Significant Increase In Waist Circumference Research Articles

Effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on cardiometabolic risk factors among women of reproductive age in Rwanda: A prospective cohort study

Objectives: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable contraceptive is a widely used hormonal method that offers reversible and effective birth control for women worldwide. However, various studies have raised concerns regarding its potential association with increased cardiovascular disease risk, attributed to its influence on cardiometabolic risk factors. While previous studies have primarily focused on lipid profile, weight gain, blood pressure, and blood glucose, important aspects such as central obesity, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and systemic inflammation have remained under-investigated. Thus, this study aimed to explore the influence of DMPA injectable contraceptives on lipid panel, HbA1C, visceral fat deposition, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers among women of childbearing age in Rwanda. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective cohort and recruited an equal number of DMPA users (45) as the study group and users of nonhormonal (NH) contraceptives (45) as the control group. We recruited participants from two selected family planning centers in Kigali and collected data at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. We measured the waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids profile (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], total cholesterol [TC], and triglycerides [TG]), HbA1C, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). We run the Mann–Whitney to compare the median (MD) change between DMPA and NH users. Data were presented as MD (interquartile range), with a significance level of 5%. Results: After a follow-up of 12 months, DMPA users experienced a significant increase in waist circumference, TG, LDL, TC, hs-CRP, and HbA1C (P < 0.05), whereas they experienced a significant decrease in HDL than controls (P < 0.05). However, our data did not indicate a significant difference in blood pressure changes between DMPA and NH users (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The effect of DMPA injectable on cardiometabolic parameters was minimal in the first 6 months of use; however, it manifested statistically significant at 12 months of follow-up. It is recommended to initiate a follow-up with users at least 12 months of use and repeat every 6 months to check the status of cardiometabolic markers and intervene where necessary.

Metabolically healthy obesity: predictors of transformation to unhealthy phenotype in St Petersburg population (according to the ESSE-RF study)

Objective. The purpose of the study was to determine the dynamics of the metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) status according to the Meigs criteria, and to establish the predictors of the transformation of healthy obesity phenotype into an unhealthy (MUHO) one in the population of residents of St Petersburg (Russia) at 6,5-year follow-up. Design and methods. Within the epidemiology study ESSE-RF a random sample of 1600 St Petersburg inhabitants stratified according to gender and age was formed. Examination of participants included anthropometry with measurement of waist circumference and calculation of body mass index (BMI), measurement of blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, insulin (index of insulin resistance was calculated), creatinine, cortisol, lipid spectrum, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, and uric acid. Meigs MHO criteria (2006) were used in obese subjects (BMI > 30 kg/m²). Obese patients, who were identified as metabolically healthy in 2012–2013, were invited for follow-up in 2018–2019. Results. At the first stage obesity was diagnosed in 430 (26,9 %) participants, according to the BMI, 116 (27,0 %) of them were metabolically healthy according to the Meigs criteria. At follow-up, 44,4% individuals with the MHO phenotype transformed to the MUHO category on average after 6,5 years. Individuals who retained the MHO phenotype over time had significantly lower baseline systolic BP and diastolic BP levels, more favorable lipid levels and lower levels of uric acid, insulin, and index of insulin resistance. Glucose increase by every 0,5 mmol/l and higher was associated with elevated probability of transformation MHO to MUHO phenotype by 10,9 times (adjusted for sex and age). Conclusions. Significantly higher levels of BP, insulin resistance, low density lipoprotein and uric acid at baseline, as well as an increase in glucose levels over time, were associated with the transformation of the metabolically healthy to the unhealthy phenotype in obese individuals at 6,5-year follow-up. In all individuals with the MHO phenotype, there was a significant increase in waist circumference over time, accompanied by an increase in BMI only in those who transformed into the MUHO status.

Третий этап кардиореабилитации после перенесенного острого коронарного синдрома: распространенность сахарного диабета и его факторов риска

Aim: to determine risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in patients with the prior acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the 3rd phase of cardiac rehabilitation. Patients and Methods: retrospective analysis of medical records of 200 patients (151 men, 75.5%) was performed. The mean age was 61.7±9.6 years. All patients attended a 12-month cardiac rehab program that included adequate pharmacotherapy (atorvastatin monotherapy or atorvastatin plus ezetimibe), physical and psychological rehabilitation, therapeutic feeding, and preventive group consultations (health schools). Both quantitative (fasting blood glucose, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, a body shape index) and qualitative (overweight, obesity, other risk factors for T2D, diabetes, de novo diabetes) parameters were studied. Results: in patients with prior ACS, a high prevalence of conventional and additional risk factors for T2D (≥ 6 risk factors were revealed in 90% of patients) was reported in the 3rd phase of cardiac rehab. After completing the cardiac rehab program, the prevalence of T2D in patients with prior ACS was 24% thereby demonstrating a significant increase (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant increase in the proportion of patients with high normal blood glucose (5.0–6.0 mmol/l) was reported. Unfavorable de novo abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism (pre-diabetes, T2D plus pre-diabetes) were commonly revealed in patients with high normal blood glucose. Cardiac rehab program provided weight control in patients with T2D risk. A significant increase in waist circumference, a body shape index, the waist-to-height ratio was reported thus demonstrating redistribution of fat mass and an increase in visceral fat. These signs may indicate an unfavorable trend of increased insulin resistance. Conclusions: searching for risk factors of unfavorable metabolic abnormalities identified and means to optimize management of these patients (including medical treatment) based on the assessment of metabolic benefits and drawbacks is required. KEYWORDS: acute coronary syndrome, cardiac rehabilitation, type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, insulin resistance, risk factors, statins. FOR CITATION: Druk I.V., Korennova O.Yu., Savchenko M.V. et al. Third phase of cardiac rehabilitation after acute coronary syndrome: prevalence of diabetes and its risk factors. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(4):176–184 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021- 5-4-176-184.

Clinical effect of acupoint thread-embedding therapy at different intervals in the intervention of metabolic syndrome

To investigate the clinical effect of acupoint thread-embedding therapy at different intervals in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, and to find the optimal treatment interval. A total of 70 patients with metabolic syndrome were randomly divided into treatment group 1 (n＝35)and treatment group 2(n＝35). Both groups were given acupoint thread-embedding therapy at Zhongwan (CV12), bilateral Liangmen (ST21), bilateral Huaroumen (ST24), bilateral Tianshu (ST25), bilateral Daimai (GB26), Guanyuan (CV4), bilateral Dachangshu (BL25), bilateral Pishu (BL20), bilateral Zusanli (ST36), bilateral Yinlingquan (SP9), and bilateral Fenglong (ST40), and the treatment interval was 7 d for treatment group 1 and 14 d for treatment group 2. Each course of treatment was 42 d, and both groups were treated for 2 courses. Waist circumfe-rence (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), serum triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) were measured before and after treatment to analyze clinical outcome, and adverse reactions were recorded. After treatment, both groups had significant reductions in WC, HC, WHR, BMI, TG, LDL-C, FPG and Hb1Ac (P<0.05) and a significant increase in HDL-C (P<0.05). Compared with treatment group 1, treatment group 2 had significant increases in WC, WHR, BMI, TG, LDL-C, FPG and Hb1Ac (P<0.05) and a significant reduction in HDL-C (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Under the premise of ensuring efficacy and safety, an interval of 7 d is the optimal interval for acupoint thread-embedding therapy in the clinical intervention of metabolic syndrome.

Study The Effect Of Chemerin Level In Type Ii Diabetic Patients With And Without Retinopathy

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is metabolic disease having great effect on our health. the associated complications of diabetes that included cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, become raised at un regulating glucose. The development of Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has deeply attaching with oxidative damage, inflammation and various pro-angiogenic cytokines. Aim of study: The presented study was designed to assess the effect of serum chemerin levels in type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic retinopathy and without diabetic retinopathy, and its relation to certain biochemical analysis. Patients and methods: A total of 90 subjects participated in this research. They were divided into three groups, with 30 persons in the type 2 diabetic retinopathy group, 30 persons in the type 2 without diabetic retinopathy group, and another 30 healthy persons (aged between 33-55 years) in a control group, for comparison. Studies were carried out at the National Diabetic Center at Al-Mustansirya University. A significant increase in waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood sugar, glycosylated haemoglobin, C-peptide, homeostasis model assessment-2 insulin resistance, B-cell % and Sensitivity % levels was found in both the type 2 diabetic retinopathy and type 2 without diabetic retinopathy groups, as compared with the control group. Results: Serum chemerin and HS-CRP levels have a highly significant increase different (P

ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES EVALUATION IN PREDICTION OF PROSTATE CANCER

The study determined the predictive equation of prostate cancer from anthropometric parameters. Subjects were recently diagnosed of prostate cancer receiving treatment at the Surgical Outpatient Department of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria with their age and sex matched apparently with healthy individuals from the same vicinity participated from the study. The weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and wrist circumference were measured for the 2 groups. Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and frame size (FRS) were calculated. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the result. The result revealed that there was a significant increase in WC (t = 2.95, p

A Pilot Study to Assess the Effects of Tai Chi on Health Indicators in Type 1 Diabetes Patients

Objective: Previous studies have shown that Tai Chi may have a role in the management of type 2 diabetes. However, to date, no studies have focused specifically on the effects of Tai Chi in people with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of a Tai Chi program on health indicators in adults with type 1 diabetes. Methods: This was a two-group quasi-randomised controlled trial with 13 participants (six men and seven women, aged 24 - 63 years) with type 1 diabetes. This trial was conducted from May to November 2016. The intervention group attended Tai Chi exercise training for 1 to 1.5 hours, twice a week for 12 weeks, and the control group continued with their usual medical care. Indicators of glycaemic control (HbA1c), depressive symptoms, physical measures (body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure and leg strength), and health-related quality of life (physical and mental components summary scores) were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks’ post-intervention. Results: There were significant or borderline significant between-group differences in changes over time in favour of the intervention group in depressive symptoms (p < 0.01), waist circumfereance (p = 0.059), mental components summary score (p = 0.051) and leg strength (p < 0.05) during the 12 weeks’ intervention. Further, compared with baseline, significant improvements were observed in depressive symptoms (p < 0.05), mental components summary score (p < 0.05) and leg strength (p < 0.01) in the intervention group, but not in the control group. In contrast, there was a significant increase in waist circumference in the control group (p < 0.05) but not in the intervention group. Conclusion: In conclusion, there were improvements in mental health and leg strength in these adults with type 1 diabetes. Large studies are needed to further investigate the effects of Tai Chi in people with Type 1 diabetes.

Effect of Resistance Exercise on Serum Osteoprotegerin Levels and Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged Women with Metabolic Syndrome.

BackgroundOsteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble glycoprotein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. OPG is mainly secreted by bone. The relationship between acute resistance training, serum OPG levels and metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance exercise on serum OPG levels and insulin resistance in middle-aged women with metabolic syndrome.Material/MethodsTwenty-four middle-aged women were divided into those with metabolic syndrome (n=12) and a normal control group without metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance (n=12). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. The quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index for assessing beta-cell function and insulin resistance were used. The intensity of the resistance exercise was 60–70% of the repetition maximum, for 40 minutes with 10–12 repetitions, performed three times per week. Venous blood samples were tested using standard laboratory procedures.ResultsBefore exercise, the metabolic syndrome group showed a significant increase in waist circumference (P=0.030) and serum triglyceride (TG) (P=0.014), and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P=0.010) compared with the control group. After the eight-week resistance exercise program, waist circumference, and the QUICKI decreased and OPG levels were significantly increased in the metabolic syndrome group compared with the normal control group.ConclusionsA resistance exercise program was effective in reducing factors associated with metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance and increases serum levels of OPG in middle-aged women.

The Freshman Weight Gain Phenomenon: Does It Apply To.

BACKGROUND:When transitioning from high school to university, students tend to gain weight.AIM:The study aimed to identify whether Lebanese students experience weight changes during the transition and to identify predisposing factors.METHODS:Eighty freshman students from four campuses in Lebanon were recruited in October 2015. Students were assessed anthropometrically and biochemically at two-time points, seven months apart. Students filled out questionnaires assessing demographic and lifestyle habits, physical activity levels, nutrition knowledge, sleep quality, and stress.RESULTS:The students gained approximately 4.19 lbs. (1.90 kg). There was a significant increase in waist circumference, blood glucose and triglyceride levels. There were no significant changes in HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, knowledge score, stress level, physical activity, sleep and lifestyle habits.CONCLUSIONS:Lebanese students do gain weight during their first year of university enrollment. Future research is necessary to assess the reasons for weight gain and develop suitable prevention programs.

Asociación del estado hormonal con el riesgo cardiovascular evaluado por Globorisk en mujeres mexicanas

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality worldwide. In women, its incidence increases at the sixth decade of life, coinciding with postmenopause. Whether this effect is due to menopause-related hormonal changes is not known. To evaluate the differences in cardiovascular risk in pre- and postmenopausal women by means of the Globorisk risk scale, the triglyceride/high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (Tg/HDL-C) ratio and metabolic syndrome (MS) criteria. Cross-sectional study that included 408 women from 40 to 60 years of age; anthropometric measurements and biochemical determinations were performed. The participants were classified as premenopausal and postmenopausal. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using the MS criteria, the Globorisk risk calculator and the Tg/HDL-C ratio. Postmenopausal women showed a significant increase in waist circumference, total cholesterol and triglycerides in comparison with premenopausal women. Significant associations were found between hormonal state and Globorisk measured cardiovascular risk (OR = 2.50; 95 % CI = 1.67-3.74) and the Tg/HDL-C ratio (OR = 1.66; 95 % CI = 1.09-2.52). Cardiovascular risk factors have a higher prevalence in postmenopause. The Globorisk scale and Tg/HDL-C ratio identify cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

Evaluación funcional de deglución-aspiración en pacientes sometidos a laringectomía subtotal supracricoidea con cricohioidoepiglotopexia

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality worldwide. In women, its incidence increases at the sixth decade of life, coinciding with postmenopause. Whether this effect is due to menopause-related hormonal changes is not known. To evaluate the differences in cardiovascular risk in pre- and postmenopausal women by means of the Globorisk risk scale, the triglyceride/high-density lipoproteinsHDL cholesterol (Tg/HDL-C) ratio and metabolic syndrome (MS) criteria. Cross-sectional study that included 408 women from 40 to 60 years of age; anthropometric measurements and biochemical determinations were performed. The participants were classified as premenopausal and postmenopausal. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using the MS criteria, the Globorisk risk calculator and the Tg/HDL-C ratio. Postmenopausal women showed a significant increase in waist circumference, total cholesterol and triglycerides Tg in comparison with premenopausal women. Significant associations were found between hormonal state and Globorisk-measured cardiovascular risk (OR = 2.50; 95 % CI = 1.67-3.74) and the Tgtriglyceride/HDL-C ratio (OR = 1.66; 95 % CI = 1.09-2.52). Cardiovascular risk factors have a higher prevalence in postmenopause. The Globorisk scale and Tg/HDL-C ratio identify cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

Urban residential greenness and adiposity: A cohort study in Stockholm County

BackgroundIncreasing evidence suggests that exposure to residential greenness is associated with positive health outcomes among urban populations. However, few studies have considered effects on adiposity development in a longitudinal setting. ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the association between long-term exposure to urban residential greenness and markers of adiposity. MethodsA cohort of 5126 adults from five municipalities in Stockholm County was examined clinically at baseline (1992–1998) and follow-up (2002–2006) after on average nine years. Time-weighted average exposure to urban greenness was estimated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 100 m, 250 m, and 500 m buffers around the residential addresses of each participant. Multiple linear and Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations between greenness and change in weight and waist circumference as well as risk of overweight, obesity and central obesity. Co-exposures to air pollution, traffic noise and distance to water were also examined. ResultsIn women, higher levels of residential greenness were associated with a reduced increase in waist circumference during follow-up (β = −0.11 cm/year, 95% CI −0.14; −0.08 per one interquartile range increase in NDVI) and decreased risk for central obesity (IRR = 0.88: 95% CI 0.79; 0.99) in the 500 m buffer. No associations were observed for men or with regard to weight development or the risk of developing overweight or obesity. Exposure to low NDVI levels in combination with high NOx from road traffic and transportation noise as well as long distance to water rendered statistically significant increases in waist circumference in both sexes. ConclusionHigher long-term exposure to greenness was associated with a reduced increase in waist circumference and lower risk of central adiposity in women but not in men. In both sexes, low NDVI exposure in combination with other environmental risk factors appeared particularly harmful.

The impact of binge eating behavior on lithium- and quetiapine-associated changes in body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference during 6 months of treatment: Findings from the bipolar CHOICE study

Lithium and quetiapine can cause weight gain, but their comparative longer term anthropometric effects are unknown, as are the potential moderating effects of baseline binge-eating (BE) behavior. We assessed 6 month changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in 482 adults with DSM-IV bipolar disorders who participated in a comparative effectiveness study of lithium and quetiapine with evidence-based adjunctive treatment (Bipolar CHOICE). Anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline, and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks. BE behavior was defined as affirmative responses to MINI items M1 and M3 at baseline. Data were analyzed using a mixed model repeated measures approach, adjusted for baseline values of dependent measures. On average, body weight and BMI increased over 6 months with lithium and quetiapine. However, those treated with quetiapine experienced greater increases from baseline in body weight (peak change, + 3.6 lbs. vs. + 1.4 lbs.) and BMI (peak change, + 0.6 kg/m2 vs. + 0.3 kg/m2), starting at 2 weeks (group x time, F8,3052 = 2.9, p = 0.003 for body weight, F8,3052 = 3.0, p = 0.002 for BMI). Significant increases in waist circumference were observed only with quetiapine. The relationship between drug treatment and changes in body weight (group x time x binge eating status, F1,2770 = 2.0, p = 0.002), BMI (F1,2767 = 2.0, p = 0.002), and waist circumference (women only, F25,1621 = 2.9, p < 0.0001) were moderated by BE behavior. The largest increases over 24 weeks in body weight and BMI, and waist circumference in women, occurred for quetiapine-treated patients with baseline binge-eating, relative to quetiapine-treated patients without binge eating and lithium-treated patients with or without baseline binge-eating. Bipolar CHOICE was not designed to study anthropometric outcomes. Greater changes in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference occurred with quetiapine- versus lithium-based treatment over 6 months of treatment. The effects of study drugs on these anthropometric measures were moderated by BE behavior at baseline.

Waist circumference in 6-12-year-old children: The Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP).

With overweight and obesity increasing worldwide, it has become ever more important to monitor the development and distribution of adiposity in children. This study investigated how the measurements of waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in children 6-12 years old relate to earlier studies. In 2015, 2271 children (boys, n = 1150) were measured for height, weight, and WC. Parental education level was used as a measure of socioeconomic status. A significant increase in WC with age was revealed for both sexes ( p < .0001). Boys at 10 and 12 years had a larger WC than girls; otherwise no difference between sexes was found. The WHtR decreased with age for girls ( p < .0001); 14% of the sample displayed a WHtR ≥ 0.50. Comparison with earlier studies showed a higher WC and WHtR despite no change in weight and body mass index. WC and WHtR are recommended as tools for identifying central obesity in children. The results indicate increased WC in 6-12-year-old children compared with earlier findings.

Body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, physical activity, and inflammatory markers in premenopausal women after a 10-year follow-up: a MONET study.

Menopausal transition and postmenopause are usually associated with changes in body composition and a decrease in physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE). This study investigated body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, PAEE, and inflammatory markers in premenopausal women after a 10-year follow-up. In all, 102 premenopausal women participated in the 5-year observational longitudinal Montreal Ottawa New Emerging Team (MONET) study. This present substudy included 48 participants (age: 60.0 ± 1.7 years; body mass index: 23.2 ± 2.2 kg/m) 6.0 ± 0.3 years after completion of the initial MONET study. Measures included body composition, waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose and insulin levels, insulin sensitivity (QUICKI model), plasma lipid levels, PAEE, and inflammatory markers. Compared with baseline measures of the MONET study, analyses revealed no significant increase in body weight, although there were significant increases in WC, fat mass (FM), % FM, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, haptoglobin, apolipoprotein B, ferritin, adiponectin, and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (all P < 0.001) after the 10-year follow-up. However, significant decreases were observed for fat-free mass, PAEE, fasting glucose levels, interleukin-8 levels, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (sTNFR-1 and sTNFR-2) levels (all P < 0.05). To determine the effect of postmenopausal years, data were restructured based on final menstrual period (FMP), and one-way analyses of variance were performed.Waist circumference, % FM, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, ferritin, adiponectin, and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 were higher in early and late postmenopausal periods in these women. sTNFR-1 and sTNFR-2 levels were higher at the FMP and early postmenopausal years as compared with the late postmenopausal periods. Finally, interleukin-8 levels were lower in years after FMP. The number of years elapsed since the FMP can affect body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, and inflammatory markers in healthy premenopausal women going through menopausal transition and postmenopausal periods.

Effect of melatonin in reducing second-generation antipsychotic metabolic effects: A double blind controlled clinical trial

IntroductionThe use of second-generation atypical antipsychotics has an increasing role in the development of metabolic syndrome. However, these medications due to metabolic disorders can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and subsequently mortality as well as reduced adherence to treatment. The main objective of current study was to determine the ability of melatonin to reduce the metabolic effects of second-generation antipsychotics. MethodsThis double blind controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 patients aged 18–64 years old were treated with the second-generation antipsychotics for the first time. The patients were divided randomly into two groups of 50. The case group received slow-release melatonin at a dose of 3mg and the control group was given oral placebo at 8 p.m. ResultsThe findings in melatonin group indicated significantly increase of HDL and decreased fasting blood sugar and systolic blood pressure, as well as had statistically significant increase in waist circumference, weight and BMI compared with placebo group. ConclusionAccording to the findings, it can be claimed that the addition of melatonin to atypical antipsychotics has led to a reduction in some of the metabolic effects of these drugs. In this study, HDL level was increased, and the mean systolic blood pressure and FBS were decreased in the melatonin group. Considering that these factors are contributing to cardiovascular disease as a leading cause of mortality in psychiatric patients, so the use of melatonin can reduce some of the medical effects of long-term treatment of atypical antipsychotics.

Waist circumference as a predictor of mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients: a follow-up study of 48 months.

Body-fat gain is a common finding among peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and the accumulation of adipose tissue occurs predominantly in the abdominal area. Waist circumference (WC) is a reliable marker of abdominal obesity and its association with worse outcomes has been demonstrated in non-dialysis and haemodialysis patients. We aimed at investigating whether WC measurements as well as the changes over time in WC were able to predict mortality in PD patients. This prospective study included 109 patients undergoing PD (57 % male, age 52 (sd 16) years, 32 % diabetics, 48 % BMI≥25 kg/m2). WC was measured at the umbilicus level (empty abdominal cavity), and values >88 cm for women and >102 cm for men were considered high. Nutritional status and laboratory parameters were also evaluated. WC was measured at baseline and after 6 months, and mortality was registered during a period of 48 months. High WC was observed in 55 % of women and in 23 % of men at baseline. After 6 months, 61 % of the patients showed an increased WC. At the end of the study, twenty-seven deaths were registered. A significant increase in WC was observed only in the non-survivor group. In the Cox regression analysis adjusting for sex, age, duration on dialysis, diabetes, BMI, serum albumin and C-reactive protein, high WC at baseline as well as the 6-month increase in WC were independently associated with mortality. This study demonstrated that a high WC and the increase over time in WC were both predictors of mortality in PD patients.

Central obesity and diet quality in rural farming women of Ngamiland, Botswana.

Rapid economic growth in Botswana like in other countries has led to the emergence of nutrition transition . Overweight/obesity , central adiposity and associated co - morbidities are on the rise, especially amongst women. Urban women have been shown to be more prone to overweight/obesity compared to men . However , the situation in rural women has not been studied. Therefore, this paper assesses the prevalence of central obesity in rural female farmers (N=113) of Ngamiland, Botswana over two years. Estimation of central obesity was made through assessment of waist circumference (WC) and waist hip ratios (WHR) . The WHO Indicator cut - off points ( WC: l ow risk = &lt;80 cm ; increased = 80 - 87.9 cm ; and substantially increased = &gt;88 cm and WHR: low risk = ≤0.85 and high risk = 0.85+ ) for risk of metabolic complication were used to categorize women according to body fat ness levels . A non - quantified dietary diversity questionnaire was also administered to individual s with responsibility over food , to assess the participant ’ s dietary diversity. Women were assigned dietary diversity score s (DDS) ranging from 0 to 8, depending on the number of food groups represented in their diet in the past 24 hours. The higher the number t he more diversified the diet . These measurements were collected in August 2010 and September 2011. Between 2010 and 2011 the mean WC increased from 87±11.8 to 90.2±14.5 while the WHRs in 2010 increased from 0.83±0.1 to 0.86±0.1 respectively . Diets comprised mostly of starchy foods, milk and miscellaneous foods such as fats/oils, sugars, and condiments. Mean DDS for both periods was 3 showing poo r quality diet and little change over the two years. Central adiposity was observed amongst the women as shown by a significant increase in WC between 2010 and 2011 (t=2.818, df=112, p=0.006) . Contrary to expectations that rural female farmers in Ngamiland Botswana would be healthy compared to their non - farming counterparts, there seems to be an observable similar trend of overweight. Furthermore, quality of traditional diets seems to be deteriorating with less consumption of healthy protective and nutrient dense foods , which are likely to influence a rise in metabolic complications. The authors therefore recommend strategies that will facilitate reduction of waist size s to 80.0 cm such as farming and consumption of healthier foods such as fruits and vegetables along with the commonly produced ones in the fields . F arming communities should also value and include traditional and wild foods in their diets to increase dietary diversity and reduce the risk of development of chronic diseases.

Changes in abdominal obesity in Chilean university students stratified by body mass index.

BackgroundStudies based on Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are generally used to examine the prevalence and tendency of overweight and obesity. These studies help determine the socioeconomic development of a country and improve public health policies. Therefore, the goal of this research was to determine the trend of change in abdominal obesity of Chilean university students according to the Body Mass Index (BMI) measured in intervals of three and six years.MethodsFor this study, a total of 1598 students of both sexes ranging in age from 18 to 26 from a Chilean university were evaluated. Students were assessed commencing in 2007 (372 males and 315 females), 2010 (250 males and 330 females), and ending in 2013 (153 males and 178 females). During the three transversal assessments, weight, height, and waist circumference were evaluated. BMI was calculated for both sexes.ResultsNo significant differences were found in age and BMI during the three years evaluated (2007, 2010, and 2013). In 2013, waist circumference (WC) increased significantly (p < 0.001 for both sexes). Moreover, in 2013, in all the percentiles evaluated, high values of WC were compared in relation to previous years. Furthermore, in 2013, in all four BMI categories (underweight, normal, overweight, and obese), the university students showed significant increases in WC (Females: p = 0.004; Males: p = 0.035) whereas in 2007 and 2010, the values remained relatively stable.ConclusionsBMI remained constant during 2007, 2010, and 2013. However, the university students of both sexes showed greater risk of abdominal obesity as a result of increased WC in 2013.

Metabolic syndrome in first-time hospitalized patients with depression: a 1-year follow-up study.

Studies on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in younger patients with depression are few. We examined the prevalence and progression of MetS in first-time hospitalized patients with depression during 1 year of follow-up. Furthermore, we explored putative risk factors of MetS. We evaluated MetS and its components in first-time hospitalized patients with depression (N = 52) and healthy controls (N = 50) (18-45 years). Physical activity, aerobic fitness, sleeping disturbances, smoking and dietary habits, and psychopharmacological treatment were recorded at baseline for all participants and after 1 year for the patients. Patients had significantly higher waist circumference (WC) and lower high-density lipoproteins compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05). Patients had higher prevalence of MetS, but this was not significant when adjusted for age. Patients had significant increase in WC and triglycerides and a non-significant increase in the prevalence of MetS. Antipsychotic medication (OR 10.5, 95% CI 1.18-94.14) and low aerobic fitness (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.68-0.93) were significantly correlated with MetS (P < 0.05). Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in younger, severely depressed patients and the incidence increases during 1 year of follow-up. Low aerobic fitness and use of atypical antipsychotics are strongly correlated with MetS.