmarks. An example of a more successful appli-cation of vector analysis to the conditions of organizational and legal support of agricultural business entities is the use of a genetic algorithm. It is the basis for the gradual improvement of final solutions and the variety of methods for constructing global vector optimization criteria that will provide the corresponding adaptability functions. The application of this ap-proach, as well as the use of modern software under the conditions of validity and adequacy of the target functions, will become a reliable tool for the best directions of the strategic management development in the system of organizational and legal security of the subjects of agricultural business. Key words: vector analysis, optimization, organizational and legal security, business-subject, agricultural busi-ness, efficiency.

Shaping Generations of Architects

Two early high school architecture programs—Polytechnic High School in Los Angeles as of 1904 and Kern County High School in Bakersfield as of 1910—trained a cadre of architects that would populate the architectural programs of prestigious universities and would ultimately shape the built environment of Southern California and beyond. The programs’ charismatic founders, both trained in the Beaux-Arts pedagogical tradition and styles, transitioned to practical vocational training and became proponents of modernism. Their programs took steps to diversify the architectural profession in terms of race/ethnicity and gender. The graduates of their programs introduced advances in building codes and designed significant architectural landmarks.

On the March of Time and the Meaning of Days

As of this issue, The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems marks its 50th year of publication. We are minded to introspect, then, on what it means to have been here for 50 years. For some, it means that this journal came to be in the year that astronauts first landed on the moon; that sounds like a very modern occurrence, but having transpired in 1969, it was literally a half century ago. That is 18,250 days, or 2,607 weeks, or 599 months, or, of course, one half of a century. Century - the Latin root of which connotes groups of 100; half of 100 being fifty, and that being a darned large number in some respects, but in others very small. It depends on point of view, as the physicist Einstein (1921) would have put it. When you are moving at great speeds, time seems to pass more slowly (as compared to the perceptions of a less-fast moving observer). Time and its passage are a subjective perception of the perceiver, even outside of the physics of relativity (Evans, 2005). As Carol Saunders once speculated in a closing essay during her time at MIS Quarterly, it only seems like yesterday that we came to be a field of inquiry in Management Information Systems, and we could consider ourselves in the geological scheme of time to be very young indeed (Saunders, 2007). On the other hand, for those busily engaged in the fast-moving activities of publishing a journal like ours, time flies in different ways when we consider how long significant landmarks of the field of Management Information Systems have been in place (as has this journal, for a similar period of time). It was just yesterday, and it has been forever. We only just took Volume 48, Number 1 to press, it seems, and here we are at 50(1)! Time is in the Einsteinian details.

The Cambridge Companion to Quakerism ed. by Stephen W. Angell and Pink Dandelion

Reviewed by: The Cambridge Companion to Quakerism ed. by Stephen W. Angell and Pink Dandelion Jean R. Soderlund The Cambridge Companion to Quakerism. Ed. by Stephen W. Angell and Pink Dandelion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. xvi + 394 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. Cloth £74.99; paper £24.99; Ebook $28. The Cambridge Companion to Quakerism, edited by Stephen W. Angell and Pink Dandelion, is a useful guide to the spiritual and cultural diversity of contemporary Quakerism. It is quite different from The Oxford Handbook of Quaker Studies (2013), also edited by Angell and Dandelion, which provided more detailed essays on Quaker history, beliefs, worship, witness, and expression, but in each of these areas focused primarily on Friends in Great Britain and North America. The Cambridge Companion to Quakerism, rather than offering comprehensive analyses, serves much like a tourist's guidebook, expertly pointing to significant landmarks in the complex history, theology and spirituality, and social testimonies of global Quakerism. The volume introduces readers to Friends throughout the world, but requires scholars and seekers to dig more deeply through first-hand research and experience. This is not a criticism—the book amply fulfills its mission as part of the Cambridge Companions series. The suggestions for further reading that accompany each chapter and the volume's substantial list of references provide suitable direction for in-depth study. Ten of the eighteen essays are written by two (and in one case four) authors, which contributes to the liveliness and accessibility of the volume. The multitude of voices, as well as the nature of Quakerism [End Page 45] throughout its history, signals the book's emphasis on exploration and inclusion. Part I, entitled "History of Quaker Faith and Practice," includes chapters on the periods 1650-1808 by Robynne Rogers Healey, 1808-1920 by Thomas D. Hamm and Isaac Barnes May, and 1920-2015 by Timothy Burdick and Pink Dandelion. These chapters provide a useful foundation for the subsequent topical discussions in Parts II to IV, offering a clear chronological framework while also suggesting how the remarkable variety of Friends' beliefs and practices developed over time. The essays are well written and direct, avoiding historiographical debates about Quakers within their religion and larger society. Part II, entitled "Expressions of Quaker Faith," includes chapters on the evolving views of Friends on fictional literature (Nancy Jiwon Cho) and material culture (Emma Jones Lapsansky), and a history of Quaker education by Stephen Angell and Clare Brown. Essays by Katherine Murray on social justice and sustainability, and Elaine Bishop and Jiseok Jung on the peace witness demonstrate the ways in which testimonies help to unify Friends globally but can create divisions locally. Murray points to the efforts of the Friends World Committee for Consultation to address climate change by holding conferences in Kenya and Peru. Bishop and Jung, within a comprehensive discussion of the Quaker peace testimony over the past century, highlight work for peace and unification of South and North Korea and efforts for the rights of Indigenous Peoples in Canada. Part III, "Regional Studies," further distinguishes this volume from previous books on Quakerism, with its attention to communities of Friends in Latin America (essay by Ramón González Longoria and Nancy Thomas), Africa (George Busolo, Oscar Malande, Ann K. Riggs, and Theoneste Sentabire), and Asia-Pacific (Stephanie Midori Komashin), as well as North America (Angell and John Connell) and Europe and the Middle East (Hans Eirik Aarek and Julia Hinshaw Ryberg). The essay on Quakers in Kenya and other African nations underscores the shift in global Quakerism, as Kenya has many more Quakers than any other nation, including the United States. Busolo et al. discuss the colonial beginnings of Quakerism in Africa then focus more specifically on Kenya, with the impact of economic challenges and cultural differences among tribal and super-tribal groups. They provide a case study of beliefs and practices of members of the Vozoli Village Meeting of Chavakali Yearly Meeting, demonstrating the impact of both Quakerism and traditional African religion and culture. [End Page 46] The chapters in Part IV, "Emerging Spiritualities," feature the impressive range of belief systems that Quakerism enfolds: "Unprogrammed Quaker Spiritualities" by Michael Birkel and Deborah L. Shaw; "Quakers...

Offspring Rivers of The United States

Streams are significant landmarks in the landscape, often acquiring their specific names before other surface features. In English, rivers stand at the apex of the stream hierarchy. This study looks at those rivers in the United States that have their headwaters, their origin points, at the places where two other rivers, of names different from the resulting river, end, like the Allegheny and Monongahela ceasing to exist downstream of the place where they unite to form the Ohio. An adapted term, offspring, was necessary to designate this special circumstance of what turned out to be 71 rivers in the United States.

Evaluation of otoscopy simulation as a training tool for real-time remote otoscopy

Objective: Teleotoscopy requires the assistance of telehealth facilitators; but their training requirements remain to be determined. We evaluated the use of an otoscopy simulator to train facilitators to remote otoscopies sent via the Internet using a teleaudiology platform. Design: Neurotologists experts were asked to identify images using the otoscopy simulator and to perform an identification task of significant anatomical landmarks. The experts were asked to repeat those tasks remotely, with the help of facilitators who either received basic training, or no training prior to the experiment. Study sample: Three experts, three trained facilitators and three untrained facilitators participated in this study. Results: The use of an otoscopy simulator in addition to remote otoscopy yielded a good inter- and intrarater agreement (κ between 0.81–1, and 0.80–0.87, respectively). The accuracy of diagnosis was high on-site (11.7% error) and remotely (0% error). The time required for landmark identification task was not increased when performed remotely with a trained facilitator versus on-site otoscopy (9.3 versus 9.2 s/landmark). Conversely, the lack of training of facilitators increased significantly this time (15.6 s/landmark, p < 0.001). Conclusion: An otoscopic simulator coupled to teleaudiology software can be used to efficiently train both experts and facilitators to perform remote otoscopy.

El real embeleso y la defensa de la corona: La estrategia de Sherezade en el discurso de abdicación del rey Juan Carlos I

El presente trabajo analiza las estrategias argumentativas que vertebran el mensaje de abdicación de Juan Carlos I de Borbón. En concreto, se discute la necesidad del exsoberano de recurrir a la denominada estrategia de Sherezade para garantizar la continuidad de la monarquía y rehabilitar la imagen maltrecha de la Corona española. Rememorando los hitos más significativos de su reinado, a modo de breve folletín de una vida ejemplar, Juan Carlos I cuenta una ‘historia moralizante’ que apunta a producir en la audiencia un sentimiento de protagonismo, seguridad e implicación en una ‘saga común’. Asimismo, se examina el papel central de la analogía en el hilvanado argumentativo, aludiendo a las posibles falacias y a la paradoja del comediante que se vislumbran en un discurso en el que las condiciones de éxito parecen primar sobre las de sinceridad.

Understanding the topological characteristics and flow complexity of urban traffic congestion

For a growing number of developing cities, the capacities of streets cannot meet the rapidly growing demand of cars, causing traffic congestion. Understanding the spatial–temporal process of traffic flow and detecting traffic congestion are important issues associated with developing sustainable urban policies to resolve congestion. Therefore, the objective of this study is to propose a flow-based ranking algorithm for investigating traffic demands in terms of the attractiveness of street segments and flow complexity of the street network based on turning probability. Our results show that, by analyzing the topological characteristics of streets and volume data for a small fraction of street segments in Taipei City, the most congested segments of the city were identified successfully. The identified congested segments are significantly close to the potential congestion zones, including the officially announced most congested streets, the segments with slow moving speeds at rush hours, and the areas near significant landmarks. The identified congested segments also captured congestion-prone areas concentrated in the business districts and industrial areas of the city. Identifying the topological characteristics and flow complexity of traffic congestion provides network topological insights for sustainable urban planning, and these characteristics can be used to further understand congestion propagation.

New approach for automatic view detection system in tennis video

Tennis is the highest structured sport and the playing time is the most important part. It is frequently characterised by a global court view. So, to extract the playing time, we must detect court view frames that represents a significant landmarks in tennis broadcasting. In this context, this paper presents a new system for automatic view detection in tennis video based on pattern recognition approach. First, we detected and extracted the pattern presenting the court view. Then, each current frame of the video is compared to the pattern to yield a colour similarity descriptor. We used measures similarity, based on Hue-histogram, between the current frame and the court view pattern. In addition, we presented an evaluation of our proposed system and a comparison between the different metrics of similarity used (intersection, correlation, chi-square and Bhattacharyya). Experimental results proved the efficiency of our proposed approach in terms of precision and speed.

Something Alien? The Limits of U.S. Influence in UK Campaigns

The campaign consulting business in the United States is the largest in the world and has had some success in globally exporting its expertise in terms of both personnel and technique. This paper reflects on the so-called “Americanization” of British elections and draws attention to some of the significant landmarks in the relationship between strategists in the two countries. The discussion does, however, identify the limitations of this idea as an organizing concept for understanding how election campaigning has developed in the United Kingdom.

Transporting Visions: The Movement of Images in Early America by Jennifer L. Roberts (review)

Reviewed by: Transporting Visions: The Movement of Images in Early America by Jennifer L. Roberts Emily W. Gephart TRANSPORTING VISIONS: The Movement of Images in Early America. By Jennifer L. Roberts. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2014. In Transporting Visions, art historian Jennifer Roberts invites readers to consider how physical transit informed nineteenth-century art. Roberts unpacks the various dimensions images literally occupied and metaphorically conveyed across a range of pictorial practices: among them visual analogies for transatlantic travel, improbably large ornithological prints, labyrinthine engravings, and quietly unfolding representations of landscape space. Making effective use of spatial metaphors—from cartographic analogies to calibration [End Page 172] of perceptual distances—the author proposes a new conceptual model for apprehending art’s varied “delivery systems” (164). Amid the present era of instantaneous transmission of images, Roberts insists historians recognize alternate spatio-temporal modes: the physical separations and intervals that were fundamental to nineteenth-century art’s social connectivity. Placing equal emphasis on the “interfolding” (162) of fictions inherent to representational illusion and art’s fundamental materiality, Roberts explores the ways in which makers and viewers made sense of American visual and material culture. The book itself—presented in three case studies spanning the late Colonial period through the 1850s—is like a road trip whose itinerary features significant landmarks, rest stops, intricate short cuts, and many scenic detours. Beginning with analysis of John Singleton Copley’s Boy with a Flying Squirrel (1765), the author argues awareness of remoteness and delay were built into his paintings. The artist’s transatlantic career mandated canny visual correlation of overseas circulation, international trade, and strategic performances of social exchange, all delivered across the shallow planes conveyed by his pictures’ surfaces. In an equally fascinating digression, her evaluation of his Watson and the Shark (1778) as an allegory of the Boston Tea Party could have stood as a chapter on its own. Another concern for Roberts is portability, both in the physical sense and in the more diffuse terms of transmission or translation of visual ideas. Thus, her second and most focused chapter considers how problems of literal scale shaped John James Audubon’s compendium Birds of America, painstakingly executed, printed, bound, and delivered to subscribers in the 1820s and 1830s. Roberts proposes Audubon’s commitment to illustrating birds in their actual size courted scientific veracity, yet also made his prints unwieldy feats of creation and distribution. But mapping his project onto developing dynamics in the American market economy, Roberts sees his images as object-lessons in how Audubon overcame challenges to aesthetic, scientific, and geographical mobility. Lastly, Roberts considers how duration inhabits art’s pictorial spaces. She delves into the complex relationship underlying landscape painter Asher Durand’s little-known background as a banknote designer, his engraved copy of fellow artist John Vanderlyn’s controversial 1809–14 painting Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos, and the woodland views for which Durand was later acclaimed. She asserts that the geological time and tranquil space conveyed by Durand’s “decelerated” (117) forest interiors resisted the concurrent development of telegraphic exchange, slowing the rapid transfer of words and ideas to which modern viewers were becoming inured. If, at the end, a reader wishes Roberts had tested her conceptual model against a few more examples of artists or objects, she nonetheless leaves plenty of room for the next generation of scholars to play with its many avenues of possibility. Her richly detailed essays make for a satisfying excursion across the vivid topography of American visual culture. Emily W. Gephart School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Copyright © 2016 Mid-America American Studies Association

Carthago Nova: fases e hitos de monumentalización urbana y arquitectónica (siglos III a.C.-III d.C.) = Carthago Nova: phases and landmarks in the process of urban and architectural monumentalisation (2nd century BC-3rd century AD)

This article gives a diachronic account of the evolution of the Punic Qart Hadast and the Roman Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena, province of Murcia, Spain), especially focusing on the most significant landmarks in the process of architectural and urban monumentalisation undergone by the city between the 3rd century BC and the 3rd century AD. For this, historiographical information will be combined with the urban and underwater archaeological data collected in the last few decades, particularly in the areas around the theatre and Molinete, which have uncovered long occupational sequences that cover the whole history of the city. This work has greatly contributed to increasing our knowledge of the Punic city, which was a highly Hellenised enclave, and also of its evolution in the Roman period, including the Republican foundations in the acropolis, the urban-architectural project launched in the Augustan period and the reflection of ethnicity upon the urban structure. In addit ion, recent excavations in Molinete have demonstrated that the notions of crisis a nd urban decadence must be revised, forcing us to rewrite the history of the city in the 3rd century.

Route memory in an unfamiliar homogeneous environment: a comparison of two strategies.

Humans use many strategies for navigation. Strategies utilizing cognitive salience of landmark have not been tested for application. In this study, we compared two strategies that humans use while navigating in an unfamiliar homogenous environment to remember the route. First strategy, called route learning, involved remembering sequence of turns, while second strategy used a commonly known memory technique method of loci with slight modification. In route learning, participants did not rely on any landmark (no-landmark condition), while in method of loci they visualized personally significant landmarks (imagined condition). Two videos, each having nine identical turns (3 rights, 3 lefts and 3 straights) with no distinguishing feature at any turn, were developed using Trimble Sketchup and shown to 32 participants. The experiment was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, participants generated a list of personally known items to be used as landmarks. In the second phase, they saw the first video and were required to remember the sequence of turns. In the second video, they were required to imagine a landmark from the list generated in the first phase at each turn and associate the turn with the imaginary landmark. In both the tasks, the participants were asked to recall the sequence of turns as it appeared in the video. In the third phase, the participants were again asked to recall the sequence of turns. Result showed that memory of route was better without landmarks compared to imaginary landmark condition. This difference was insignificant when participants were tested again 20 min later. However, route memory was still better for no-landmark condition. The finding does not support earlier findings on route memory. Potential uses of method of loci for human wayfinding are mentioned.