Significant Indirect Relationship Research Articles

Emotional Exhaustion and Turnover Intentions among Counselors in Rural Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs

Counselor turnover is a serious problem for substance use disorder (SUD) treatment programs, especially in rural areas. This study examined the relationship between workload, workplace environment, and emotional exhaustion on turnover intentions among SUD treatment counselors in rural Pennsylvania. An online, anonymous survey was administered to rural SUD treatment counselors in Pennsylvania between October and December 2020. Completed surveys from 206 counselors were used for analysis. Variables included multi-dimensional measures of emotional exhaustion, intention to quit, workload, and workplace environment. Results showed age, perceptions of distributive justice, and management communication to be inversely related to emotional exhaustion and intention to quit. A subsequent analysis showed that the direct effects of these variables on intention to quit were reduced with the inclusion of emotional exhaustion in modeling, suggesting a potential mediation effect. Findings indicated that higher levels of emotional exhaustion were directly related to a greater intention to quit. A statistically significant indirect relationship was also found for distributive justice on intention to quit through emotional exhaustion, indicating a significant mediating effect. While counseling is a stressful occupation with high potential for burnout, these results show that organizations can adopt practices that help lower emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions for their counselors which could improve retention in the SUD treatment field. This is especially important for rural areas, where there is a high demand for SUD services and not enough treatment workers to meet that demand.

Faktor Risiko yang Mempengaruhi Perilaku Seksual Pranikah Remaja

This study aims to determine the risk factors that influence premarital sex behavior among adolescents. The method used is a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines by searching for articles in the Pubmed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Proquest databases. The results showed that parental supervision had a significant indirect relationship with the premarital sexual behavior of adolescents through attitudes about premarital sex, attitudes about premarital sexuality and intention to behave sexually. Most adolescents have less sexual and reproductive health knowledge, especially early adolescents. As for attitudes towards premarital sexual behavior, the influence of friends is vital to do risky things that must be avoided. In conclusion, the risk factors influencing premarital sexual behavior among adolescents include lack of knowledge, adolescent perceptions of premarital sex, parental supervision, strong peer influence, weak information about health services and sex education for adolescents. 
 Keywords: Risk Factors, Indonesia, Premarital Sex Adolescents

The promotion of biofertilizer application on farms: Farmers’ intentional processes

The present research investigated factors that contribute to the farmer’s behavioral intention to use biofertilizers based on a comprehensive model of environmental behavior (CADM). This study was a retrospective design, quantitative, non-experimental, causal-relational, descriptive-correlational, and applied study. This research contributed the new behavioral theory to recognize farmers’ intention and it can be useful for policy makers in agriculture sector. From the total population of farmers in the Fars province, Iran, to whom biofertilizers had been introduced ( N = 2200 ), a sample of 327 farmers was selected by a stratified random sampling technique. The study was conducted by applying a questionnaire measuring the model variables in a face-to-face interview situation. The results of the model analyses show that the model receives a satisfactory model fit. Intentions to use biofertilizers are strongly determined by normative processes, situational influence, and attitudes. Habits are strongly related to personal norms and objective constraints, whereas the relation to subjective constraints is weaker. It can conclude that all four components proposed in the CADM have a significant direct or indirect relation to farmers’ intentions to use biofertilizers and should be addressed when promoting further use. • The CADM receives a satisfactory model fit. • Intentions to use biofertilizers are strongly determined by normative processes, situational influence, and attitudes. • Habits are related to personal norms and objective constraints, whereas the relation to subjective constraints is weaker.

INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION, EMPOWERMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT ON INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE, LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE AS A MEDIATOR: EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

This study aims to investigate the role of motivation, empowerment, and organizational commitment on institutional performance in developing countries and the leader-member exchange as a mediating vector between the above. Data were collected through questionnaires from 297 respondents at the Jordanian valley authority. To evaluate the hypotheses, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is used. According to the findings of this research, the direct relationship between motivation, empowerment, organizational commitment, and LMX and institutional performance is found to be significantly different among Jordanian valley authority employees, where motivation portrayed the highest impact on institutional performance. Additionally, results indicated a significant indirect relationship between empowerment, organizational commitment, and institutional performance. Focusing on the practical contributions of this study, government organizations can meet the specified goals while instilling public trust in the efficiency and effectiveness of the numerous services offered by these vital agencies. Future research should expand to other government agencies with direct touch with the public to strengthen and expand the study's generalizability findings.

Problematic Internet use in Adults: The Role of Happiness, Psychological Resilience, Dispositional Hope, and Self-control and Self-management.

There is increasing literature examining the use of problematic internet in the context of psychological factors. Most of these studies are focused on the young population. On the other hand, the prolongation of human life and the increasing rate of adult individuals in society’s population cannot be ignored. It is seen that the number of research examining the use of problematic internet in the context of psychological factors is quite limited. In this current study, the problematic internet usage of primary and secondary school students’ parents was examined in happiness, psychological resilience, dispositional hope, self-control and self-management. The research was conducted on 1123 parents. Path analysis was performed to discover the relations between the structures. As a result of the path analysis, it was determined that there is a significant negative relationship between problematic internet use and happiness, problematic internet use and psychological resilience, problematic internet use, and dispositional hope. According to these findings, adults’ high happiness levels, psychological resilience, and hope levels will reduce their problematic internet use. It has been determined that there is a significant indirect relationship between self-control and self-management and problematic internet use. Happiness, psychological resilience, and dispositional hope mediating role in this relationship. Increasing parents’ happiness levels, developing psychological resilience, increasing dispositional hope levels, and developing self-control and self-management skills will reduce problematic internet use. In line with the findings, what can be done to reduce the use of problematic internet has been discussed.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10942-022-00482-y.

The relationship between leadership style and staff work engagement: An empirical analysis of the public sector in Vietnam

This analysis explores the relationship between transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles with staff work engagement at the department level in the public sector in Vietnam. Using a cluster sampling method, a total of 378 participants were selected and agreed to participate in a survey by completing a questionnaire on the relationship between leadership style and work engagement. All participants are attendees of a training course for department-level leaders at the School of Culture, Sports, and Tourism Administration Officers under the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism of Vietnam. A regression was run on the collected data to test the hypothesis on the relationship between leadership styles and staff task performance. The regression results show that there is a significant indirect relationship between staff work engagement and innovative work behavior and task performance. In addition, there is a relatively positive relationship between the transformational leadership style and transactional leadership style of the department-level leaders in the Vietnamese public sector with staff work engagement, particularly innovative work behavior and task performance. On the contrary, laissez-faire leadership style negatively impacts staff work engagement and innovative work behavior. Staff work engagement is an integral part of the relationship between leadership style and leadership effectiveness. The findings suggest that the Vietnamese public sector should aim to identify transformational and transactional leaders. This research focuses on the department level and is limited to three leadership styles (transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire) only. Future research therefore can expand the scope to higher levels than the department leaders.

The Impact of E-Service Quality and Brand Trust on Repurchase Intention with Customer Satisfaction as Intervening for Telemedicine Application Users

As an intervention for Halodoc application users, this study aims to determine the impact of telemedicine application product e-service quality and brand trust on customer satisfaction repurchase intent. We surveyed 245 users of Halodoc applications who performed transactions using Halodoc applications at least once in the past year. The data analysis method used SPSS version 23 and the SEM analysis used LISREL 8.8 to process and analyze the survey data. Hypothesis test results show that quality of e-service has a positive and significant impact on repurchase intention, brand trust has a positive and significant impact on repurchase intention, and quality of e-service has a positive impact on customer satisfaction. It shows that it has a significant impact. Trust has a significant positive impact on customer satisfaction, and customer satisfaction has a significant positive impact on repurchase intention. In addition, the results of this study show a positive and significant indirect relationship between quality of e-service and brand confidence in repurchase intent mediated by customer satisfaction and repurchase intent mediated by customer satisfaction.

Examining family processes linked to adolescent problem behaviors in single-mother families: The moderating role of school connectedness.

ObjectivePrevious research has shown that adolescents in single-mother households are at heightened risk for adjustment problems. However, limited studies have investigated the mechanisms leading to adolescent problem behaviors in single-mother households. To address this research gap, this study applied the Family Stress Model to examine how single mothers’ material hardship is linked to adolescent problem behaviors, focusing on the mediating roles of mothers’ depression and mother-adolescent closeness. The moderating role of adolescent school connectedness in the relationships between mother-adolescent closeness and school connectedness and between mothers’ depression and school connectedness was also investigated.Materials and methodsThe study analyzed data from 1,384 adolescents and their single mothers who participated in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study at Wave 6. The associations between study variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling by decomposing the direct, indirect, and total effects of material hardship on adolescent problem behaviors. School connectedness’s interactions with mother-adolescent closeness and mothers’ depression were also examined.ResultsResults showed a significant indirect relationship between material hardship and adolescent problem behaviors through sequential mediation of mothers’ depression and mother-adolescent closeness. Mothers’ depression also significantly mediated the relationship between material hardship and problem behaviors. Lastly, school connectedness moderated the relationship between mother-adolescent closeness and adolescents’ internalizing behaviors. The association between mother-adolescent closeness and adolescents’ internalizing behavior was weaker for adolescents with higher levels of school connectedness.ConclusionThe results indicate the important indirect effect of economic strain on adolescents’ problems behaviors in single-mother households, which has been less emphasized compared to the effects in earlier childhood. High rates of material hardship and adolescent problem behaviors in single-mother families call for multifaceted interventions focusing on family processes and protective factors, including school environment.

The prospective relations of substance use frequency to social distancing behaviors and intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of social distancing self-efficacy.

To identify factors that increase risk for nonadherence to recommended health protective behaviors during pandemics, this study examined the prospective relations of substance use frequency to both adherence to social distancing recommendations and social distancing intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the role of social distancing self-efficacy in these relations. A U.S. community sample of 377 adults completed a prospective online study, including an initial assessment between March 27 and April 5, 2020, and a follow-up assessment one-month later. Results revealed a significant direct relation of baseline substance use frequency to lower adherence to social distancing recommendations one-month later. Results also revealed significant indirect relations of greater substance use frequency to lower levels of both social distancing behaviors and intentions one-month later through lower social distancing self-efficacy. Results highlight the relevance of substance use and social distancing self-efficacy to lower adherence to social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Consumer financial information processing: An integrated approach to examine individual differences

AbstractThis study applied an integrated approach to construct a hierarchical framework for consumer financial information processing. Individual differences in customers' psychological, cognitive and motivational characteristics were examined as antecedents. Using data collected from a sample of 613 U.S. adults, this study used the structural equation modeling method to identify significant direct and indirect relationships amongst personality traits, financial self‐efficacy, financial information‐gathering ability, search motivation, financial information sufficiency and the utilization of heuristics and systematic financial information‐processing modes. The results showed that consumers' information sufficiency (+) directly explained the application of the heuristic mode, whereas consumers' information gathering ability (+), motivation to search (+) and information sufficiency (+) directly explained the use of the systematic mode. Financial self‐efficacy demonstrated positive indirect associations with both heuristic and systematic modes. The results also revealed that personality traits including agreeableness, emotional stability and extraversion indirectly explained the use of information‐processing modes. Agreeableness (−) and emotional stability (+) were indirectly associated with both heuristic and systematic information processing modes, whilst extraversion (+) was only indirectly associated with the heuristic mode. Openness (+) was the only trait that was directly associated with the systematic mode. This study contributes to the literature on consumer financial information processing by connecting individuals' psychological, cognitive and motivational characteristics. The findings of this study provide valuable insights and policy and practical implications within the industry.

Preventing risk for posttraumatic stress following childbirth: Visual biofeedback during childbirth increases maternal connectedness to her newborn thereby preventing risk for posttraumatic stress following childbirth.

Mounting evidence indicates the detrimental impact of posttraumatic stress following childbirth (PTS-FC). Nevertheless, research on preventive strategies is scarce. We recently reported that ultrasound visual biofeedback during second stage of labor was associated with immediate beneficial medical outcomes (increased pushing efficacy, decreased perineal tearing), as well as greater feelings of maternal connectedness toward her newborn immediately postlabor. The current study assessed the potential longer-term psychological benefits of these outcomes in buffering risk for PTS-FC. The study follows up the previously reported sample to examine the longitudinal clinical effect of the visual biofeedback intervention on symptoms of acute stress at 2 days postpartum and subsequent symptoms of PTS-FC at 1 month postpartum. A sample of 26 nulliparous women received visual biofeedback and was compared to a group of women receiving standard obstetrical coaching. Maternal feelings of connectedness and acute stress symptoms were assessed 2 days postpartum and PTS-FC was assessed 1 month postpartum. Double-mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect relation between visual biofeedback and decreased PTS-FC symptoms 1 month postpartum. The relation was significantly mediated by increased feelings of maternal connectedness immediately postpartum, which in turn was associated with decreased symptoms of acute stress 2 days postpartum. These results suggest that the visual biofeedback intervention during childbirth may decrease risk for PTS-FC. Importantly, findings suggest the preventive potential of fostering feelings of maternal connectedness toward her newborn to reduce symptoms of PTS-FC. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

High‐commitment HRM, organizational engagement, and deviant workplace behaviors: The moderating role of person‐organization fit

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between perceptions of high‐commitment HRM, person‐organization (P‐O) fit, organizational engagement, and deviant workplace behaviors. Drawing on social exchange theory (SET) and P‐O fit theory, a mediated moderation model is proposed in which P‐O fit moderates the relationship between high‐commitment HRM and organizational engagement, which, in turn, relates to deviant behaviors. Using two multilevel multisource datasets, from a shipping management company (Study 1) and an international seaport (Study 2), the results of generalized multilevel structural equation modeling (GSEM) revealed that the relationship between high‐commitment HRM and deviant behaviors was mediated by organizational engagement. Furthermore, a significant indirect relationship was found from high‐commitment HRM perceptions to deviant behaviors through organizational engagement for low, but not for high, P‐O fit. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The Role of the Work Environment in the Relationship Between Shiftwork and Sickness Absence.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of four team-level work environment factors as potential mediators and moderators of the relationship between shiftwork and sickness absence. In a longitudinal cohort study, we analyze data obtained from 11,842 employees in a large Norwegian hospital using generalized structural equation model estimations. The results did not support a moderation hypothesis. The results did support partial mediation, showing a significant indirect positive relationship between shiftwork and short-term sickness absence via participation, a significant indirect positive relationship between shiftwork and long-term sickness absence via control, and a significant indirect negative relationship between shiftwork and long-term sickness absence via commitment. These results support that differences in available work environment resources may partially explain the increased level of sickness absence among shiftworkers.

Does Power Difference Always Escalate to Power Struggle? Two Studies with Performance Implications

We integrated theories of inequality, stratification, status characteristics and system justification to investigate how informal power difference within a work group contributes to power struggle, which further compromise group performance in the organization. Past research has already demonstrated that high level of formal power difference is more likely to induce intragroup power struggle that further compromises group performance. We argued and observed that informal power difference has similar yet nuanced effects on intragroup power struggle and group performance. Using two independent samples of 147 work groups from multiple enterprises in China, we found that informal power difference is positively related to intragroup power struggles, and it has U-shaped relationship with group performance. Besides the inverted U-shaped (U-shaped) relationship between informal power difference and intragroup power struggle (group performance) is more likely to be salient when informal power distribution is illegitimate. Under these circumstances, there is a significant and negative indirect relationship between informal power difference and group performance via intragroup power struggle. However, when informal power distribution is legitimate, it is less likely that informal power difference and/or intragroup power struggle would affect group performance via intragroup power struggle. We concluded with discussion of the theoretical and practical implications for future research.

Unpaid leave on COVID-19: The impact of psychological breach contract on emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of job distrust and insecurity.

This research intends to increase awareness of the existence of psychological breach contracts on emotional exhaustion in the context of a prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, with the function of organizational distrust (OD) and job insecurity (JI) serving as mediating factors. We used partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to look at the 437 questionnaires that private sector workers in Pakistan filled out during the COVID-19 outbreak. The findings of direct and indirect effects show that (PBC) psychological breach contract directly leads to emotional exhaustion (EH) and has a significant indirect relationship through job insecurity (JI). Moreover, psychological contract breach (PBC) directly leads to emotional exhaustion (EH) and has a significant indirect relationship through organization distrust (OD). The study shows both theoretical and practical implications, as well as areas where more research needs to be done.

Pornography consumption as existential escape from boredom

We tested if boredom is associated with pornography use and what role low perceived meaning in life plays in their association. Following work on the existential escape hypothesis, we hypothesised that pornography consumption may be used to escape from the perceived meaninglessness that boredom signals. We tested whether perceived meaninglessness predicted increased pornography use via boredom and using pornography for emotional avoidance. Subsequently, we tested this indirect serial relationship using scales that measured pornography use for excitement seeking and sexual pleasure. We found significant indirect relationships in each case. Our research contributes to understanding the role of boredom in promoting pornography consumption and how it may function as an escape from perceived meaninglessness in life.

Factors influencing the health-related quality of life in Korean menopausal women: a cross-sectional study based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms.

PurposeBased on the theory of unpleasant symptoms (TOUS), this study aimed to examine the direct effect of antecedent factors on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its indirect effect via symptoms in Korean women during the late menopausal transition (MT) and early postmenopause.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey employed a descriptive correlational research design. The respondents were 152 middle-aged women 40 to 60 years with an intermenstrual interval of 60 days or more (late MT) or less than 5 years from the last menstrual period (early postmenopause). The respondents were recruited through convenience sampling in Busan, Korea, from December 1, 2020, to January 31, 2021. Based on the TOUS, self-report data were collected on perceived health status, psychological distress, social support, menopausal symptoms, and HRQoL. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the Hayes’ PROCESS macro.ResultsTOUS was supported on this sample (n=152) of Korean women during the late MT and early postmenopause. Perceived health status, psychological distress, and social support had significant direct relationships with HRQoL. Menopausal symptoms had significant indirect relationships between antecedent factors (perceived health status, psychological distress, and social support) and partially mediated HRQoL.Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that menopausal symptoms play an important role as an intervening factor of HRQoL in women during the late MT and early postmenopause. Therefore, women need an integrated program that manages antecedent factors and menopausal symptoms to improve HRQoL in these menopausal stages.

The prospective relation between borderline personality disorder symptoms and suicide risk: The mediating roles of emotion regulation difficulties and perceived burdensomeness

BackgroundDespite the strong link between borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms and suicide risk, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this association. Theory-driven research clarifying the pathways through which BPD symptoms increase suicide risk over time is needed and may highlight relevant treatment targets for decreasing suicide risk among individuals with heightened BPD symptoms. This study examined the prospective relations among BPD symptoms, emotion regulation (ER) difficulties, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and suicide risk across five assessments over a 7-month period. Consistent with the interpersonal theory of suicide, we hypothesized that greater BPD symptoms would predict greater suicide risk over time via greater ER difficulties and, subsequently, greater perceived burdensomeness. MethodsA U.S. nationwide sample of 500 adults (47 % women; mean age = 40.0 ± 11.64) completed a prospective online study, including an initial assessment and four follow-up assessments over the next seven months. ResultsResults revealed a significant indirect relation between BPD symptoms and greater suicide risk over time through greater ER difficulties and later perceived burdensomeness. Results also provided evidence for transactional relations between BPD symptoms and ER difficulties and suicide risk over time. LimitationsAll constructs were assessed via self-report questionnaire data. Our measure of suicide risk focuses on only suicidal ideation, plans, and impulses, and not suicide attempts or preparatory behaviors. ConclusionsResults highlight both ER- and interpersonal-related factors as key mechanisms underlying suicide risk among community adults with BPD symptoms.

Supervisory Justice and Organization Target Behavior

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of supervisory justice on organizational citizenship behavior towards the organization(OCBO) and counterproductive work behavior towards the organization (CWBO), and their psychological mechanism based on the concept of identification and multifoci justice. Specifically, we assumed that supervisory justice has a significant relationship with OCBO and CWBO, and also that this relationship is mediated by supervisory identification and organizational identification. Finally, we expected that supervisor’s organizational embodiment moderates the indirect effect of supervisory justice through organizational identification. The results showed supervisory justice has a significant positive relationship with OCBO and no significant relationship with CWBO. Also, when supervisory identification mediates the relationship of supervisory justice with OCBO and CWBO, supervisory justice has a significant indirect positive relationship with OCBO but no significant relationship with CWBO. On the other hand, when organizational identification mediates, supervisory justice has a significant indirect positive relationship with OCBO and a significant indirect negative relationship with CWBO. Finally, the supervisor’s organizational embodiment moderates the relationship of supervisory justice with OCBO and CWBO, based on the mediation of organizational identification. Specifically, the mediation effect for OCBO was strengthened positively, and the meditation effect for CWBO was strengthened negatively. The results of this study showed a differential effect according to the object in which identification is formed in the process of transferring supervisory justice to behavior toward the organization. Based on these results, we presented the implication and limitations of this study.

Preventive Behaviour of Adults and Its Predictors in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural Bangladesh: Findings from a Community Survey

Background: Bangladesh with its large population is highly vulnerable to the devastating blows of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and rural people are more at risks due to demographic characteristics and unequal health facilities. Currently, focuses are more on testing and clinical management of COVID-19 but initiatives or innovations on behavioural changes are almost unseen to prevent the spread of the disease which is more urgent until getting specific treatment or vaccine. Objective: The study was aimed to determine significant predictors in the preventive health practices during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study was conducted among 810 rural adults of Bangladesh in 2020. Multistage sampling method was done and data were collected through face-to-face interview using a pretested questionnaire. Significant factors of COVID-19 prevention behaviour were determined through hierarchical regression and path relationships were explained through causal model. Results: Almost half of the rural adults showed poor COVID-19 prevention behaviour during the pandemic crisis. Poor knowledge and attitude regarding COVID-19 prevention were also common scenarios in rural areas. Majority of the rural adults were not well motivated and lack of seriousness made them more vulnerable for COVID-19. Socio-demographic and regional variation showed significance predicting health practices of rural adults regarding COVID-19 prevention. Information, attitude, motivation and intention were also found significant in hierarchical regression to predict the outcome. The causal model of preventive health behaviour was justified through all the significant direct and indirect path relationships (p<0.001). Conclusion: Socio-economic disparity should be reduced for behavioural changes of rural adults to ensure healthy practices during the pandemic. This study has great implications regarding designing health programs by emphasizing significant predictors to improve community behaviour to prevent the spread of coronavirus. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2021; 47(1): 9-16