Significant Increase In Alkaline Phosphatase Research Articles

Effect of photo-oxidized Soybean Oil and Palm Olein on some biochemical parameters of Rats

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of sunlight on the quality of soybean oil (SBO) and palm olein (POL) and the consequences of their consumption on some biochemical parameters of rats. SBO and POL were purchased from the local market and divided into five (5) groups of 200 g each and transferred in transparent glass containers. One group served as control and the others exposed to sunlight 8 h/day for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days respectively. Their qualities were tested by measuring the oxidation parameters. Oil samples of days 0, 30 and 60 were administered to sixty male rats aged 28 days and some biochemical parameters evaluated. Results showed significant increase in the peroxide (PV) (8.83–62.63 meq O2 /Kg), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) (3.58–19.99 ppm), acid (AV) (0.27–0.56 % oleic acid) and a decrease in iodine value (IV) (50.45–67.57 g I2 /100 g) in photooxidized oils. Biochemical analysis revealed significant increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (145–194 U/L), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (30–61 U/L), total cholesterol (16–59 mg/dl) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) (4–32 mg/dL) and triglycerides (50–83 mg/dl) in rats fed with photo-oxidized oils compared to control groups. Oils should not be exposed to sunlight.

Hematological, biochemical, and hormonal effects of organochlorine pesticide residues found in canal and tap waters on albino white rats

Analysis of water from the canal that feeds the Damanhour water station and tap water in Damanhour, Beheira Governorate, Egypt, revealed the presence of gamma-HCH, beta-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, p, p D.D.E., dieldrin, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulfate, and endrin ketone. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the adverse effects of administration of the OCl pesticide residues found in canal water (0.0448 µg/ kg b. wt.) and tap water (0.022 µg/ kg b. wt.) to white Albino rats. Results revealed that treatment of male and female rats with a single oral dose of OCl pesticide residues found in both canal and tap water caused slight alteration in Hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC) in male rats, and packed cell volume (PCV) in male and female treated rats relative to control. There was a significant increase in Hb, a decrease in RBC counts in treated female rats, and a significant decrease in WBC count in both male and female rats. There was a slight alteration in GOT, GPT, and G.GT activity in both male and female rats and a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in male rats. Compared to controls, treated rats had substantial increases in uric acid and albumin concentrations and a slight alteration in total protein concentration in the serum. Administration of OCl residues to rats caused no significant effect on male or female progesterone. It caused a significant increase in testosterone concentration in treated female rats and a decrease in the serum of male rats. Compared to controls, treated male rats had slightly lower follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) levels, and treated female rats had higher levels. Also, no significant difference was observed in T4 levels between the control and treated females in treated rats. However, the T4 level increased significantly in the males administered the high O.C.s found in canal water. T3 levels decreased in the serum of male and female rats, but T3 was significantly reduced in male rats given an oral dose of OCl residues in canal water. Unlike their effects on T3 levels, the impact of OCl residues on T4 levels in this study was inconsistent in treated rats. Conclusions: Administration of a single oral dose of OCl pesticide residues found in both canal and tap water to rats caused significant and non-significant alteration in some hematological, biochemical, and hormonal biomarkers in the serum of treated rats compared to control.

Irisin-loaded electrospun core-shell nanofibers as calvarial periosteum accelerate vascularized bone regeneration by activating the mitochondrial SIRT3 pathway.

The scarcity of native periosteum poses a significant clinical barrier in the repair of critical-sized bone defects. The challenge of enhancing regenerative potential in bone healing is further compounded by oxidative stress at the fracture site. However, the introduction of artificial periosteum has demonstrated its ability to promote bone regeneration through the provision of appropriate mechanical support and controlled release of pro-osteogenic factors. In this study, a poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/hyaluronic acid (HA)-based nanofibrous membrane was fabricated using the coaxial electrospinning technique. The incorporation of irisin into the core-shell structure of PLLA/HA nanofibers (PLLA/HA@Irisin) achieved its sustained release. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the PLLA/HA@Irisin membranes exhibited favorable biocompatibility. The osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) was improved by PLLA/HA@Irisin, as evidenced by a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization. Mechanistically, PLLA/HA@Irisin significantly enhanced the mitochondrial function of BMMSCs via the activation of the sirtuin 3 antioxidant pathway. To assess the therapeutic effectiveness, PLLA/HA@Irisin membranes were implanted in situ into critical-sized calvarial defects in rats. The results at 4 and 8 weeks post-surgery indicated that the implantation of PLLA/HA@Irisin exhibited superior efficacy in promoting vascularized bone formation, as demonstrated by the enhancement of bone matrix synthesis and the development of new blood vessels. The results of our study indicate that the electrospun PLLA/HA@Irisin nanofibers possess characteristics of a biomimetic periosteum, showing potential for effectively treating critical-sized bone defects by improving the mitochondrial function and maintaining redox homeostasis of BMMSCs.

Tomato growth and physiology as well as soil physicochemical and biological properties affected by ozonated water in a saline agroecosystem

Current trends in agriculture are focused on implementing sustainable practices that avoid the use of chemical compounds. It is important to propose environmentally friendly methods, which may enhance plant growth physiology and yield without affecting soil microbial community as much. In this context, irrigation with ozonated water could be a potential strategy to reduce some chemical compounds in soils due to the degradative power of ozone. Here, we studied the impact of irrigation with ozonated water on the microbial community of a Mediterranean soil, and on Solanum lycopersicum L. agro-physiology and productivity in a greenhouse experiment. To this end, we evaluated: i) soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, microbial biomass via fatty acid analysis, microbial diversity (via amplicon sequencing), and ii) the nutrient content, physiology, phytohormone content, yield, and fruit quality of tomato plants. Our results indicate that soil physicochemical properties were significantly affected by the irrigation with ozonated water (OZ). We observed an increase in the content of total organic carbon (TOC), water-soluble nitrogen (WSN) and ammonium, and a decrease in soil pH due to the OZ treatment. In addition, a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and fungal and bacterial biomass was also observed in the OZ treatment. It was observed that the prokaryotic community structure was affected by the OZ treatment, while that of fungi was undisturbed. The OZ treatment increased the photosynthetic rates of tomato plants and maintained water conditions when compared to control plants. The increased trans-Zeatin riboside (tZ-Rib) could provide rapid apical and root growth allowing adaptation to the new growing conditions. However, a more in-depth study on the physiological response of the plant to this treatment would be of interest, as it would help with the implementation of this strategy in agricultural fields in a safe manner, and with obtaining higher plant yields.

Markhamia lutea leaves aqueous and ethanolic extract with curative anti-inflammatory activity attenuates paclitaxel toxicity in rat's intestine.

Markhamia lutea (M.lutea, Bignoniaceae) is mainly found in tropical/neotropical regions of America, Africa and Asia. The plant's leaves, stems or roots are used to treat anaemia, bloody diarrhoea, parasitic and microbial infections. This study evaluates anti-inflammatory properties (invitro) of Markhamia lutea and their curative effects on paclitaxel-induced intestinal toxicity (invivo). The anti-inflammatory potential of Markhamia lutea was tested over cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes (cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase). While invivo, intestinal toxicity was induced for 10days by oral administration of paclitaxel (3 mg/kg, 0.05 mL). Animals in each group were further treated with aqueous (300 mg/kg) and ethanolic (300 mg/kg) leaves extracts of Markhamia lutea during 7days and clinical symptoms were recorded, hematological, biochemical and histological analysis were subsequently performed. In vitro, aqueous (250 μg/mL) and ethanolic (250 μg/mL) extracts of Markhamia lutea inhibited the activities of cyclooxygenase 1 (56.67 % and 69.38 %), cyclooxygenase 2 (50.67 % and 62.81 %) and 5-lipoxygenase (77.33 % and 86.00 %). These extracts inhibited the production of intracellular ROS, extracellular ROS and cell proliferation with maximum IC50 of 30.83 μg/mL, 38.67 μg/mL and 19.05 μg/mL respectively for the aqueous extract, then 25.46 μg/mL, 27.64 μg/mL and 7.34 μg/mL respectively for the ethanolic extract. The extracts also inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6) and stimulated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). In vivo, after administration of paclitaxel, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Markhamia lutea significantly reduced the weight loss, the diarrheal stools and the mass/length intestines ratio of the treated animals compared to the animals of the negative control group. Biochemically, the extracts lead to a significant drop in serum creatinine and alanine aminotransferase levels, followed by a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase. In addition to bringing the haematological parameters back to normal values after disturbance by paclitaxel, the extracts caused tissue regeneration in the treated animals. In vitro, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Markhamia lutea showed anti-inflammatory properties (inhibition of COX1, COX2, 5-LOX activities, inhibition of ROS production and cell proliferation); invivo, the same extracts showed curative properties against intestinal toxicity caused by paclitaxel.

Toll-like receptors and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway involvement in hepatorenal oxidative damage induced by some food preservatives in rats

Chemical food preservatives are extensively found in various processed food products in the human environment. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to five food preservatives (potassium sorbate (PS), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), sodium benzoate (SB), calcium propionate (CP), and boric acid (BA)) on the liver and kidney in rats and the probable underlying mechanisms. For 90 days, sixty male albino rats were orally given either water (control), 0.09 mg/kg b.wt BHA, 4.5 mg/kg b.wt PS, 0.9 mg/kg b.wt SB, 0.16 mg/kg b.wt BA, or 0.18 mg/kg b.wt CP. Liver and kidney function tests were assessed. Hepatic and renal oxidative stress biomarkers were estimated. Histologic examination analysis of liver and kidney tissues was achieved. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR-2 and TLR-4), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) mRNA expression levels were measured. The results revealed that long-term oral dosing of the five food preservatives resulted in significant increases in alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels. There were significant reductions in hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes, an increase in MDA concentrations, and pathological alterations in renal and hepatic tissues. The mRNA levels of TLR-4, TLR-2, NF-κB, and TNF-α were elevated in the food preservatives-exposed groups. Conclusively, the current findings revealed that long-term exposure to PS, BHA, SB, CP, and BA has a negative impact on liver and kidney function. Furthermore, these negative effects could be mediated via oxidative stress induction, inflammatory reactions, and cytokine production.

Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of entecavir or probiotics on Oxaliplatin-Induced Liver Injury in the rats

Oxaliplatin (OXA), a current cancer chemotherapeutic, has low efficacy and is linked to serious adverse effects, including liver damage. We anticipated that probiotics and entecavir would help reduce OXA-induced liver damage because the pathophysiology of drug-induced liver damage is thought to be related to the disordered gut microbiota. Twenty-four rats were used in this study and divided into 4 groups: control group (n=6), OXA group (n=6), entecavir (ENT) group (n=6), and probiotics (PRO) group (n=6). After 3 weeks, all rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1. Serum measurement of biochemical parameters showed a significant increase in ALP in the OXA group compared to the control group (p<0.0001). The treatment with ENT or PRO along with OXA alleviated these changes. Significant elevation of serum ALT (p=0.041) and non-significant (p=0.210) increase of AST was observed in OXA-treated rats as compared with control rats. The administration of ENT or PRO along OXA restored these changes, but they did not reach the levels of control rats. Significant elevations of serum IL-1 (p=0.024) and a non-significant (p=0.114) increase of IL-6 were observed in OXA-treated rats compared to control rats. The administration of ENT or PRO along OXA reduced inflammatory cytokines' levels but they did not return to the baseline. The treatment with ENT or PRO was beneficial in reducing the severity of OXA-induced liver injury, likely by reducing inflammatory responses and liver function tests.

Isolation and characterization of apical papilla cells from root end of human third molar and their differentiation into cementoblast cells: an in vitro study

BackgroundPeriodontal regeneration, treatment of periodontal-related diseases and improving the function of implants are global therapeutic challenges. The differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla into cementoblasts may provide a strategy for periodontitis treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the differentiation of primary human stem cells apical papilla (hSCAPs) to cementoblast cells.Material and methodsSCAPs cells were isolated from human third molar and then incubated for 21 days in a differentiation microenvironment. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin red S staining assays were performed to evaluate the calcium deposition and formation of hydroxyapatite in the cultured hSCAPs microenvironment. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was performed for cementum protein 1 (CEMP1), collagen type I (COL1), F-Spondin (SPON1), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) as specific markers of cementoblasts and their progenitors.ResultsALP phosphatase activity in day 21 of treatment demonstrated a significant increase in ALP compared to the control. Alizarin red S staining assay showed that the differentiated hSCAPs offered a great amount of calcium deposition nodules compared to the control. The increased expression level of CEMP1, OCN, OPN, COL1 and Spon1 was observed in days 7, 14 and 21 compared to the control, while greatest expression level was observed in day 21.ConclusionIn conclusion, the differentiation microenviroment is convenient and useful for promoting the differentiation of hSCAPs into cementoblast.

Aetiopathology of canine hepatitis in Kerala

Hepatitis in dogs could be due to infectious, toxic or metabolic causes. Among infectious causes, leptospira, canine adenovirus (CAV 1) and babesia are responsible at varying levels, depending on the local geo-climatic conditions. This study, conducted on 40 dogs with clinical signs of hepatitis in Thrissur, Kerala, revealed occurrence of 2.5 per cent (1/40) for CAV 1, 20 per cent (8/40) for leptospirosis and 22.5 per cent (9/40) for babesiosis. The aetiologies were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the E3 gene for CAV 1, microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for leptospirosis and peripheral blood smear examination for babesiosis. Haematological profile of CAV 1 infected animals revealed thrombocytopaenia, lymphopaenia, monocytopaenia and granulocytosis. Serum biochemical analysis divulged elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin and creatinine, with decreased total protein and albumin. Significant decrease in volume of packed red cells (VPRC), haemoglobin (Hb) and total erythrocyte count (TEC), with significant increase in total leukocyte count (TLC) were evident in dogs positive for leptospirosis. Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant increase in ALP, AST and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and significant decrease in total protein. Severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia with mild leucocytosis and significant increase in ALP and total bilirubin, with hypoproteinemia were noticed in animals with babesiosis.

Mechanical strain induces ex vivo expansion of periosteum.

Segmental bone defects present complex clinical challenges. Nonunion, malunion, and infection are common sequalae of autogenous bone grafts, allografts, and synthetic bone implants due to poor incorporation with the patient's bone. The current project explores the osteogenic properties of periosteum to facilitate graft incorporation. As tissue area is a natural limitation of autografting, mechanical strain was implemented to expand the periosteum. Freshly harvested, porcine periosteum was strained at 5 and 10% per day for 10 days with non-strained and free-floating samples serving as controls. Total tissue size, viability and histologic examination revealed that strain increased area to a maximum of 1.6-fold in the 10% daily strain. No change in tissue anatomy or viability via MTT or Ki67 staining and quantification was observed among groups. The osteogenic potential of the mechanical expanded periosteum was then examined in vivo. Human cancellous allografts were wrapped with 10% per day strained, fresh, free-floating, or no porcine periosteum and implanted subcutaneously into female, athymic mice. Tissue was collected at 8- and 16-weeks. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in the fresh periosteum group at 8-weeks post implantation compared to all other groups. Values among all groups were similar at week 16. Additionally, histological assessment with H&E and Masson-Goldner Trichrome staining showed that all periosteal groups outperformed the non-periosteal allograft, with fresh periosteum demonstrating the highest levels of new tissue mineralization at the periosteum-bone interface. Overall, mechanical expansion of the periosteum can provide increased area for segmental healing via autograft strategies, though further studies are needed to explore culture methodology to optimize osteogenic potential.

Inhibitory Effect of Ulmus davidiana and Cornus officinalis Extracts on Osteoporotic Bone Loss In Vitro and In Vivo.

Background and Objectives: Traditional herbal medicines are becoming more popular as a complementary medication as they have the advantages of being mostly harmless and safe, causing fewer side-effects than conventional medications. Here, we demonstrate the inhibitory effects of the combination of Ulmus davidiana (UD) and Cornus officinalis (CO) extracts on osteoporotic bone loss. Materials and Methods: This study presented osteogenic effects in primary cultured osteoblasts, pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell lines, and osteoclastogenic effects in osteoclasts derived from bone marrow monocytes, and finally, protective effects on bone loss in an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic animal model. Results: A significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was observed following treatment with UD and CO mixtures (8:2, 7:3, and 5:5 ratios) and individual UD and CO extracts, with the highest ALP activity being detected for the treatment with UD and CO extracts at a 5:5 ratio. An optimal ratio of UD and CO (UC) extract promoted osteoblast differentiation in both pre-osteoblastic cells and primary osteoblasts by increasing osteoblastic markers such as Alpl, Runx2, and Bglap. However, treatment with the UC extract inhibited osteoclast differentiation with a decreased expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes, including Ctsk, Acp5, Mmp9, and Nfatc1. In addition, UC treatment prevented osteoporotic bone loss in OVX mice and improved impaired skeletal structure parameters. Conclusions: This study suggests that combined UD and CO extracts may be a beneficial traditional medicine for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Hepatitis B virus genotype is an independent prognostic factor of telbivudine and tenofovir treatment in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive pregnant women.

To investigate whether HBV genotype influences the effect of tenofovir and telbivudine on HBV DNA and RNA levels in HBsAg‐positive pregnant women. This was a retrospective study of 74 HBsAg‐positive pregnant women in Guizhou of China. All patients were treated with telbivudine or tenofovir from 12 weeks of pregnancy and HBV infection to the date of delivery. Blood samples were collected at 12–24, 28–32, and 36–40 weeks of pregnancy for the measurement of genotype, HBsAg, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HBV DNA, HBV RNA, and liver function, including alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total bilirubin, total bile acids, cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma‐glutamyl transferase. All women with HBsAg were followed up. The HBV genotype was B in 64.9% and C in 35.1%. There were 37 patients of telbivudine and tenofovir group respectively. The telbivudine and tenofovir groups showed no differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, including liver function tests, HBsAg, HBeAg, log10(HBV DNA), and log10(HBV RNA). Compared with baseline (12–24 weeks), telbivudine group showed a significant increase in ALP and significant reductions in HBsAg, HBeAg, log10(HBV DNA), and log10(HBV RNA) at 36–40 weeks (p < .05). Tenofovir group exhibited a significant increase in ALP and significant reductions in HBeAg, log10(HBV DNA), and log10(HBV RNA) at 36–40 weeks, compared with baseline (p < .05). HBV genotype (B vs. C) was independently associated with HBV DNA change after therapy (p = .005). In telbivudine group, log10 (HBV DNA) increased from 3.38 (2.00–7.30) to 7.43 (4.68–8.70). In tenofovir group, log10 (HBV DNA) decreased from 7.52 (3.32–8.70) to 2.98 (2.00–5.01). HBV genotype was independently associated with HBV DNA change response to telbivudine or tenofovir in pregnant women with hepatitis B. These findings might be helpful for risk assessment regarding vertical transmission of HBV in HBeAg‐positive mothers treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues.

Transient Hyperphosphatasemia in an Adolescent and an Adult Renal Transplant Patient

In renal transplant patients receiving immunosuppression, a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) might be indicative of liver or bone diseases caused by many factors. In infancy and early childhood, a transient and therefore benign increase in ALP often has been described, usually during a course of infectious disease. Rarely, transient hyperphosphatasemia occurs in adults. We herein present 2 cases of transient hyperphosphatasemia in an adolescent and an adult renal transplant recipient, respectively. In the first case, a 17-year-old adolescent presented with an ALP value up to 2451 U/L, reporting no symptoms. In the second case, a 56-year-old woman with a second well-functioning kidney transplant presented with an ALP value up to 1532 U/L, without symptoms. In both cases, the biochemical profile and ultrasound study were negative for liver disease while no viral or other type of infection was detected. Bone scanning was within normal range and parathyroid hormone was also normal. However, bone ALP was measured at 8.9 and 11.9 times, respectively, above reference values. ALP electrophoresis had a characteristic pattern with involvement of both liver and bone-specific isoforms. About 6 weeks after their peak, ALP values gradually returned to normal range. Benign transient hyperphosphatasemia, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of isolated ALP increase, even in adult patients with kidney transplant. Electrophoresis of ALP could narrow the diagnostic procedure in cases when neither liver nor bone disease is clinically apparent.

The role of lithium in the osteogenic bioactivity of clay nanoparticles.

LAPONITE® clay nanoparticles are known to exert osteogenic effects on human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSCs), most characteristically, an upregulation in alkaline phosphatase activity and increased calcium deposition. The specific properties of LAPONITE® that impart its bioactivity are not known. In this study the role of lithium, a LAPONITE® degradation product, was investigated through the use of lithium salts and lithium modified LAPONITE® formulations. In contrast to intact particles, lithium ions applied at concentrations equivalent to that present in LAPONITE®, failed to induce any significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in ALP activity with modified clay structures and the positive effect on osteogenic gene expression did not correlate with the lithium content of modified clays. These results suggest that other properties of LAPONITE® nanoparticles, and not their lithium content, are responsible for their bioactivity.

Evaluation of Hemato-Biochemical Parameters, Body and Organ Weight and Reproductive Profile Changes in Response to Receiving Different Levels of Indomie Noodles in Albino Rats

The Indomie noodles are an instant noodle sold dried in packets or cups. The noodles are quick and easy to make and can be eaten as a snack or part of the main meal. This study was designed to examine the possible effect of different levels of Indomie noodles on the hematological biochemical profile, organosomatic index and male fertility indices in healthy adult albino rats. In an experimental study, twenty male rats of average weight 115 g (divided into four groups) and twenty female rats of average weight 100 g (divided into four groups). Each group consists of five rats. Group A is the control group and was fed with standard rat feed. In contrast, groups B, C and D were supplied with 25 %, 50 % and 75 % Indomie instant noodles cooked and spiced with the seasoning. The administration was carried out for 8 w. The result showed that the body weight, expressed as growth rate, showed that rats exposed to the 75 % Indomie noodle formulated diets had significantly minimum growth rates than controls and other two different groups. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the organosomatic index (kidney, liver, brain and testes) of rats fed on a diet containing 75 % Indomie noodles. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in lymphocytes percentage, with a decrease in monocytes and granulocyte percentages compared to the control group. Red blood cell indices examination showed a reduction in mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin and mean cell hemoglobin concentration value. A diet containing 75 % Indomie noodles appeared to the highest significant decrease in total serum protein and serum uric acid with a significant increase of alkaline phosphatase and blood urea at 25 %, 50 % and 75 % in comparison to the control group. However, aspartate aminotransferase results show a significant difference at 75 % compared to 0 %. On the other, evaluation of various sperm parameters showed there was a significant reduction in sperm concentration, motility and viability between treated groups in comparison to the untreated group in response to an increase in the percent of Indomie noodles in the diet and their plasma testosterone levels of the treated groups decreased insignificantly than those of the control group.

The Effect of Aerobic Training on Parathyroid Hormone and Alkaline Phosphatase as Bone Markers in Men with Mild to Moderate Asthma

Background and Aim: Inhalation of corticosteroids in patients with asthma is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis. This study aimed to assess the effect of aerobic training on alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) as bone biomarkers in men with mild to moderate asthma. Methods: Twenty four sedentary middle-aged men with asthma aged 40±5 years were randomly assigned to two groups as exercise (aerobic training, n=12) and control (no training, n =12). Aerobic training was performed 3 days a week for 12 weeks in the form of running on a flat surface at 60-75% of HRmax. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after the training program for measuring serum ALP and PTH. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between groups with regard to anthropometrical and bone markers at baseline (p>0.05). Aerobic training resulted in significant increase in ALP (p = 0.023) and PTH (p = 0.016) in exercise individuals. All variables remained unchanged in the control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: With an emphasis on the increase in ALP and PTH, it is concluded that relatively long-term aerobic exercise is associated with improved bone formation markers in patients with asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids. *Corresponding Author: Mojtaba Eizadi; Email: izadim@iau-saveh.ac.ir Please cite this article as: Eizadi M, Behboudi L, Afsharmand Z. The Effect of Aerobic Training on Parathyroid Hormone and Alkaline Phosphatase as Bone Markers in Men with Mild to Moderate Asthma. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2020;6:1-9 (e20). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6. 33535

Fibronectin/thermo-responsive polymer scaffold as a dynamic ex vivo niche for mesenchymal stem cells.

In this paper, we created a dynamic adhesive environment (DAE) for adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) cultured on smart thermo-responsive substrates, i.e., poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM), via introducing periodic changes in the culture temperature. We further explored the particular role of adsorbed fibronectin (FN), an important cell adhesive protein that was recently attributed to the recruitment of stem cells in the niche. The engineered FN/PNIPAM DAE system significantly increased the symmetric renewal of ADMSCs, particularly between passages 7 and 9 (p7-p9), before it dropped down to the level of the control (FN-coated TC polystyrene). This decline in the growth curve was consistent with the increased number of senescent cells, the augmented average cell size and the suppressed FN matrix secretion at late passages (p10-p12), all of them characteristic for stem cells ageing, which equivocally tended to slow down at our DAE system. FN supported also the osteogenic response of ADMSCs (apart from the previous observations with plain PNIPAM substrata) indicated by the significant increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at days 7 and 14. The minimal changes in the Ca deposition, however, suggest a restricted effect of DAE on the early osteogenic response of ADMSCs only. Thus, the engineering of niche-like DAE involving FN uncovers a new tissue engineering strategy for gaining larger amounts of functionally active stem cells for clinical application.

The Effect of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 on the Osteoblast-like Cells Cultured on Implant

AIM: The aim of the study was to study the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7) on the osteoblast-like cells cultured on implant.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The osteoblast-like osteo-1 cell line was used in this experiment and derived from the parietal bone tissue of newborn albino rats. The cells were incubated in a humid atmosphere of 95% air and 5% carbon dioxide at 37°C. The medium was changed every 2 days. Four groups were conducted as follows osteoclast-like cell (machined), implanted osteoclast-like cell on titanium (Ti) (modified), osteoclast-like cell supplemented with BMP-7 (Machined + BMP-7), and implanted osteoclast-like cell on Ti and supplemented with BMP-7 (Modified + BMP-7).&#x0D; RESULTS: Cell proliferation was influenced by rhBMP-7, as demonstrated by a significant increase in collagen content after 7 and 21 days of culture (p = 0.005) and a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after 7 days (p &lt; 0.001). The addition of rhBMP-7 influenced ALP activity, and a significant increase was observed after 21 days (p &lt; 0.001).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the study, we concluded that the presence of rhBMP-7 did not influence cell adhesion to chemically modified Ti surfaces but provided an additional stimulus during the differentiation of rat osteo-1 cells cultured on this type of surface.

Biochemical Effects of Silver Nanomaterials in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells.

In dose-response and structure-activity studies, human hepatic HepG2 cells were exposed to between 0.01 and 300 ug/ml of different silver nanomaterials and AgNO₃ for 3 days. Treatment chemicals included a custom synthesized rod shaped nano Ag, a glutathione capped nano Ag, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped nano Ag (75 nm) from Nanocomposix and AgNO₃. Various biochemical parameters were then evaluated to study cytotoxicity, cell growth, hepatic function and oxidative stress. Few indications of cytotoxicity were observed between 0.1 ug/ml and 6 ug/ml of any nano Ag. At 10 ug/ml and above, Ag containing nanomaterials caused a moderate to severe degree of cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase activity alterations were the most sensitive cytotoxicity parameters. Some biochemical parameters were altered by exposures to both nano Ag and AgNO₃ (statistically significant increases in alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, glutathione peroxidase and triglycerides; in contrast both glutathione reductase and HepG2 protein concentration were both decreased). Three parameters were significantly altered by nano Ag but not by AgNO₃ (decreases in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and thioredoxin reductase and increases in catalase). Cytotoxicity per se did not appear to fully explain the patterns of biological responses observed. Some of the observations with the three nano Ag (increases in alkaline phosphatase, catalase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, as well as decreases in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase) are in the same direction as HepG2 responses to other nanomaterials composed of TiO₂, CeO₂, SiO₂, CuO and Cu. Therefore, these biochemical responses may be due to micropinocytosis of nanomaterials, membrane damage, oxidative stress and/or cytotoxicity. Decreased G6PDH (by all three nano Ag forms) and GRD activity (only nano Ag R did not cause decreases) support and are consistent with the oxidative stress theory of Ag nanomaterial action.

Protective Effect of DPPD on Mercury Chloride-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Rats

Mercury is a global environmental pollutant, accumulating mainly in the kidney and liver inducing hepatorenal toxicity, oxidative stress, and tissue damage. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between free radicals' production and cellular antioxidant defense systems. In the present study, we investigated the effect of N N′-diphenyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine (DPPD) antioxidant activity against mercury chloride- (HgCl2-) induced renal and hepatic toxicity. Thirty adult female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three equal groups: the first group was injected with saline only and served as a control, the second group was injected with HgCl2, and the third group received DPPD + HgCl2 rats injected with HgCl2 without treatment showing a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, and uric acids compared to control. Moreover, the second group showed a significant reduction in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH)) in addition to a marked increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, histopathological alterations, collagen deposition, CD8%, CD4%, and TGF-β% in kidney and liver tissues compared with the control group. Treatment with DPPD showed significant recovery (p ≤ 0.001) in all previous parameters and histopathological examination. In conclusion, we suggested that DPPD may have a promising antioxidant capacity, gives it the applicability to be used as a prophylactic agent against mercury-induced hepatorenal cytotoxicity in the future.