Significant Increase In Body Mass Index Research Articles

Effects of antipsychotic medications in glucose and lipid metabolism at the fasted state in drug-naïve first episode patients with psychosis after six months and three years of treatment.

Diabetes and dyslipidemia are common in patients with psychosis and may be related to adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. Metabolic disturbances in first-episode patients with psychosis are common, even prior to any antipsychotic treatment, and antipsychotic medications are implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome, at least in the long run. We therefore aimed to follow a group of drug-naïve, first-episode patients with psychosis at different time points (baseline, six months, and 36 months after the initiation of antipsychotic treatment) in order to evaluate the progression of metabolic abnormalities after antipsychotic therapy and the time-course of their onset. We assessed glucose and lipid metabolism during the fasted state in 54 drug-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) before the initiation of any antipsychotic treatment and compared them with matched controls. The same parameters were assessed in the patient group (n=54) after six months of antipsychotic treatment and in a subgroup of patients (n=39) after three years of continuous and stable treatment in comparison to baseline. Measurements were obtained for fasting serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), glucose, insulin, connecting peptide (C-peptide), homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-IR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI). Insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride levels, and HOMA-IR index were significantly higher compared to controls. Total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and BMI, increased significantly in the patient group after six months of antipsychotic treatment. After three years of continuous antipsychotic treatment, we found statistically significant increases in fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, HbA1c, HOMA-IR index, and BMI compared to baseline. In conclusion, FEP patients developed significant increases in BMI and serum lipid levels as soon as six months after antipsychotic treatment. These metabolic abnormalities persisted following 36 months of treatment and in addition, increases in fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR were observed compared to baseline.

Changes in metabolic parameters and serum YKL-40 levels in Chinese rheumatoid arthritis patients during tocilizumab therapy.

To investigate the metabolic changes during therapy of tocilizumab (TCZ) and methotrexate (MTX) in non-diabetic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and for the first time explore the associations between metabolic parameters and serum YKL-40 (sYKL-40) levels. We enrolled active non-diabetic RA patients who were refractory to MTX. Patients received intravenous TCZ (8mg/kg) once every 4weeks combined with MTX for 24weeks. Metabolic parameters and sYKL-40 levels were measured before TCZ infusion at baseline, week 4, week 12, and week 24. Correlations were assessed by the Spearman's rank correlation analysis. A total of 91 non-diabetic RA patients were enrolled in this study. At week 24, we observed a significant elevation in body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) levels. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in TC/HDL‑C ratio. No apparent changes in insulin resistance were found. Additionally, we detected a significant reduction in sYKL-40 levels during the study. At week 24, changes in sYKL-40 levels showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.334, p = 0.002) with changes in TC levels. The combined therapy of TCZ and MTX resulted in a significant increase in BMI and lipid levels, while an evident decrease in the TC/HDL‑C ratio and sYKL-40 levels in RA patients. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between the decrease in sYKL-40 levels and the increase in TC levels during treatment with TCZ and MTX. Key Points • Lipid levels elevated significantly and sYKL-40 levels decreased obviously after therapy of TCZ combined with MTX in Chinese RA patients. • There was a significant correlation between the increase in TC levels and the decrease in sYKL-40 levels during treatment with TCZ and MTX in RA patients.

The Effect of Thiazolidinediones in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine condition affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterised by insulin resistance and is a risk for type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to review the literature on the effect of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in women with PCOS. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library and the Web of Science in April 2020 and updated in March 2023. Studies were deemed eligible if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the effect of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in PCOS. The study follows the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Out of 814 initially retrieved citations, 24 randomised clinical trials (RCTs) involving 976 participants were deemed eligible. Among women with PCOS, treatment with rosiglitazone compared to metformin resulted in a significant increase in the mean body weight (mean difference (MD) 1.95kg; 95%CI 0.03-3.87, p = 0.05). Metformin treatment was associated with a reduction in mean body mass index (BMI) compared to pioglitazone (MD 0.85kg/m2; 95%CI 0.13-1.57, p = 0.02). Both pioglitazone compared to placebo (MD 2.56kg/m2; 95%CI 1.77-3.34, p < 0.00001) and rosiglitazone compared to metformin (MD 0.74kg/m2; 95%CI 0.07-1.41, p = 0.03) were associated with a significant increase in BMI. Treatment with pioglitazone compared to placebo showed a significant reduction in triglycerides (MD - 0.20mmol/L; 95%CI - 0.38 to - 0.03, p = 0.02) and fasting insulin levels (MD - 11.47mmol/L; 95%CI - 20.20, - 2.27, p = 0.01). Rosiglitazone compared to metformin was marginally significantly associated with a reduction in the luteinising hormone (LH) (MD - 0.62; 95%CI - 1.25-0.00, p = 0.05). Both pioglitazone and rosiglitazone were associated with significant increases in body weight and BMI when compared with metformin or placebo. Pioglitazone significantly reduced triglycerides and fasting insulin when compared with placebo while rosiglitazone showed a modest reduction of LH when compared with metformin. CRD42020178783.

Trends in body mass index in the pre-dolutegravir period in South Africa.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with weight gain, but this has been shown to be more marked with dolutegravir and other integrase strand transfer inhibitors. We studied weight gain in people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART compared to the general population in the period before dolutegravir was introduced in a rural South African cohort. Longitudinal analysis of the Ndlovu Cohort Study including 36-48 months' follow-up data. From 2014 to 2019, data were collected annually in Limpopo, rural South Africa. Linear mixed models using HIV status, demographics, ART use and cardiovascular risk factors were used to estimate trends in body mass index (BMI) over time. In total, 1518 adult, non-pregnant participants were included, of whom 518 were PLWH on ART (79.8%), 135 PLWH not yet on ART (20.2%) and 865 HIV-negative. HIV-negative participants had significantly higher BMIs than PLWH on ART at all study visits. There was a significant increase in BMI in all subgroups after 36 months (PLWH on ART, BMI +1.2 kg/m2, P < 0.001; PLWH not on ART, BMI +1.8 kg/m2, P < 0.001 and HIV-negative, BMI +1.3 kg/m2, P < 0.001). The increase in BMI in PLWH and HIV-negative participants is a serious warning signal as obesity results in morbidity and mortality.

Obesity risk in young adults from the Jerusalem Perinatal Study (JPS): the contribution of polygenic risk and early life exposure.

The effects of early life exposures on offspring life-course health are well established. This study assessed whether adding early socio-demographic and perinatal variables to a model based on polygenic risk score (PRS) improves prediction of obesity risk. We used the Jerusalem Perinatal study (JPS) with data at birth and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) measured at age 32. The PRS was constructed using over 2.1M common SNPs identified in genome-wide association study (GWAS) for BMI. Linear and logistic models were applied in a stepwise approach. We first examined the associations between genetic variables and obesity-related phenotypes (e.g., BMI and WC). Secondly, socio-demographic variables were added and finally perinatal exposures, such as maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (mppBMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) were added to the model. Improvement in prediction of each step was assessed using measures of model discrimination (area under the curve, AUC), net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). One standard deviation (SD) change in PRS was associated with a significant increase in BMI (β = 1.40) and WC (β = 2.45). These associations were slightly attenuated (13.7-14.2%) with the addition of early life exposures to the model. Also, higher mppBMI was associated with increased offspring BMI (β = 0.39) and WC (β = 0.79) (p < 0.001). For obesity (BMI ≥ 30) prediction, the addition of early socio-demographic and perinatal exposures to the PRS model significantly increased AUC from 0.69 to 0.73. At an obesity risk threshold of 15%, the addition of early socio-demographic and perinatal exposures to the PRS model provided a significant improvement in reclassification of obesity (NRI, 0.147; 95% CI 0.068-0.225). Inclusion of early life exposures, such as mppBMI and maternal smoking, to a model based on PRS improves obesity risk prediction in an Israeli population-sample.

Examining body mass index and health-related fitness marker progression of incarcerated minority youth engaged in a sport-leadership program

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a sport-leadership program on minority incarcerated young adults’ health-related fitness markers.Design/methodology/approachThis study occurred at an all-male juvenile detention center. A total of 41 participants in this study were obtained from a sample of 103 incarcerated young adults. Data collection entailed body mass index (BMI) evaluation, cardiovascular endurance tests and 1-min pushups and situps at two different time periods (before and after three months). A 2 × 2 mixed factorial analysis of variances was used to test for differences among the within subjects’ factors (time [pre × post]) and between subjects’ factors (groups [flex × control]) for the above-mentioned dependent variables.FindingsOver the course of three consecutive months of engagement, preliminary indications demonstrated participants had a slight reduction in BMI and significant increases in cardiovascular endurance and muscle strength. Contrarily, during this same time period, non-participating young adults exhibited significant increases in BMI and decreases in cardiovascular endurance and muscle strength.Originality/valueIntegration of sport-leadership programs is generally not free but can be a low-cost alternative for combatting many issues surrounding physical activity, weight gain and recreational time for those incarcerated.

Trajectories of body mass index and combustible and electronic cigarette use across adolescence: Findings from the PATH study

PurposeAssociations between empirically-generated body mass index (BMI) trajectories and risk of current use of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes across adolescence were examined using longitudinal data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. MethodsThe PATH study is an ongoing annual longitudinal population-based study of adolescents. We utilized Waves 1–4 conducted from 2013 to 2017. Adolescents completed self-reported surveys of their height, weight, and current tobacco use at Waves 1–4 and their tobacco weight control beliefs at Waves 1–2. ResultsUsing latent growth mixture modeling, six trajectories of BMI were identified. The largest group (“normal weight increasing;” n = 4,858; 86.6 %), which was used as the comparator in subsequent analyses, consisted of adolescents ages 12–17 who were normal weight at Wave 1 with a significant increase in BMI across Waves 2––4. The “overweight early increasing,” “overweight late increasing,” and “obesity stable” classes had greater likelihood of current combustible cigarette use during the study compared to the “normal weight increasing class.” The “overweight early increasing,” “overweight late increasing,” and “overweight increasing then decreasing” classes showed elevated risk for e-cigarette use during the study. Compared to those in the “normal weight increasing” class, those in the “overweight increasing then decreasing” and “obesity stable” classes had greater weight control beliefs at Wave 1 and those in the “obesity stable” class had greater weight control beliefs at Wave 2. ConclusionsFindings highlight the importance of weight trajectories and weight control beliefs by tobacco product use across adolescence and the need for mechanistic and intervention research.

BMI Increases in Individuals with COVID-19-Associated Olfactory Dysfunction.

(1) Background: Reports suggest COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction (OD) may result in alterations in dietary behaviors and perceived weight change, but few studies using psychophysical evaluation of post-COVID-19-associated chemosensory dysfunction and body mass index (BMI) exist. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of both quantitative and qualitative features of COVID-19-associated OD on BMI; (2) Methods: Recruitment of thirty-one participants with self-reported OD in the form of quantitative loss with and without qualitative features. Surveys with questions specific to qualitative olfactory function, Sniffin' Sticks tests, and BMI measures were completed at two visits, one year apart. Group differences were assessed with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and the Holm-Bonferroni method; (3) Results: Individuals with persistent quantitative OD (n = 15) and self-reported parosmia (n = 19) showed statistically significant increases in BMI after 1 year (p = 0.004, adjusted α = 0.0125; p = 0.011, adjusted α = 0.0167). Controls with transient quantitative OD (n = 16) and participants without self-reported parosmia (n = 12) showed no statistically significant changes in BMI over the same time period (p = 0.079, adjusted α = 0.05; p = 0.028, adjusted α = 0.025); (4) Conclusions: This study shows an association between COVID-19-associated OD and BMI, suggesting olfaction may play a role in altering dietary habits and nutrition in this population. Larger study cohorts are needed to further evaluate this relationship.

Change in BMI in Children Over the First 30 Months After the Start of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.

Our study aim was to assess body mass index (BMI) change in children in the immediate 6 months of the pandemic, to follow longitudinal BMI change up to 30 months after the pandemic start, and to identify sociodemographic factors associated with these changes. Our study included a retrospective chart review of 1298 children 2 to 18 years old with office visits at an Indianapolis primary care clinic. Body mass index and sociodemographic information were collected at visits during 3 time periods: Prepandemic (March 1, 2019-February 28, 2020), Early Pandemic (June 1, 2020-November 30, 2020), and Late Pandemic (December 1, 2020-September 30, 2022). Data analysis indicated statistically significant increases in BMI monthly rate of change from Prepandemic to Early Pandemic periods. Interestingly, BMI rate of change stabilized from Early Pandemic to Late Pandemic periods but remained positive, suggesting children had slower, but persistent, continued BMI increase after the pandemic initiation.

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity, Its Complications, and Progression in a 10-Year Follow-Up in the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)

Introduction: Overweight and obesity lead to numerous complications and their treatment. The associated costs represent a health and sociopolitical burden. Therefore, the development of overweight and obesity is of great importance for health policy. Methods: The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS), a population-based observational study of individuals aged 35–74 years in the city of Mainz and the district of Mainz-Bingen, examined current data on the prevalence and development of overweight and obesity and their association with concomitant diseases and medication use. Results: Among men, 48.1% were overweight and 26.3% had obesity. Among women, these proportions were 32.1% and 24.1%, respectively. Elevated body mass index (BMI) was associated with numerous complications, particularly insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, elevated triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, medications to treat these conditions were used significantly more often in individuals with elevated BMI. During the 10-year observation period, mean weight increased in the population. Both men and women had a moderate but significant increase in BMI compared to men and women of the same age at baseline. Individual weight changes over the 10-year observation period, on the other hand, were age-dependent. In the two younger age decades, weight gain was observed, while in the oldest age decade, mean body weight decreased. Conclusion: These current data confirm that overweight and obesity are associated with relevant complications and that these complications lead to significant use of appropriate medications. The study also suggests that there is a significant trend toward increased prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥30) over the 10-year period.

The improvement effect of food additive analysis in patients with anorexia nervosa

BackgroundAnorexia nervosa is a severe psychological disorder, and current treatment of anorexia nervosa relies on psychotherapy and medical nutritional support. The study applied food additives to the relevant treatment, aiming to help improve the patients’ diet.Subjects and MethodsPatients who met the diagnostic criteria of anorexia nervosa were randomly selected and divided into experimental and control groups, with 25 patients in each group. The experimental group received food additive-assisted treatment, while the control group received only conventional treatment. Before and after treatment, the patients’ body mass index (BMI) and height were measured, and eating disorders were assessed using the EDE-Q. The resultant data were analyzed using SPSS22.0.ResultsAfter treatment, the BMI of the experimental group was significantly higher than that before treatment (F=18.42, P&lt;0.05), while the BMI of the control group did not change significantly (F=9.71, P&gt;0.05). In the EDE-Q scale assessment, the experimental group scored lower than the control group in terms of frequency of binge eating, frequency of emesis, and restriction of eating factor, and the difference was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05).ConclusionsAfter treatment, patients in the experimental group showed a significant increase in BMI, and the frequency of binge eating, frequency of emetic, and restriction of eating factor scores were lower than those of the control group. This suggests that food additives may have potential efficacy in alleviating the symptoms of anorexia nervosa.

Assessment of Blood Lipids in People with Chronic Hypertensive

High blood pressure remains one of the world’s leading health problems. High blood pressure is already manageable, and early detection can prevent complications by using therapy or changing lifestyle to healthy habits. High blood pressure and dyslipidemia are two of the main hazard factors for cardiovascular disease. The current study was conducted on 60 male and female samples aged 35 to 70 years, which divided the samples into three groups each group including 20 samples. The first group are healthy people who don’t have high blood pressure or chronic diseases (control group), the second group of patients with chronic hypertension without treatment but follow lifestyle modification, and the third group of patients with chronic hypertension with treatment the active substance hydrochlorothiazide and Losartan potassium, The regulated questionnaire information was recorded for all members of the sample and was measured the lipid profile test of triglycerides, cholesterol, lipoprotein (HDL, VLDL, LDL) in serum, atherogenic index plasma, body mass index (BMI), waistline. Levels of triglycerides and cholesterol were a non-significant increase in group of patients hypertensive without treatment and a significant increase in group of patients hypertensive with treatment than the control group. The results of lipoproteins showed non-significant differences than the control group while there was a significant increase in the VLDL level of group patients hypertensive with treatment than the control group. The results also indicated non-significant differences in the groups of atherogenic index plasma, body mass index and waistline measurement except for group of patients hypertensive without treatment that showed a significant increase in BMI than control group.

The impact of integrase inhibitors on steatosis and fibrosis biomarkers in persons with HIV naïve to antiretroviral therapy

BackgroundNon-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) has a high prevalence among persons with HIV infection. Since Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) are used worldwide and have been associated with weight gain, we must determine their effect in the development of NAFLD and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) in these patients. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of INSTIs on variation of liver steatosis and fibrosis in the ART-naïve person with HIV, using Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI), Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4), BARD score and NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS).MethodsWe performed a monocentric, retrospective cohort study in ART-naïve persons with HIV that initiated INSTI based regimens between December 2019 and January 2022. Data was collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months after initiation. Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis scores were compared between baseline and last visit at 12 months. Linear regression models were performed to analyse the associations between analytical data at baseline and hepatic scores variation during the 12 months of treatment. Models were performed unadjusted and adjusted for age and sex.Results99 patients were included in our study. 82% were male and median age was 36 years. We observed a significant increase in body mass index (BMI), HDL, platelet count, albumin, and creatinine and a significant decrease in AST levels. HSI showed no statistically significant differences during follow-up (p = 0.114). We observed a significant decrease in FIB-4 (p = 0.007) and NFS (p = 0.002). BARD score showed a significant increase (p = 0.006). The linear regression model demonstrated a significant negative association between baseline HIV RNA and FIB-4 change (β= -0.08, 95% CI [-0.16 to -0.00], p = 0.045), suggesting that higher HIV RNA loads at baseline were associated with a greater decrease in FIB-4.ConclusionINSTIs seem to have no impact on hepatic steatosis, even though they were associated with a significant increase in BMI. This might be explained by the direct effect of a dolutegravir-containing regimen and/or by the “return-to-health effect” observed with ART initiation. Furthermore, INSTIs were associated with a reduction in risk of liver fibrosis in ART-naïve persons with HIV, possibly due to their effect on viral suppression.

Association between Cardiovascular Health, C-Reactive Protein, and Comorbidities in Spanish Urban-Dwelling Overweight/Obese Hypertensive Patients.

The relationship between poorer cardiovascular health metrics (CVHM) plus low-grade inflammation (LGI) and hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) and hypertension-related comorbidities (HRC) in hypertensive populations with an overweight/obese (Ow/Ob) hypertension-related phenotype is understudied. We examined the relationship between the CVHM score and the presence of LGI and Ow/Ob hypertension-associated phenotype morbidities and mortality in 243 hypertensive patients from an urban primary care center. We recorded the baseline CVHM score plus clinical data, including hs-C-reactive protein (CRP) and prevalent and incident HMOD-HRC and death. A total of 26 (10.7%) had a body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2, 95 (31.1%) were overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2), and 122 (50.2%) were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). There were 264 cases of HMOD-HRC and 9 deaths. Higher hs-CRP levels were observed as BMI increased. Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between BMI and hs-CRP, adjusted for confounders. Additionally, individuals with a higher hs-CRP tertile had a significant increase in BMI. Significantly lower log hs-CRP levels were found as the number of ideal CVHM scores rose. Multivariate binary logistic regression found the risk of HMOD-HRC increased significantly as the ideal CVHM scores decreased, and hs-CRP levels also correlated with HMOD-HRC in the whole cohort and in the Ow and Ob subpopulations. These findings highlight the need for early intervention targeting ideal CVHMs among hypertensive individuals with an Ow/Ob phenotype in order to attenuate the inflammatory state and prevent cardiovascular disease.

Body Composition and Physical Performance 1 Year After COVID-19.

Long-term consequences after COVID-19 include physical complaints, which may impair physical recovery and quality of life. We assessed body composition and physical ability in patients 12 months after COVID-19. Consecutively recruited patients recovering from mild to severe COVID-19 were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis, 6-min-walk test, additional scales for physical performance and health-related quality of life. Overall physical recovery was good (i.e., Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended ≥7 in 96%, Modified Rankin Scale ≤1 in 87%, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ≤1 in 99%). Forty-four percent of the 69 patients experienced a significant body mass index increase in the year after COVID-19 (≥1 kg/m 2 ), whereas skeletal muscle mass index was reduced in only 12%. Patients requiring intensive care treatment ( n = 15, 22%) during acute COVID-19 more often had a body mass index increase ( P = 0.002), worse 6-min-walk test-performance ( P = 0.044), and higher body fat mass ( P = 0.030) at the 1-yr follow-up when compared with patients with mild ( n = 22, 32%) and moderate ( n = 32, 46%) acute COVID-19. Body mass index increase was also more frequent in patients who had no professional rehabilitation ( P = 0.014). Although patients with severe COVID-19 had increased body mass index and body fat and performed worse in physical outcome measures 1 yr after COVID-19, overall physical recovery was satisfying. Translating these findings to variants beyond the Alpha strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus needs further studies.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND BODY MASS INDEX OF PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS AND THEIR TREATMENT OUTCOME IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE KERALA

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is a major cause of ill health and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Several socio-demographic factors contributing towards the increasing incidence and development of TB are age, gender, socioeconomic status, smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, living conditions, literacy, family history, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor ventilation, malnutrition, occupation. Primary Objectives: To evaluate the socio-demographic profile and body mass index (BMI) of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and their treatment outcome. Secondary Objectives: 1. To assess the relationship between low SES and new smear positive PTB. 2. To assess malnutrition among diagnosed PTB patients. 3. To know how malnutrition and low SES affect the treatment outcome 4. To assess nutritional status of patients before and after treatment 5. To evaluate the relationship between co morbidity and treatment outcome. Methods: This is a prospective study done in 360 new sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending the department of respiratory medicine, GMC Kannur over 1 year. After full filling the inclusion and exclusion criteria data was collected and the results were organized and analyzed statistically. Results: The total sample size was 360. 29.2%, belonging to 41-50 years with the male preponderance of male: female ratio = 1.7:1. Regarding the socio-demographic profile, 93.3% were natives, and 72.2% were married. 81.9% belonged to the lower caste, 94.7% had nuclear families, with small-sized families of percentage 70, and most of them, 87.2% resided in pucca houses. The majority of cases had a primary level of education and the literacy rate was only 1.9%. 43.3% of Sputum-positive patients were from low SES. Malnutrition (BMI&lt;18.5Kg/m2) was seen in 58% of patients and there was a significant increase in BMI (p&lt; 0.001) after treatment completion. The majority of patients had DM (38.9%).There was statistically significant clearance in CXR after treatment completion (p &lt;0.001). It was found that DM, smoking and CXR shadows can lead to reduced sputum smear conversion and it was statistically significant with statistical significance as follows: DM – OR=0.367,95%CI of OR is 0.181-0.742, p-value- .004, CXR shadows: OR=0.190,95% CI of OR- 0.079-0.460, p value-0.001, current smokers: p value-0.006. Conclusion: In the current study, the majority of patients was having undernutrition (BMI&lt;18.5Kg/m2) and low SES. The nutritional status was improved after treatment completion. Sputum smear conversion at the end of 2 months, which is a key indicator of infectivity, was affected by patients smoking status, DM, and CXR shadow. Hence, education, awareness, smoking cessation, adequate nutritional support, DM control are necessary for control of TB and for achieving the national target.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin in Obesity-Associated Fibrinolytic Dysfunction: Insights From an Animal Study.

Obesity (Obe) is a chronic metabolic disorder usually complicated by impaired fibrinolytic activity. Apigenin (Api) is one of the flavonoids that have anti-adiposity effects. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of Api in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Twenty-four Wistar adult male rats were randomly allocated into control group, supplemented with a normal pellet diet (NPD); Api group, supplemented with Api (10 mg/kg) for eight weeks; Obe group, obesity was induced byfeeding HFD for eight weeks; and Obe/Api group, obese rats supplemented with Api for eight weeks. Body mass index (BMI), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase(t-SOD) activity, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured. Compared to the control group, Obe group exhibited a significant increase in BMI, HOMA-IR, TNF-α, MDA, and PAI-1. These results were also associated with a significant decrease in serum t-SOD activity. Supplementation of Api alleviated the measured deteriorated parameters and ameliorated visceral adiposity in obese rats. This study provides compelling evidence regarding a promising role for Api in ameliorating the impairment of fibrinolytic activity in an Obe animal model. The observed effects are likely mediated through Api's anti-obesity properties, as well as its indirect modulation of PAI-1, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Future clinical studies are recommended that may make benefit of the preclinical therapeutic use of apigenin in obesity-associated fibrinolytic dysfunctions.

The Role of CRP and BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) in Iraqi Premenopausal Women Osteoarthritis Patients

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting 1 in 3 people over the age of 40 and women more so than men The goal of the study is to identify the relationship between body mass index (BMI), and C- reactive protein (CRP), with osteoarthritis (OA) in woman premenopausal subjects. In the study, 30 healthy woman without OA and 60 women patients with OA from general Balad Hospital in Salah Al-Den governorate were both included. Each subject was a premenopausal woman between the ages of 40 and 50. Clinical examination, X-ray diagnosis, and biochemical tests with ELISA and COBOS 6000 were used to determine the diagnosis of OA. This study proved that there is a significant increase in BMI (29.56+ 0.64) and CRP (0.703+ 0.09) mg/ml in premenopausal OA females than their level in the healthy control group (26.58) Kg/m2 and (0.379+0.11) mg/dl respectively. It’s noted that BMI has a negative correlation with CRP. Osteoarthritis in premenopausal women is strongly affected by BMI and CRP levels and it’s recommended to manage obesity and take CRP into consideration in routine OA tests.

Changes in Body Mass Index During Mandatory Forensic Psychiatric Care: Findings from a Long-Term (2009–2020) Cohort Study Based on Swedish Registry Data

Lifespan is reduced by approximately 15 years in individuals suffering from severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Contributing to this is an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, an assortment of factors that confer risk of diabetes type 2 and cardiovascular disease. Body Mass Index (BMI) is predictive of metabolic syndrome. Previous research indicates that the BMI of incarcerated individuals not suffering from a major mental disorder increase during incarceration, especially amongst females. However, information on the development of BMI during forensic psychiatric care is scarcer, and follow-up periods have been short. Thus, the authors extracted data from the Swedish National Forensic Psychiatric Register regarding the longitudinal development of BMI in 3389 individuals who received court mandated forensic psychiatric care in Sweden during 2009–2020. A significant increase in BMI by 1.1% per year was observed during the first four years of care. After this, changes were no longer significant. Factors associated with a larger increase in BMI were female gender, being prescribed antipsychotics, young age at admission, receiving outpatient care, and access to an external support person. There was an inverse association between BMI and symptom severity. Substantial heterogeneity was observed in longitudinal changes in individual BMI and in comparisons between individuals receiving care at different clinics.

Impact of COVID-19 on the body mass index of school students in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

The precautionary restrictions that were imposed on school students in Saudi Arabia have significantly influenced school students' lifestyles and nutrition intake. This paper aims to reveal the effect of the Coronavirus pandemic on school students' body mass index (BMI) in the Al-Ahsa region, which is located in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The study used cross-sectional data that was collected randomly from school students representing all school levels in Al-Ahsa. The paper used a seemingly unrelated regression method, paired t-test, and McNaimar test to examine the factors affecting students' BMI scores before and after the Coronavirus pandemic. The most critical factor that affected the BMI of the school student indirectly is distance learning, where students spent a lot of time in front of electronic devices to study, learn, use social media, and play electronic games. These led to a decrease in their physical activity and an increase in food consumption. All these factors led to a significant increase in BMI for male and female school students. Also, the results show that fruit consumption is associated with a lower BMI score, whereas vegetable consumption is associated with a higher BMI score. The study also revealed that students infected with the Coronavirus have lower BMI scores, on average than students who were not infected with the Coronavirus. The largest impact on school students' BMI is associated with social media usage and Coronavirus infection. To the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first paper to use a seemingly unrelated regression method to reveal the impact of socio-economic and nutritional variables on students’ BMI.