Significant Increase In Superoxide Dismutase Research Articles

Comparative analysis of cyto-genotoxicity of zinc using the comet assay and chromosomal abnormality test.

In this study, the toxicity of the trace element zinc (Zn) in Allium cepa L. test material was examined. Toxicity was investigated in terms of physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical aspects. Germination percentage, root length, weight gain, mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN) frequency, chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and chlorophyll levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, and meristematic cell damage were used as indicators of toxicity. Additionally, the comet test was used to measure the degree of DNA damage. Four groups of A. cepa bulbs-one for control and three for applications-were created. While the bulbs in the treatment groups were germinated with Zn at concentrations of 35, 70, and 140mg/L, the bulbs in the control group were germinated with tap water. Germination was carried out at room temperature for 72h and 144h. When the allotted time was over, the root tips and leaf samples were collected and prepared for spectrophotometric measurements and macroscopic-microscopic examinations. Consequently, Zn treatment led to significant reductions in physiological indicators such as weight gain, root length, and germination percentage. Zn exposure caused genotoxicity by decreasing the MI ratios and increasing the frequency of MN and CAs (p < 0.05). Zn promoted various types of CAs in root tip cells. The most observed of CAs was the sticky chromosome. Depending on the dose, Zn was found to cause an increase in tail lengths in comet analyses, which led to DNA damage. Exposure to Zn led to a significant decrease in chlorophyll levels and an increase in MDA and proline levels. It also promoted significant increases in SOD and CAT enzyme activities up to 70mg/L dose and statistically significant decreases at 140mg/L dose. Additionally, Zn exposure caused different types of anatomical damage. The most severe ones are epidermis and cortex cell damage. Besides, it was found that the Zn dose directly relates to all of the increases and decreases in physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters that were seen as a result of Zn exposure. As a result, it has been determined that the Zn element, which is absolutely necessary in trace amounts for the continuation of the metabolic activities of the organisms, can cause toxicity if it reaches excessive levels.

Genetic associations of transgenerational stress memory in wheat under drought stress

Transgenerational stress memory (TSM) in plants is a fascinating area of research, particularly when it comes to understanding how plants respond to drought stress. Therefore, our study explored the genetic architecture/causative alleles controlling transgenerational drought stress memoryin a diverse collection of 111 wheat accessions that enhanced seed germination parameters and antioxidant components in response to drought stress tolerance using a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). This experiment was performed in two distinct stages. In the first stage, all wheat accessions were exposed to control and drought conditions following the primed acclimation technique. Two different groups of genotypes were recovered at this stage: the seeds of stressed plants (SP) and those of non-stressed plants (NP) and evaluated under drought treatment. Our study revealed a highly significant increase in root and shoot lengths by 42 % and 56 % for the seeds of stressed plants Similarly, a highly significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase was detected for stressed plants by 55 %, 43 %, 44 %, and 63 % when compared to those of non-stressed wheatplants. Using GWAS mapping, a significant marker (Kukri_c53629_239) associated with APX_SP, DW_SP, and SOD_SP on chromosome 2 H was located inside the gene TraesCS2B02G192700 candidate is annotated as protein kinase activity that triggering various protective mechanisms, such as antioxidative enzymes under drought stress. Altogether, TSM is a cornerstone in the genetic research of drought stress tolerance, offering invaluable insights that can drive the development of drought-resilient crop varieties.

Influence of microplastic pollution on the toxicity of potamodromous fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and its swimming capacity

Microplastics (MPs), as a ubiquitous environmental contaminant in marine and freshwater systems, produced a significant influence on the physiological characteristics of aquatic organisms, and inevitably posed unknown effects on their swimming capacity. Herein, we evaluated the MPs accumulation in potamodromous fish, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and their potential effects on oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, gut microbial diversity, and swimming capability through a toxic-control experiment. Juvenile fish were exposed to 5 µm polystyrene-MPs (PS-MPs) for 6 days at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L. Exposure to PS-MPs resulted in significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain of fish, with significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at 1 and 10 mg/L exposures. Meanwhile, MPs altered grass carp gut microbiota and reduced the Shannon diversity index. In addition, MPs significantly increased induced swimming speed by observing the flow rate at which grass carp happened to produce a reverse current behavioral response. The 1 and 10 mg/L of MPs treatments can significantly reduce the critical swimming speed of grass carp, meaning that the completion of the life history of grass carp may be delayed. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between biomarkers and indicators of swimming capacity. Therefore, the present study suggests that MPs produced a negative effect on the physiological properties of fish, reducing the swimming capacity of migratory fish.

Carica pubescens fruit juice improved superoxide dismutase, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus Wistar rats

Insulin resistance and insulin deficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which can exacerbate pancreatic β-cell. Insulin resistance and insulin deficiency may also reduce lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, increase triglycerides (TG) levels and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. This condition could lead to cardiovascular complications. Flavonoids, such as rutin, might be able to improve insulin resistance and increase insulin secretion in T2DM. Carica pubescens is one of the typical Dieng fruits that has rutin. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Carica pubescens fruit juice (CPJ) on superoxide dismutase (SOD), TG, and HDL levels in high fat diet-streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. A total of twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups; untreated control group (K-); untreated diabetic group (K+); the diabetic group was treated for 30 days with 4 mL/200 g BW of CPJ (X1); 8 mL/200 g BW of CPJ (X2); and 10 mg/200 g BW of rutin (X3). This study revealed a significant increase in SOD and HDL levels and a significant decrease in TG levels in groups X1, X2, and X3, compared to the K+ group (p &lt; 0.05). The increased level of SOD and HDL and the decreased level of TG between X2 and X3 were not significantly different. The effect of CPJ at 8 mL/200 g BW was similar to the effect of rutin at 10 mg/200 g BW. These findings suggest the beneficial effects of CPJ on SOD, TG, and HDL levels in type 2 diabetic Wistar rats.

Effect of in-ovo inoculation of betaine on hatchability, serum antioxidant levels, muscle gene expression and intestinal development of broiler chicks.

This study investigated the effects of in-ovo inoculation of betaine on hatchability, hatching weight, and intestinal development, as well as serum and expression levels of some antioxidants in the posthatched chicks. A total of 350 fertile eggs of Hubbard efficiency plus breeder's flock were incubated at normal incubation temperature (37.5°C) and randomly assembled into 3 groups with 4 replicates, and 25 eggs per each. The experimental groups were allocated as noninjected control group (CN), diluent-injected group (CP, 0.1 mL saline), and betaine-injected group (B, 2.5 mg in 0.1 mL saline). The injections were performed in the air cells of the eggs on the 12th day of the embryonic phase. Hatchability percentage, hatching weight, serum-reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated in 7-day-old chicks. Moreover, expression levels of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and SOD were determined in the breast skeletal muscles of chicks. Jejunum histo-morphometric analysis was assessed with computerised morphometric measurements. The results revealed that the hatchability percentage was not influenced by in-ovo injection of betaine or vehicle while betaine significantly increased the hatchling's weight of chicks. Moreover, there were a significant increase in SOD and Nrf2 mRNA expression levels. In-ovo injection of betaine significantly induced positive effects on intestinal morphometry by ameliorating the jejunal villus length, the ratio of villus height to villus width, and absorptive surface area.

Chemoprotective effect of arbutin on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in rat colon via modulation of PCNA/Bax protein.

Arbutin is utilized in traditional remedies to cure numerous syndromes because of its anti-microbial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate chemopreventive effects of arbutin on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Five groups of rats were used: normal control group (rats injected hypodermically with sterile phosphate-buffered saline once per week for two weeks) and groups 2-5, which were subcutaneously inoculated with 15 mg/kg AOM once a week for two weeks. AOM control and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) control groups were fed 10% Tween orally daily for 8 weeks using a feeding tube. The treated groups were fed 30 and 60 mg/kg arbutin every day for 2 months. ACF from the AOM control group had aberrant nuclei in addition to multilayered cells and an absence of goblet cells. The negative control group displayed spherical cells and nuclei in basal positions. Histological examination revealed a reduced number of AFC cells from colon tissues of the 5-FU reference group. Arbutin-fed animals showed down-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and up-regulation of Bax protein compared to AOM control. Rats fed with arbutin displayed a significant increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in colon tissue homogenates compared to the AOM control group. In conclusion, arbutin showed therapeutic effects against colorectal cancer, explained by its ability to significantly decrease ACF, down-regulate PCNA protein, and up-regulate Bax protein. In addition, arbutin significantly increased SOD and CAT, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which might be due to its anti-proliferative and antioxidant properties.

Attenuation of CFA-induced arthritis through regulation of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant mechanisms by Solanum nigrum L. leaves extracts.

Solanum nigrum L. is a popular traditional medicine for various inflammatory conditions including rheumatism and joint pain. The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic mechanism of Solanum nigrum L. Four extracts were prepared using n-hexane, methanol, chloroform, and water. The anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity was carried out with 100, 200, and 300mg/kg body wt. PO of each extract by the hot plate and carrageenan-induced paw oedema methods, respectively. The anti-arthritic study was performed with chloroform and aqueous extracts (300mg/kg) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Paw size (mm), ankle joint diameter (mm), and latency time (sec) were recorded on day 0 and every 4th day till 28days. The hematological, inflammatory, and oxidative biomarkers were estimated. Results showed that significant analgesia (p < 0.05) and reduction in paw inflammation were achieved with all extracts. The highest percent inhibition in Carrageenan-induced inflammation was achieved with 300mg/kg of chloroform (72.19%) and aqueous (71.30%) extracts, respectively. In the CFA model, both extracts showed a significant reduction in paw size and ankle joint diameter (p < 0.05). The RT-qPCR analysis revealed the upregulation of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, and down-expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cycloxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB, prostaglandin E synthase 2, and interferon-γ. A significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels was observed. Hence, it is concluded that Solanum nigrum L. leaf extracts regulate the expression of inflammatory markers and improve oxidative stress resulting in the attenuation of CFA-induced arthritis.

The effects of rutin supplement on blood pressure markers, some serum antioxidant enzymes, and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with placebo.

This trial aimed to investigate the effects of rutin supplement in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. In this trial with a double-blind and controlled design, fifty patients were randomly divided into intervention (n = 25) and control groups (n = 25) and were treated with 1 g of rutin or placebo for three months, respectively. At the baseline and end of the intervention, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse pressure (PP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), serum levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and quality of life (QOL) parameters, were evaluated. Rutin consumption caused a significant reduction in SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, and HR, with a significant increase in SOD, CAT, and GPx and some QOL parameters (emotional limitations, energy and freshness, mental health, social performance, and general health) compared with baseline (p for all <0.05). Also, the mean changes of emotional limitations, energy and freshness, mental health, and general health (unadjusted p for all <0.05) and GPX and SOD (adjusted p for all <0.05) were significantly higher in the rutin group compared with the placebo group. Although, in the supplement group compared with the placebo group, the mean changes of SBP, DBP, MAP, PP, and HR were significantly lower (adjusted p for all <0.05). Rutin consumption improved blood pressure, the levels of antioxidant enzymes, and QOL in patients with T2DM.

Effects of graphene oxide nanoparticles administration against reserpine-induced neurobehavioral damage and oxidative stress in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Many therapeutic strategies were explored for PD with no success. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) using the reserpine model of PD. Low concentrations GONPs were utilized as a therapeutic agent in many neurodegenerative diseases. We assessed the neurobehavioral alterations in the reserpine model of PD and investigated the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of GONPs in this model. Thirty male mice were separated into three groups (N=10): C (control); Res (Reserpine 0.25mg/kg); Res+GONPs (Reserpine 0.25mg/kg and GONPs 25mg/kg). Our results showed that reserpine neurotoxicity induced hypoactivity with a significant increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain and brainstem. GONPs reversed the reserpine-induced hypoactivity concomitant with decreased neuronal CAT and MDA levels. These findings support the potential use of GONPs as an antioxidant agent in the central nervous system (CNS) that protects against neurodegeneration in the reserpine PD model.

The Effect of secretome-hypoxia mesenchymal-stem-cells and vitamin-d3 in type-2 diabetes-mellitus induced periodontitis rats

Background: A systemic metabolic disorder by insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is characterised by an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is associated with the activation of proinflammatory cytokine pathways such as tumor necrosis (TNF)-α. This condition usually stimulates inflammation of the periodontal tissue (periodontitis). Vitamin-D3 can inhibit the release of inflammatory mediator and reduce the risk of chronic periodontitis. Purpose this study to determine the effect of the secretome-hypoxia mesenchymal-stem-cells (SH-MSCs)-Vitamin-D3 combination on the expression of SOD, IL-10, and TNF-α genes in T2DM periodontitis-induced rats.&#x0D; Method: 30 rats were randomly divided into five groups; normal sham condition, positive control, SH-MSCs group, vitamin-D3 group, and combination of SH-MSCs and vitamin D3 group. SH-MSCs were injected at doses of 150 uL in the gingival. In addition, vitamin D3 5000 IU 2.25 mcg were administrated orally. After 35 days, all rats were sacrificed, and qRT-PCR from gingival tissue was performed to identify the expression of SOD, IL-10 and TNF-α genes &#x0D; Results: The results a significant increase in SOD and IL-10 gene expression (p

Effects of muscle damage indicators and antioxidant capacity after interval training on the 800-m records of adolescent middle-distance runners.

To examine the effect of 10-week interval training (IT) at varying intensities on serum muscle damage indicators and antioxidant capacity and determine its effect on the 800-m records of adolescent middle-distance runners. Twenty male high-school middle-distance runners were randomized between the high-intensity IT (HIIT; n=10) and the medium-intensity IT (MIIT; n=10) groups. Three sessions/week for 10 weeks (total of 30 sessions) were performed; one session of IT was for 60 min. The high and medium exercise intensities were set at 90%-95% and 60%-70% heart rate reserve (HRR), respectively. Intensity at rest was 40% HRR for both groups. Weight training was performed at 60%-70% of one repetition maximum for two sessions/week. The changes in serum muscle damage indicators and antioxidant capacity in the two groups were measured, and their effects on the 800-m records were analyzed. The 10-week training reduced serum muscle damage indicators in middle-distance runners, but only the HIIT group displayed a decrease in creatine kinase. For the change in antioxidant capacity, the two groups demonstrated no significant change in malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas the HIIT group exhibited a significant increase in super-oxide dismutase (SOD). IT also reduced the 800-m records in middle-distance running, and the effect was stronger in the HIIT group. In conclusion, 10-week HIIT can have a positive effect on muscle damage indicators, showed a significant increase in SOD as a key indicator of anti-oxidant capacity, and improved the 800-m records in middle-distance runners.

Individual and interactive biochemical profile damages in Labeo rohita (Cyprinidae) by imidacloprid and clothianidin

Neonicotinoid insecticide residues are found frequently in different water resources, but the knowledge of their ecological consequences is scanty. The present research focused on one-third of the LC50 concentration of the two neonicotinoids imidacloprid (66.6 mg/L) and clothianidin (30 mg/L) individually and a mixture (range of 33.3 + 15 mg/L) were exposed to Labeo rohita for 42 days. The investigation evaluated the single and combined insecticidal antagonistic effects on fish cholinesterases (AChE and BChE), oxidative stress activities, and DNA damage (8-OHdG) after intoxication. The imidacloprid (IMI), clothianidin (CLO), and combination intoxication significantly reduced AChE and BChE enzyme activities in the brain, muscle, and serum. The highest levels of AChE inhibition were found in the muscle and brain, whereas the highest levels of BChE were seen in the serum and muscle in the mixed group. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative activities in the brain and liver varied, with significant increases in superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, lipid peroxidation levels, glutathione S-transferase activity, and a decreasing trend in reduced glutathione levels compared to controls. The 8-OHdG activity increased significantly in proportion to exposure time, while the liver showed the highest increase, followed by the brain in the mixture group. Long-period exposure to neonicotinoids can cause severe neurotoxicity by inhibiting cholinesterase, altering antioxidant activities, and inducing DNA damage (increasing 8-OHdG). The results showed that clothianidin is more toxic than imidacloprid as a single active ingredient, whereas the mixture of two insecticides is more toxic than the single active ingredients.

Bioremediation of zinc and manganese in swine wastewater by living microalgae: Performance, mechanism, and algal biomass utilization

The remediation effects of living Chlorella sp. HL on zinc and manganese in swine wastewater was investigated, and the responses of algal cells and the mechanism were explored. In the wastewater with Zn(II) concentration of 1.85 mg/L and Mn(II) of 1 or 6 mg/L, the highest removal of Zn(II) by Chlorella reached 86.72% and 97.16%, respectively, and the Mn(II) removal were 42.74% and 30.33%, respectively. The antioxidant system of cells was activated by a significant increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities and a significant decrease in malondialdehyde in the mixed system compared to the single system. The presence of Mn(II) could positively regulate the differentially expressed genes related to catalytic activity and metabolic processes between the single Zn system and the mixed systems, reducing the stress of Zn(II) on Chlorella and more favorable to chlorophyll synthesis. The heavy metal-containing microalgal biomass obtained has the potential as feed additives.

Pseudobombax parvifolium Hydroalcoholic Bark Extract: Chemical Characterisation and Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Preclinical Aspects Associated with a Protective Effect on Oxidative Stress.

Plants have long been used in traditional medicine to treat illnesses. Nevertheless, their chemical diversity requires studies to establish the extract dosage and its safe use. Pseudobombax parvifolium, an endemic species of the Brazilian Caatinga biome, is commonly used in folk medicine, due to its anti-inflammatory properties related to cellular oxidative stress; however, its biological properties have scarcely been studied. In this study, we chemically characterized the P. parvifolium hydroalcoholic bark extract (EBHE) and evaluated its cytotoxic, mutagenic, and preclinical aspects, as well as its antioxidant effect. Our phytochemical analysis revealed a significative total polyphenol content and identified loliolide for the first time in this species. Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and acute oral and repeated dose indicated no toxic effects on cell culture, Drosophila melanogaster, and Wistar rat exposure to different EBHE concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, we observed a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and a mild hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect with repeated oral dosing of EBHE. Although there were no significant changes in glutathione content, we did observe a significant increase in superoxide dismutase at a dose of 400 mg/kg and in glutathione peroxidase at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. These findings suggest that EBHE has potential as a source of bioactive molecules, and it can be used safely in traditional medicine and in the development of herbal medicines for application in the public health system.

Geraniol ameliorates testicular damage in diabetic rats via inhibition of redox parameters and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis

BackgroundDiabetes is a disease characterized by high levels of reactive oxygen species that trigger a series of events that culminate in programmed cell death. Terpenoids from plants used in traditional Chinese medicine have preventive and therapeutic potential. However, it is not known if geraniol, a monoterpene will prevent testicular damage in diabetic rats. Thus, this study investigated the antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects of geraniol on testicular damage in diabetic male Wistar rats. Also, the interactions between geraniol with rat liver F1 ATPase and oxidized rat cytochrome c were investigated. MethodsA single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups - CT (control), DA (Diabetic, 60 mg/kg streptozotocin), GE (Geraniol-treated, 60 mg/kg streptozotocin + 200 mg/kg geraniol), and GL (Glibenclamide-treated, 60 mg/kg streptozotocin + 5 mg/kg Glibenclamide). Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under anesthesia after 21 days of treatment. Testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), cytochrome c, caspase 9 and caspase 3, and testosterone (testes and plasma) were determined spectrophotometrically. The interactions between geraniol, and glibenclamide, with rat liver F1-ATPase (1MAB) and oxidized rat cytochrome c (5FD4) were assessed by molecular docking. ResultsThe results showed that SOD, and CAT levels were significantly (p<0.05) lowered in the DA group. Significant increases in SOD, CAT, and GSH levels were observed in the testes of rats in the GE and GL groups. Also, cytochrome c, caspase 9, and caspase 3 levels in rat testes were significantly lowered in the GE and GL groups when compared to the DA group. Furthermore, testosterone levels in the plasma and testes of rats in the GE and GL groups were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the treated groups when compared to the DA group. The binding affinities of geraniol for 1MAB (-5.4 Kcal/mol) and 5DF4 (-6.1 Kcal/mol) were comparable to that of glibenclamide (-5.5 Kcal/mol; -7.5 Kcal/mol, respectively). ConclusionThis study shows that geraniol has the potential to ebb testicular damage in diabetic rats through the inhibition of oxidative stress, caspase activation, rat liver F1-ATPase, and oxidized rat cytochrome c. This study suggests the use of geraniol-rich diet in traditional Chinese medicine.

Evaluation of cardiopreventive effects of Ximenia americana (Linn.) and Pappea capensis (Eckl. and Zeyh.) leaf aqueous extracts in rat models with myocardial infarction

BackgroundMyocardial infarction is a significant health issue in both wealthy and underdeveloped nations. Globally, it is the leading cause of deaths among cardiovascular diseases. In 2012, myocardial infarction-related deaths were about 14.1 million out of 17.5 million cardiovascular disease-related deaths. Clinical management of myocardial infarction remains a challenge because most conventional drugs provide symptomatic relief only. In addition, conventional remedies are associated with numerous advese effects and arguably, in many cases are quite expensive. Hence, herbal remedies, which are widely available, with comparatively fewer side effects, and are affordable, provide a more attractive therapeutic alternative. This study aimed at determining cardiopreventive effects of aqueous leaf extracts of X. americana and P. capensis. Phytochemical screening was done using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Wistar albino rats were employed to test for cardiopreventive effects of the extracts and were randomized into 6 groups of 5 animals each. Groups I, II, and III were normal, negative, and positive controls, respectively, and rats were given normal saline, salbutamol (7.5 mg/Kg bw), and propranolol, respectively. Groups IV, V, and VI rats were treated with extracts dose levels 50, 100, and 150 mg/Kg bw, respectively. Biochemical analysis was done to determine effects of the extracts on levels of serum cardiac troponin T, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase-1, and lipid profiles. Levels of oxidative stress markers were determined in the heart tissue.ResultsThe LC–MS analysis revealed different phytocompounds in the extracts, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, glycosides and tannins, which are known to confer cardioprotective activities. The extracts significantly prevented increase in cardiac troponin T, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase-1, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and MDA levels, as well as a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and HDL levels.ConclusionsThis study confirmed that Ximenia americana and Pappea capensis extracts have the potential to prevent myocardial infarction in rats. Generally, P. capensis extract showed better activity as compared to X. americana extract. The effects of the extracts could be attributable to the presence of various cardioactive phytocompounds. Therefore, these plants can be considered in the development of potent and safe cardiopreventive drugs.

Phytochemical Compounds ofEuphorbia bivonaeExtract and Their Cytotoxicity Effects on the Lethality of Brine ShrimpArtemia salinaand Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) Cells.

In this research paper, we investigated the effect of Euphorbia bivonae extract compounds on the lethality of brine shrimp Artemia salina and on the embryonic cell line (HEK293) proliferation. Our GC/MS analysis revealed that the E. bivonae ethanolic extract contained essentially sitsoterol, euphol and lupeol. The 24-h LC50 was determined using the probit analysis method (LC50= 357.11mg l-1). Depending on this cytotoxicity test result, E. bivona extract induced a significant increase of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione-Peroxidase (GPx) activities, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in A. salina larvae. In addition, the cytotoxicity effect of this extract had proved against the HEK293 cell line in vitro. We suggest that the three compounds of E. bivonae extract (sitsoterol, euphol and lupeol) are the most responsible for this cytotoxicity. The possible application of this extract as an alternative natural antiproliferative is considered.

Ferulic Acid Treats Gastric Ulcer via Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

(1) Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the gastroprotective potential of ferulic acid (FA) on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats with macroscopic and microscopic examinations along with biochemical assays. (2) Methods: After 24 h starvation, the ulcer was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by subcutaneous indomethacin (25 mg/kg) injection. Fifteen minutes after ulcer induction, rats were treated with either tween 80 or FA. FA was given by oral gavage at 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg. In the fourth hour, rats were euthanized and collected gastric samples were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Antioxidant parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and inflammatory parameters comprising of myeloperoxidase (MPO), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 levels were also determined. (3) Results: Indomethacin injection significantly increased the macroscopic and microscopic scores. In addition, it increased the gastric MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB p65 levels but reduced SOD and GSH content. Treatment with FA significantly improved the gastric injury macroscopically and microscopically. Moreover, FA displayed a marked decrease in the gastric levels of MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB p65 and a significant increase in SOD and GSH compared to the INDO group. Ultimately, 250 mg/kg FA was determined as the most effective dose. (4) Conclusion: Our results revealed that FA has a gastroprotective effect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As a result, FA may be a potential treatment choice for gastric ulcers.

Effects of adenosine N1-Oxide and pioglitazone on inflammatory and antioxidant state in sepsis caused by experimental cecal puncture in rat.

Sepsis is an acute condition caused by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome to an infection. There are very few drugs that could improve the severe conditions in patients with sepsis. Hence, it is important to consider different treatment options. In this survey, we studied the effect of adenosine N1-oxide (ANO) and pioglitazone on rats with cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). They were randomly divided to four groups (n = 10) including Group A: as control group receiving normal saline, Group B: the rats with CLP as surgical control group, Group C: the rats receiving ANO, and Group D: the rats receiving pioglitazone. Interleukin (IL) -6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nitric-oxide (NO) in serum blood and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) malondialdehyde, (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in liver and spleen homogenates were measured. The amount of antioxidant enzymes in the spleen and liver, and finally cell viability and rats' survival were investigated. The measurement of blood serum nitric-oxide and survival of all groups of rats were also performed. The results indicated that both drugs could cause a decrease in IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NO in rat blood serum and MDA and MPO in the liver and spleen homogenates, however, a significant increase in SOD and CAT in the liver and spleen homogenates in rats that received ANO and pioglitazone was observed compared to rats with CLP group. Cell viability and rats' survival were significantly improved in rats that received ANO and pioglitazone compared to rats with CLP group. Adenosine N1-oxide showed stronger and more effective effects.

Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in the Muscle Tissue of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Treated in vitro by Extracts of Chelidonium majus L.

Consistent with our previous studies, we continue to evaluate the antioxidant potential of representatives belonging to the Papaveraceae family collected from the northern part of Poland using a muscle tissue model of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Therefore, in the present study, oxidative stress biomarkers (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins (OMP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) and also activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) were used for evaluating the in vitro antioxidant activity of root and stalk extracts derived from great celandine Chelidonium majus L. (CM) collected in urban and rural agglomerations of Kartuzy district (Pomeranian province, northern part of Poland). Freshly collected roots and stalks were washed, weighed, crushed, and homogenized in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) (in the proportion of 1:19, w/w) at room temperature. Incubation of salmon muscle tissue with extracts derived from both the stalks and roots of CM harvested from rural areas resulted in a decrease in lipid peroxidation. The incubation of salmon muscle tissue with extracts derived from both the stems and roots of CM harvested from rural areas resulted in a decrease in lipid peroxidation. Similarly, the use of extracts derived from the roots of CM collected from urban areas resulted in a decrease in TBARS levels. These results suggest that it can be argued that the presence of secondary plant metabolites in CM extracts protects structures of cell membranes against the damaging effects of free radicals. On the other hand, analysis of levels of protein oxidation after incubation of muscle tissue with CM extracts showed that extracts derived from both roots and stalks of CM harvested from urban areas reduced levels of ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins. Analyzing the total antioxidant capacity after the incubation with CM extracts under in vitro conditions, we concluded that extracts mainly derived from the stalks of CM harvested from both urban and rural areas effectively increase TAC levels. These results are reflected after analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity, where we observed statistically significant increases in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. On the other hand, the incubation of CM extracts with muscle tissue resulted in a statistically significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity compared to the control samples.