Significant Increase In Body Mass Index Research Articles

Body Mass Index and C-reactive Protein Are Potential Predictors of Asthma Development in Egyptian Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients.

SummaryBackgroundRecent studies suggest asthma prevalence in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. This is the first study to explore asthma prevalence among Egyptian PCOS patients. It highlighted common findings in PCOS and asthma. It investigated whether these findings could serve as potential predictors of asthma.MethodsA hundred PCOS patients, sixty asthmatic patients and thirty apparently healthy females of matched age were included. Body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IgE, 25 (OH) vitamin D, testosterone and lipid profile were measured.ResultsBoth PCOS and asthmatics had significantly higher BMI, Total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, IgE, CRP and IL-6 (P<0.001) and lower 25 (OH) vitamin D levels (P<0.001) compared to controls. Within the PCOS group, 47 patients developed asthma with a significant increase in BMI (P=0.003), CRP and IgE levels (P<0.001) compared to non-asthmatic PCOS. Both asthmatic PCOS and asthmatics expressed elevated BMI, IgE, IL-6 and CRP levels, but with no significant difference between them. Asthmatic PCOS showed significantly higher testosterone and dyslipidemia profile. Multivariate regression revealed that BMI and CRP could predict asthma development within PCOS (OR=1.104, C.I 1.004–1.2 and OR=1, C.I. 1–1.02), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that BMI and CRP at a cutoff value 28.5 kg/m2 and 117.6 nmol/L respectively could differentiate between asthmatic and non-asthmatic PCOS with sensitivity 63.8 % and specificity 62% for BMI, and sensitivity and specificity of 66% for CRP.ConclusionsThis study shows that BMI and CRP are predictors of asthma development in Egyptian PCOS.

Longitudinal Effects of Body Mass Index and Self-Esteem on Adjustment From Early to Late Adolescence: A Latent Growth Model.

ABSTRACTBackground:Mental and physical development during adolescence is a factor that may affect quality of life in adulthood.Purpose:The aims of this study were to investigate the developmental trajectories of body mass index (BMI), self-esteem, and adjustment among students from early to late adolescence and to examine the longitudinal relationships among these variables.Methods:Data from 2006 to 2012 were collected from the Korean Welfare Panel Study. Of the initial sample of 521 students, 487 completed a validated questionnaire measuring BMI, self-esteem, and adjustment. Latent growth curve modeling analyses were conducted to examine the relationships among the variables.Results:Univariate linear growth models showed a significant increase in BMI and significant declines in both self-esteem and adjustment across three time points from childhood to adolescence. The goodness of fit of the multivariate conditioned model supported the validity of the proposed longitudinal model (comparative fit index = .93, root mean square error of approximation = .08). Change in BMI was significantly linked with change in adjustment (β = .18, p < .05) but not with change in self-esteem, whereas change in self-esteem exerted a statistically significant effect on change in adjustment (β = .47, p < .001).Conclusions/Implications for Practice:Our findings indicate that BMI and self-esteem are key determinants of student adjustment in school settings. Therefore, future health education interventions should focus on enhancing the positive physical and mental self-concepts of students, which should improve health and social behavior among students and subsequently afford a better quality of life for these students in adulthood.

A Longitudinal Study of Eating Rituals in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa.

Background: Eating rituals are any problematic behaviors involving food. They are usually observed in patients with anorexia nervosa, but research into these behaviors and their role in treatment outcomes is lacking.Objective: We set out to assess the presence of eating rituals in patients with anorexia nervosa treated by means of intensive enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT-E), in addition to their change over time and role as potential predictors of treatment outcome.Materials and Methods: Ninety adult female inpatients with anorexia nervosa were recruited. The Participants’ body mass index (BMI), and scores for Starvation Symptoms Inventory (SSI), Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were recorded, and a purpose-designed 9-item checklist of eating rituals was completed by trained dieticians during assisted eating – an integral part of the ICBT-E. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was used at admission to identify the presence of coexisting axis I psychiatric disorders. All other tests were administered at baseline (admission), the end of treatment and 6-month follow-up. BMI, EDE, and BSI were also re-administered after 4 weeks of treatment in order to examine how refeeding affects these variables.Results: We found a correlation at baseline between eating rituals and both general and eating-disorder psychopathology scores. Eating rituals were also associated with the presence of at least one comorbid anxiety disorder. ICBT-E treatment was associated with a significant reduction in eating rituals, as well as a significant increase in BMI and improved eating-disorder and general psychopathology. However, our most relevant finding was that neither baseline eating ritual scores nor their change during treatment was associated with either BMI or general or eating-disorder psychopathology scores taken at either the end of therapy or at 6-month follow-up.Conclusion: Neither the presence of nor change in eating rituals influence treatment outcomes in patients with anorexia nervosa.

Seventeen-year changes in cardiovascular risk factors: a cohort study of southern Brazilian young

Aim: The origins of atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease are recognized to begin in childhood. Studies involving risk factor screening of children and adolescents can be predictive of future rate trends. This study aimed to evaluate changes in cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic individuals followed from age 10–18 years at baseline (1999) to age 27-36 years in 2016. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. A total of 156 cohort participants were available for follow-up in 2016 (mean age, 29.9±0.2 years). Data collected in 1999, 2006 and 2016 were analyzed to determine the evolution of cardiovascular risk factors over time. Sociodemographic and behavioral data, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and triglycerides), and fasting glucose were assessed. Results: During 17-year follow-up, there were significant increases in BMI, WC, total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, and diastolic BP (p < 0.001-0.011), but significant reductions in systolic BP, fasting glucose, and physical activity (p ≤ 0.001). The increase in cardiovascular risk factors was significantly greater in men than in women over time (p < 0.001-0.032). Conclusions: Our results show a trend toward worsening of cardiovascular risk factors from childhood/adolescence to adulthood. This should serve as a warning to public health officials of the need for health promotion strategies aimed at beginning preventive measures in childhood and adolescence.

Impact of Thyroidectomy in BMI and Some Biochemical Markers related with Bone Turnover in Hypothyroidism Women

In common, thyroid hormones (TH) have intense effect on bone strength and mineral metabolism. The aims of this study was To investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) in some physio-biochemical tests related with bone metabolism. This study included 51 hypothyroidism women and 43 healthy women divided according to BMI (normal, overweight and obese) groups and hypothyroidism patients were subdivided into: first diagnosed, prethyroidectomy and postthyroidectomy, the physio-biochemical assay included (BMI, CYP1A1, calcium and phosphorus) and hormonal assay (osteopontin (OPN), TSH, fT3, fT4 and calcitonin (CT)). The results showed that there was a significantly increased (P= 0.05) in TSH level and significantly decreased (P= 0.05) in fT4 and OPN levels in post thyroidectomy groups when compared to pre thyroidectomy groups for different BMI categories. As well as there was a significantly increase (P=0.05) in BMI and significantly decrease(P=0.05) in TSH and fT4 levels at duration after thyroidectomy > 1 year when compared to duration after thyroidectomy = 1 year. There was higher levels of TSH and lower levels of fT3, fT4, OPN, CYP1A1 and calcium in hypothyroidism women when compared to control group. First diagnosed hypothyroidism women showed a significantly decrease(P= 0.05) in OPN level when compared to pre thyroidectomy and post thyroidectomy groups. Conclusion: Total thyroidectomy can cause a significant increase in BMI and significant decrease in thyroid hormones, OPN and calcium levels in hypothyroid women.

Gender-based relationship between copeptin level and metabolic syndrome in Albino rats

Background: Arginine vasopressin (AVP) affects liver glycogenolysis, insulin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone release supporting its role in metabolic disorders. Copeptin is established as a stable and sensitive biomarker of AVP level. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to investigate the association between serum copeptin level and metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters in both male and female albino rats. Materials and Methods: Sixteen male and 16 female adult rats were subdivided into control and high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF)-fed groups. Body mass index (BMI), systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) were measured. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), glucose, insulin, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and copeptin were estimated. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and atherogenic index (AI) were calculated. Results: There was significant increase in BMI, blood pressures, and levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, AI, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, and copeptin with significant decrease in HDL-C level in male and female HCHF-fed groups compared with their controls. All parameters except HDL-C, blood pressures, and hs-CRP were significantly lower in female HCHF-fed group compared with male HCHF-fed one. There was positive correlation between copeptin level and BMI, insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL-C, AI, and hs-CRP and negative correlation with HDL-C with insignificant correlation with MABP in both HCHF groups. Conclusion: HCHF-fed male rats are more subjected to develop features of MetS with more elevation in copeptin than female rats. Elevated copeptin was correlated with components of MetS as obesity, hyperglycemia, IR, dyslipidemia, and hs-CRP in both sexes indicating the role of the vasopressinergic system in the pathogenesis of MetS. Further studies to evaluate copeptin as a predictive marker for MetS and therapeutic role of controlling AVP based on gender difference are recommended.

Longitudinal Changes in Sitting Patterns, Physical Activity, and Health Outcomes in Adolescents.

This study examined two-year changes in patterns of activity and associations with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) among adolescents. Inclinometers (activPAL) assessed sitting, sitting bouts, standing, stepping, and breaks from sitting. ActiGraph-accelerometers assessed sedentary time (SED), light-intensity physical activity (LIPA, stratified as low- and high-LIPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Anthropometric measures were objectively assessed at baseline and self-reported at follow-up. Data from 324 and 67 participants were obtained at baseline and follow-up, respectively. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models examined changes over time, and associations between baseline values and BMI and WC at follow-up. There were significant increases in BMI (0.6 kg/m2) and durations of prolonged sitting (26.4 min/day) and SED (52 min/day), and significant decreases in stepping (−19 min/day), LIPA (−33 min/day), low-LIPA (−26 min/day), high-LIPA (−6.3 min/day), MVPA (−19 min/day), and the number of breaks/day (−8). High baseline sitting time was associated (p = 0.086) with higher BMI at follow-up. There were no significant associations between baseline sitting, prolonged sitting, LIPA, or MVPA with WC. Although changes in daily activity patterns were not in a favourable direction, there were no clear associations with BMI or WC. Research with larger sample sizes and more time points is needed.

The Impact of Different High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols on Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Healthy Young Adult Females.

Although traditional high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been effective in improving body composition and physical fitness, it is unclear how multimodal HIIT affects these variables. This study compared the differences between these two training programs on body composition and physical fitness in apparently healthy, nonobese young adult females. A total of 16 participants (mean age = 23 ± 5.08 years) completed a 12-week HIIT intervention with two treatment groups: rowing and multimodal. Immediately before and after the intervention, the following measures were assessed: body mass index (BMI), total body mass, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, total body fat %, visceral adipose tissue, lean mass, bone mineral outcomes, cardiovascular fitness, and muscular fitness. A general linear model with repeated measures was used to assess changes over time for the group as a whole, as well as between-group differences. For the group as a whole, there were significant decrease in total body fat % (p = 0.04) and significant increases in BMI (p = 0.015), total body mass (p = 0.003), lean mass (p < 0.001), bone mineral content (BMC) (p < 0.001), VO2max (p = 0.01), broad jump (p = 0.001), squat endurance (p = 0.006), press (p < 0.001), back squat (p < 0.001), and deadlift (p < 0.001) one repetition maximum (1RM). The multimodal group (p < 0.001) increased deadlift 1RM significantly more than the rowing group (p = 0.002). HIIT can be an effective means for improving cardiovascular and muscular fitness, increasing lean mass and BMC, and thereby improving cardiometabolic as well as musculoskeletal health in nonobese females. Using a multimodal approach may give the added benefit of superior muscular strength increases.

Children’s Weight Gain and Cardiovascular Fitness Loss over the Summer

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of summer breaks on the body composition and cardiovascular fitness of elementary school children who participated in a multi-year school-based physical activity intervention. Participants were 404 children who had their height and weight measured and completed the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) during physical education classes at the beginning and end of the school year for three consecutive years. To examine the effects of time on health-related fitness data, general linear mixed effects models were employed. The results indicate that there was a trend toward an increase in body mass index (BMI) after the summer of 2015 (p = 0.958), and a significant increase in BMI after the summer of 2016 compared to time point 1 (p < 0.001). For PACER laps, there were trends toward decreases in PACER laps after the summers of 2015 (p = 0.515) and 2016 (p = 0.073). Summer breaks tended to attenuate the BMI and PACER lap improvements that were observed during the intervention. While school-based physical activity programming has had some successes in improving health-related fitness markers, the loss of these improvements over the summer is of concern to both practitioners and researchers. It is clear that additional efforts are needed to limit obesogenic behaviors during the summer months.

Management of spontaneous temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid leak: A 30-year experience

PurposeThe goal of this study was to describe the incidence of and our long-term results in the management of spontaneous temporal bone CSF leak and to determine if there is any association with an increase in body mass index (BMI). MethodsThis was an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved retrospective review of 58 patients who underwent repair of spontaneous temporal bone CSF leaks by a single surgeon at a tertiary care academic medical center between 1988 and 2017. Patients with CSF leaks due to trauma, iatrogenic injury, or chronic infection were excluded. Surgical approaches included middle cranial fossa, transmastoid, or a combination of both. Cases were divided into three decades. Patient demographics, clinical features, audiologic results, imaging studies, operative findings, complications, and long-term results were reviewed with a specific emphasis on the potential correlation with BMI. ResultsThe average BMI was 32. There was a statistically significant increase in BMI between the two most recent decades (p = 0.044). The middle cranial fossa was the most commonly utilized approach. Multiple tegmen defects were often noted on imaging and intraoperatively. ConclusionThere is an increase in the incidence of spontaneous CSF leaks possibly associated with an increase in BMI in the United States over the last 30 years.

Obesity trends in populations of the Russian Federation and the United States of America. Thirty-year long dynamics

Aim. To evaluate the dynamics of obesity and mean body mass index (BMI) in Russia and USA in various age and gender categories during 1975-2014.Material and methods. By a repeat analysis of one-moment studies of Russian and US population in 1975-1982 and 2007-2014, the values of obesity and BMI were assessed in men and women age 25-64 y. o. Into analysis, the data was included from Russian part of the Lipid Clinics study and multicenter ESSE-RF study (Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in various regions of Russian Federation). American data acquired from the studies NHANES (National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey), open access. Total number of observations 48974.Results. In the 80s of XX century in all age groups of women the mean BMI levels were lower in USA comparing to Russia, in men there were no significant differences. For the following 30 years in Russia the situation improved for men and women &lt;45 y. o. — differences with USA changed modality, and currently BMI in Russia is lower than in USA.Conclusion. Russia was below the US 30 years ago by the mean BMI in females of all ages, with no differences for males. For the following 30 years in the US there was significant increase of BMI in all age strata of men and women, and in Russia dynamics was the same, but lesser. Comparison of the prevalence of obesity in men 30 years ago showed some predominance of obesity in American males, especially young, but not statistically significant. Russian women had higher prevalence of obesity regardless of age. Currently, obesity in young age is more prevalent in men and women of USA, and &gt;45 years old — in Russia.

Obesity trends in populations of the Russian Federation and the United States of America. Thirty-year long dynamics

Aim. To evaluate the dynamics of obesity and mean body mass index (BMI) in Russia and USA in various age and gender categories during 1975-2014.Material and methods. By a repeat analysis of one-moment studies of Russian and US population in 1975-1982 and 2007-2014, the values of obesity and BMI were assessed in men and women age 25-64 y. o. Into analysis, the data was included from Russian part of the Lipid Clinics study and multicenter ESSE-RF study (Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in various regions of Russian Federation). American data acquired from the studies NHANES (National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey), open access. Total number of observations 48974.Results. In the 80s of XX century in all age groups of women the mean BMI levels were lower in USA comparing to Russia, in men there were no significant differences. For the following 30 years in Russia the situation improved for men and women &lt;45 y. o. — differences with USA changed modality, and currently BMI in Russia is lower than in USA.Conclusion. Russia was below the US 30 years ago by the mean BMI in females of all ages, with no differences for males. For the following 30 years in the US there was significant increase of BMI in all age strata of men and women, and in Russia dynamics was the same, but lesser. Comparison of the prevalence of obesity in men 30 years ago showed some predominance of obesity in American males, especially young, but not statistically significant. Russian women had higher prevalence of obesity regardless of age. Currently, obesity in young age is more prevalent in men and women of USA, and &gt;45 years old — in Russia.

Effect of a School-Based Activity Tracker, Companion Social Website, and Text Messaging Intervention on Exercise, Fitness, and Physical Activity Self-Efficacy of Middle School Students.

This study examined the effect of a 10-week activity tracker, companion social website, and text messaging intervention on body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, physical fitness, and physical activity (PA) self-efficacy of children. Children (n = 98) were assigned to one of three groups: activity tracker group, text messaging group, and activity tracker + text messaging group. Pre-/posttest fitness, BMI, PA self-efficacy, and body fat percentage were measured. The activity tracker group had a significant increase in fitness, no significant difference in PA self-efficacy, and an increase in body fat percentage and BMI (p < .05). The text messaging group had a significant increase in BMI (p < .05). The activity tracker + text messaging group had no significant differences in fitness, BMI, PA self-efficacy, or body fat percentage. This study gives no clear support to the hypothesis that use of activity trackers and a text messaging intervention have a positive effect on fitness, PA self-efficacy, or body fat percentage.

Impact of continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis on growth in children with vesicoureteral reflux

Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is a mainstay of treatment for children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). There has been an increasing focus on the effect of antibiotics on gut microbiota and subsequent repercussions on growth. Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis is generally considered safe; however, its impact on growth in children with VUR remains unknown. This objective of this study was to determine whether CAP altered height, weight, or body mass index (BMI) in children with VUR. Children diagnosed with primary VUR were identified. Demographics including weight and height percentiles, BMI and BMI percentiles, age, gender, antibiotic class, prior antibiotic use, urinary tract infectionhistory, and breakthrough infections were tested in univariate and multivariate analyses. Primary outcome was change in BMIas well as weight, height, and BMI percentiles. One hundred eighty patients (146 girls, 34 boys) were prescribed CAP at mean age of 29.2±26.2 months. Mean follow-up on CAP was 4.1±3.3 years, with median follow-up of 3.08 years. Mean increase in weight percentile was 1.49 (2.02 males, 1.37 females; P=0.46). Mean decrease in height percentile was -4.44 (-2.18 males, -4.95 females; P=0.51). Age at diagnosis (P=0.004) and history of prior treatment courses of antibiotics (P=0.007) were associated with a significant BMI increase (Fig.1). Body mass index percentile increased from 58.4 to 66.5; however, this increase was only significant in children aged above 1 year(P<0.0001). Of note, children above 1 year of age were significantly more likely to have a history of prior treatment courses of antibiotics (58% vs32%; P<0.0001), and when controlling for prior antibiotic use, the increase in BMI percentile in those over 1 year of age did not reach significance. The use of antibiotics has been associated with alterations in pediatric growth parameters in both animal models and clinical studies. However, little information exists on the impact of prophylactic-dosed antibiotics on growth. While this study is limited by the retrospective analysis and small sample size, it was found that the use of CAP did impact growth parameters, with a stronger effect seen in children who had received prior treatment courses of antibiotics before the infection leading to the initiation of CAP. Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis was correlated with significant increase in BMI in children with prior antibiotic usage and a significant increase in BMI percentile in children aged above 1 year. Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis was also associated with decreased height percentiles, particularly in patients aged less than 1 year, though it did not reach statistical significance. Further analysis is needed to investigate whether these effects on weight, height, and BMI are persistent and clinically significant.

Starvation symptoms in patients with anorexia nervosa: a longitudinal study

ABSTRACTObjective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in starvation symptoms over time and their role as potential predictors of change in eating disorder and general psychopathology in patients with anorexia nervosa treated by means of intensive enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT-E).Method. Ninety adult female patients with anorexia nervosa (63 restricting type and 27 binge-eating/purging type) were recruited. Body mass index (BMI), Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and Starvation Symptoms Inventory (SSI) scores were recorded at admission, at the end of treatment, and at 6-month follow-up. All tests, except for the EDE, were also administered after 4 weeks of treatment to assess the role of refeeding on these variables.Results. At baseline, starvation symptoms were correlated with measures of eating disorder and general psychopathology. The treatment was associated with a significant increase in BMI, improvement in eating disorder and general psychopathology, and a significant reduction in starvation symptoms. The change in SSI scores from baseline to 4 weeks predicted the improvement in EDE eating concern subscale and global BSI scores. Among patients who had restored their body weight by the end of treatment, dietary restraint and eating concern EDE-Q subscales, global EDE-Q and SSI scores showed greater improvement in the first 4 weeks than in the remaining 16 weeks of treatment.Discussion. The findings underline the close relationship between improvements in both starvation symptoms and eating disorder and general psychopathology and indicate the important role of refeeding in ameliorating both.

Association of food security status with overweight and dietary intake: exploration of White British and Pakistani-origin families in the Born in Bradford cohort

BackgroundFood insecurity has been associated with dietary intake and weight status in UK adults and children although results have been mixed and ethnicity has not been explored. We aimed to compare prevalence and trajectories of weight and dietary intakes among food secure and insecure White British and Pakistani-origin families.MethodsAt 12 months postpartum, mothers in the Born in Bradford cohort completed a questionnaire on food security status and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) assessing their child’s intake in the previous month; at 18 months postpartum, mothers completed a short-form FFQ assessing dietary intake in the previous 12 months. Weights and heights of mothers and infants were assessed at 12-, 24-, and 36-months postpartum, with an additional measurement of children taken at 4–5 years. Associations between food security status and dietary intakes were assessed using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney for continuous variables and χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. Quantile and logistic regression were used to determine dietary intakes adjusting for mother’s age. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess longitudinal changes in body mass index (BMI) in mothers and BMI z-scores in children.ResultsAt 12 months postpartum, White British mothers reported more food insecurity than Pakistani-origin mothers (11% vs 7%; p < 0.01) and more food insecure mothers were overweight. Between 12 and 36 months postpartum, BMI increased more among food insecure Pakistani-origin mothers (β = 0.77 units, [95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.40, 1.10]) than food secure (β = 0.44 units, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.55). This was also found in Pakistani-origin children (BMI z-score: food insecure β = 0.40 units, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.59; food secure β = 0.25 units, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.29). No significant increases in BMI were observed for food secure or insecure White British mothers while BMI z-score increased by 0.17 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.21) for food secure White British children. Food insecure mothers and children had dietary intakes of poorer quality, with fewer vegetables and higher consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks.ConclusionsFood security status is associated with body weight and dietary intakes differentially by ethnicity. These are important considerations for developing targeted interventions.

ENPP1 K121Q Functional Variant Enhances Susceptibility to Insulin Resistance and Dyslipidemia with Metabolic Syndrome in Asian Indians

Background: Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase1 (ENPP1/PC-1) is a key modulator of the insulin signaling pathway, and its common variant, K121Q, increases the susceptibility to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to investigate the association of ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism with the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a north Indian population. Methods: A total of 567 participants (303 MetS subjects and 264 healthy controls) were examined for ENPP1 genotypes and various clinical parameters, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP/DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein, and insulin. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS. Results: Significant increases in BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, FBG, TG, low-density lipoprotein, insulin, and Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and of beta-cell function (HOMA-BF) were observed in MetS patients compared to healthy controls. Logistic regression analysis of data demonstrated a nonsignificant association of QQ and KQ+QQ genotypes with increased risk of MetS (OR [95% CI], 1.583 [0.455–5.507], p = 0.470 for QQ genotypes and 1.097 [0.784–1.540], p = 0.587 for KQ+QQ genotypes). Moreover, MetS subjects carrying Q alleles had significantly higher levels of TG, insulin, body fat percentage, and insulin resistance as evident by higher values of HOMA-IR. Conclusions: We conclude that ENPP1 K121Q functional variant enhances susceptibility to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in MetS subjects of an Asian Indian population.

SERUM VASPIN LEVELS IN NORMAL PREGNANT AND GESTATIONAL DIABETIC ALBINO RAT MODEL

Background:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major pregnancy complication with increased blood glucose levels and insulin resistance. Vaspin is a visceral adipokine that is synthesized and secreted by abdominal fat tissue and one of the superfamily of serine protease inhibitors. Data proposed vaspin levels in normal pregnancy and GDM are still controversial. Objective : To assess serum vaspin levels in both of late pregnancy and experimentally-induced GDM in relation to certain metabolic parameters in albino rats. Material and methods: Thirty six virgin female albino rats of a local strain weighing 100-150 g were divided randomly into three equals groups. Group I (Control); virgin rats were fed normal diet. Group II (normal pregnant); rats were fed normal diet for five weeks before induction of pregnancy. Group III (experimentally-induced GDM); rats were fed fatty-sucrose diet (FSD) for five weeks before induction of pregnancy, then injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (25 mg/kg) on the 7th day of gestation. In all groups, serum vaspin, body mass index (BMI), serum estradiol, progesterone, total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-c), high density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-c), glucose, insulin levels and calculated homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were estimated. Results: Normal pregnant rats showed a significant increase in BMI, serum vaspin, TG, TC, LDL-c, insulin levels and HOMA-IR compared to controls. Additionally, serum vaspin levels were significantly and positively correlated with BMI, serum glucose, TG levels and HOMA-IR. GDM-induced rats had significantly increased levels of serum vaspin, TC, TG, LDL-c, glucose, BMI and HOMA-IR, while decreased insulin and HDL-c levels compared to normal pregnant and control rats. Moreover, serum vaspin levels showed significant positive correlations with BMI, HOMA-IR, glucose, TG, TC levels, and an inverse correlation with HDL-c levels in GDM-induced group. Conclusion: Serum vaspin levels increased in both of late pregnancy and experimentally-induced GDM, but more in the later possibly for compensating GDM-induced insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.

Parental nonstandard work schedules during infancy and children’s BMI trajectories

BACKGROUND: Empirical evidence has demonstrated adverse associations between parental nonstandard work schedules (i.e., evenings, nights, or weekends) and child developmental outcomes. However, there are mixed findings concerning the relationship between parental nonstandard employment and children’s body mass index (BMI), and few studies have incorporated information on paternal work schedules. OBJECTIVE: This paper investigated BMI trajectories from early to middle childhood (ages 3–11) by parental work schedules at 9 months of age, using nationally representative cohort data from the United Kingdom. This study is the first to examine the link between nonstandard work schedules and children’s BMI in the United Kingdom. METHODS: We used data from the Millennium Cohort Study (2001‒2013, n = 13,021) to estimate trajectories in BMI, using data from ages 3, 5, 7, and 11 years. Joint parental work schedules and a range of biological, socioeconomic, and psychosocial covariates were assessed in the initial interviews at 9 months. RESULTS: Compared to children in two-parent families where parents worked standard shifts, we found steeper BMI growth trajectories for children in two-parent families where both parents worked nonstandard shifts and children in single-parent families whose mothers worked a standard shift. Fathers’ shift work, compared to standard shifts, was independently associated with significant increases in BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Future public health initiatives focused on reducing the risk of rapid BMI gain in childhood can potentially consider the disruptions to family processes resulting from working nonstandard hours. CONTRIBUTION: Children in families in which both parents work nonstandard schedules had steeper BMI growth trajectories across the first decade of life. Fathers’ nonstandard shifts were independently associated with increases in BMI.

Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Drug-Naive Adolescents After 12 Months of Second-Generation Antipsychotic Treatment.

Mental illness is often accompanied by poor physical health and shorter life expectancy. Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are suspected of increasing cardiovascular risk, possibly through development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and the risk of adverse outcome is even higher if obesity or metabolic aberration starts in childhood or adolescence. Drug-naive adolescents were recruited after contact with an outpatient Psychosis Team. Changes relative to baseline in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were determined through regular follow-ups. The sample included 35 SGA-naive patients aged 7-19 (mean: 15.5) with a diagnosis of psychosis. Over 12 months, the overall rate of MetS changed significantly (from 0% to 20% [p < 0.016]). There was a significant increase in BMI (18.4% [p < 0.001]), WC (14.3% [p < 0.001]), TG (25.2% [p = 0.039]), and FBG (3.6% [p = 0.038]), whereas there was a significant decrease in HDL (-11.5% [p < 0.001]). No significant change was found for BP. Compared with the 2014 Danish references BMI-for-age charts, after 12 months the participants' BMI had increased from 0.5 to 1.57 standard deviation (SD) above the 50th percentile for age and gender (p = 0.0001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to include all the aspects of MetS in a sample of drug-naive adolescents followed over the first 12 months after starting SGA treatment. A significant shift in all parameters (except BP) toward MetS was found, presumably due to SGA use. Therefore, these adolescents will need proper follow-up, consisting of not only monitoring but also preventive measures to diminish these effects of SGA use.