Significant Increase In Plasma Glucose Research Articles

The Effect of Some Different Blood Anticoagulants on Rabbits Plasma Biochemical Parameters under Different Temperatures

The aim of present study was to compare the effect of Ca chelating anticoagulants (EDTA, citrate and oxalate) and antithrombin anticoagulant (heparin) on some rabbits plasma biochemical parameters at room temperature 25℃ and extreme temperatures -18℃and 50℃ for 1hr. Five male rabbits weighting between 800-1000gm, kept in the animal house /College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Diyala, under 12:12 dark light cycle with ad libtum food and water in individual cages (60cm,40cm) during November and December /2022. Four ml of blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture (23G needle) into four tubes contain anticoagulants: (EDTA, citrate, oxalate and heparin)one ml of blood for each tube; then the blood samples were kept at :room temperature 25℃, waterbath50℃ and refrigerator -18 ℃, for 1hr then put in centrifuge at 3000rpm for 15min. From total examined blood samples =24 for each Ca chelating anticoagulants (EDTA, citrate and oxalate) and antithrombin anticoagulant (heparin) after 1hr under in 25c℃ , -18℃ and 50℃. The both groups of anticoagulants (Ca chelating and antithrombin) showed no significant differences P>0.05 between them in level of biochemical parameters (glucose, total protein, cholesterol and urea) after 1 hr at 25C; on the other hand significant increase in plasma glucose, total protein and cholesterol beside significant decrease in plasma urea of Ca chelating anticoagulants after 1hr at -18C and 50C as compare with antithrombin anticoagulant. In conclusion; heparin was more effective than Ca chelating anticoagulant in preserve plasma biochemical parameters within normal values under extreme cool and hot condition.

Antidiabetic activity of mango peel extract and mangiferin in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

BackgroundIn diabetic animals, there is a significant increase in plasma glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels, and decreased body weight, liver and muscle glycogen, and high-density lipoprotein. Effective treatment of diabetes mellitus is not yet known, even though the management of diabetes mellitus is considered a global concern. Plants and herbs have played an important role in the healthcare of many societies throughout history. Today’s researchers are investigating the potential for using these nonpharmaceutical approaches to treat and control diabetes, either in conjunction with standard treatments or as an alternative to them. Herbal formulations are favored because to lower cost and fewer side effects compared to other methods for alleviating diabetes and its consequences. In ethnomedicinal practices, different parts of Mangifera indica are used to treatment of diabetes. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of an ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica and mangiferin in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This experiment was conducted in a set of two with four groups of animals namely control (Tc), treatment alloxan (Ta), treatment extract (Tae), and treatment mangiferin (Tam). To develop diabetes, Wistar rats treated with 150 mg/kg b.w. of alloxan monohydrate were injected intraperitoneally. Tae and Tam’s groups received a freshly prepared single dose of extract and mangiferin in distilled water via the oral route. All experimental groups received laboratory pallet feed diet and drinking water ad libitum. Diabetic rats were treated for 21 days with an ethanolic extract of mango peel and pure mangiferin orally daily at rates of 200 mg/kg b.w. and 20 mg/kg b.w.ResultsAn alloxan-induced diabetic rat treated with mango peel extract and mangiferin significantly improved the overhead impact due to diabetes. There was a significant (p < 0.05) body weight loss in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Ta), whereas animals given mango peel extract and mangiferin showed a significant increase in body weight from 2 weeks onwards in comparison with control. Alloxan-induced rats (Ta) group have higher blood glucose levels and are significantly different (p < 0.01) from the control group. Mango peel extract and mangiferin significantly reduced the levels of fasting glucose after 21 days of treatment in comparison with diabetic animals. Mango peel extract and mangiferin influence the glycogen synthesis pathway in diabetes groups by increasing glycogen levels in muscle and liver. mango peel extract and mangiferin were found to have a nonsignificant impact on plasma cholesterol and HDL levels compared with the control group. Mango peel extract was found to have a significant difference (p < 0.05) in LDL levels compared with the control group. Mangiferin was found to have a significant difference (p < 0.05) in triglyceride and VLDL levels when compared with the control group. Histopathological examination of the pancreas in rats with type I diabetes caused by alloxan found that therapy with an ethanolic extract of mango peel and mangiferin restored beta cell function as well as rejuvenation of Islets of Langerhans.ConclusionsMango peel extract and mangiferin have antidiabetic, glycogenesis, and hypolipidemic properties when administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Graphical abstract

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate increases plasma glucose and induces lipid metabolic disorders via FoxO1 in adult mice

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) commonly used as a plasticizer, is responsible for widespread environmental pollution. Epidemiological and experimental data implicate DEHP and its metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in the occurrence and development of metabolic syndrome. However, the specific effects and potential mechanisms of action of DEHP on glucose and lipid metabolism in adults are currently unclear. In the current study, adult male mice were continuously exposed to DEHP (0, 5, and 25 mg/kg/day) via oral administration and changes in glucose and lipid metabolism explored. Notably, exposure to DEHP led to a significant increase in plasma glucose and hepatic lipid accumulation but had no effect on insulin secretion. Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR showed that DEHP induced insulin resistance and promoted gluconeogenesis and lipid accumulation via overexpression of forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), in keeping with hepatic RNA sequencing data. Variations in gut microbiota aggravated these effects while inhibition of FoxO1 reversed the adverse effects of DEHP. Our findings support a key role of FoxO1 in disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism caused by DEHP.

Oxidative Effects in Streptozotocin-induced Male and Female Mice: The Effect of Garlic Oil and Melatonin

Background: Recent studies have revealed that a hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide can be the first event in the activation of all pathways involved in the pathogenesis of complications of diabetes. Supplementation of garlic was found to decrease diabetes-induced oxidative stress complications. Studies shown also that melatonin attenuates diabetes‐induced oxidative stress in diabetic induced rabbits and rats. &#x0D; Objective: In this present study, oxidative stress in diabetic model and the effect of garlic oil or melatonin treatment were examined in both genders' male and females' mice.&#x0D; Methods: 96 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups including control (C), diabetic (D), melatonin 10 mg/kg (D+M), garlic extract 100 mg/kg (D+G) and combined melatonin and garlic (D+M+G). All treatments were given orally daily for 16 weeks after induction of hyperglycemia by streptozocin (STZ). Fasting blood glucose and antioxidant levels were estimated.&#x0D; Results: Streptozotocin induced diabetic mice, showed a significant increase of plasma glucose, lipid peroxide and uric acid. Accordingly, significant decreases in the levels of antioxidants ceruloplasmin were found in the plasma of diabetic mice. Treatment of diabetic mice with garlic oil or melatonin for 16 weeks significantly increased plasma levels of ceruloplasmin activities. Lipid peroxides, uric acid, blood glucose was decreased significantly after treatment with garlic oil or melatonin.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results suggest that garlic oil or melatonin may effectively normalize the impaired antioxidants status in streptozotocin induced diabetes in both males and females mice.

Anti- diabetic activity of new Synthesized Flavonoid compound

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, of various organs. Objectives: Study aims to assess the role of new Synthesized Flavonoid compound on experimentally induced diabetes. Methods: 50 adult male albino rats divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (control group, rats were orally administered with 1 ml saline daily). Group 2 (DMSO group, rats were orally administered with 0.2 % DMSO for 60 day orally). Group 3 (positive control, animals were injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg/kg b.wt streptozotocin followed by intraperitoneal injection with 120 mg/kg b.wt of Nicotinamide after 15 minute).Group 4 (standard group, diabetic animals treated with 100 mg/kg b.wt of metformin for 60 day orally). Group 5 (therapeutic group, diabetic rats treated with 50 mg /kg b.wt of Ethyl 2-amino-4-phenyl-4H-benzo(h)chromene-3-carboxylate for 60 day orally). At the end of experimental period blood serum & plasma samples, liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues were collected. Results: diabetic rats showed significant increase in plasma glucose, serum urea, creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride . Also significant increase in mean level of Fetuin A and Netrin-1 in serum and different organs (Liver, kidney, Pancreas) in compared to control group. Oral administration of Ethyl 2-amino-4-phenyl-4H-benzo(h)chromene-3-carboxylate cause decrease in elevated biochemical parameters. Also, decrease Fetuin A and Netrin-1 levels when compared with diabetic rats. Molecular docking studies confirmed binding of compound with Fetuin A and Netrin-1 proteins in terms of energy and revealed of the existence of hydrogen bond ,hydrophobic interaction,Our results were confirmed by histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue. Conclusion: this study suggests that Ethyl 2-amino-4-phenyl-4H-benzo(h)chromene-3-carboxylate exihibits antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats.

Antioxidant potential of biflavonoid attenuates hyperglycemia by modulating the carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in high fat diet/streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

ABSTRACT Objectives: The present study was to isolate the biflavonoid (a bimolecular kaemferol structured molecule) and test its efficacy on oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolic key enzymes in control and high fat diet and streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats. Methods: Type 2 diabetes was induced in male albino wistar rats by feeding them with high fat diet comprising of 84.3% standard laboratory chow, 5% lard, 10% yolk powder, cholesterol 0.2%, and 0.5% bile salt for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, the animals were kept in an overnight fast and injected with low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5). Results: At the end of the experimental period, diabetic control rats showed significant increase in plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with concomitant decrease in plasma insulin, total hemoglobin and body weight. The activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid peroxidation markers, antioxidant enzymes, glycogen content and glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase were also altered in diabetic rats. Discussion: Oral administration of biflavonoid to diabetic rats significantly ameliorated all the biochemical alterations to near normal levels. The effect produced by the biflavonoid on various parameters was comparable to that of metformin.

RUTIN RESTORE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND BETATROPHIN LEVEL IN STZ-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, of various organs. Study aims to assessrole of rutin on experimentally induced diabetes.&#x0D; Methods: 50 adult male albino rats divided into 5 groups. Group I (control group, rats were orally administered with 1 ml saline daily). Group II (DMSO group, rats were orally administered with 0.2 % DMSO for 60 d orally). Group III (positive control, animals were injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg/kg b. wtstreptozotocin followed by intraperitoneal injection with 120 mg/kg b. wt of Nicotinamide after 15 min). Group IV (therapeutic group, diabetic rats treated with 100 mg/kg b. wt of rutin for 60 d orally). Group V (standard group, diabetic animals treated with 100 mg/kg b. wt of metformin for 60 d orally). At the end of the experimental period blood serum and plasma, liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues were collected.&#x0D; Results: Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in plasma glucose, serum urea, creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride. Also, induced oxidative stress as pointed out an increase in MDA level, decrease in GSH level, GST and CAT activities in compared to control group. Also, showed an increase in plasma and tissues levels of betatrophin. Oral administration of rutin cause decrease in elevated biochemical and oxidative stress parameters. Also, decrease betatrophin level when compared with diabetic rats. Our results were confirmed by histopathological examination of different tissues.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study suggests thatrutinexihibitsantihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Early postnatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and reduced insulin sensitivity in adult rats.

Early life stress influences the development of metabolic disorders, including functional changes in the developing of pancreas mediated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In the present study, the role of an early postnatal stress on corticosterone, glucose, and insulin levels was investigated during young adulthood. Two groups of pups were studied, including control group (pups not receiving foot shock by communication box), and early stress group (pups receiving foot shock by communication box 2 times/day for 5 consecutive days). In rats, concentration of plasma corticosterone, glucose, and insulin was detected before and after placing them into the communication box at 2 weeks of age. At 8-10 weeks of age, concentrations of plasma corticosterone, glucose, and insulin and glucose tolerance were measured in young adult rats. Our results showed that early postnatal foot shock stress increased the corticosterone, insulin, and glucose levels in the postnatal age (p<0.01) that did not last until young adult age, but it caused a significant increase in plasma glucose and insulin levels (p<0.05) following the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in young adult rats. These results suggest that impaired IPGTT in young adult rats who experienced early postnatal stress can indicate insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity that make it at risk of the type 2 diabetes later in life.

The Impact of High-Fat Diet on Mitochondrial Function, Free Radical Production, and Nitrosative Stress in the Salivary Glands of Wistar Rats.

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the salivary gland dysfunction in insulin resistance; however, the cause of increased free radical formation in these conditions is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) on the mitochondrial respiratory system, prooxidant enzymes, ROS production, and nitrosative/oxidative stress in the submandibular and parotid glands of rats. The experiment was performed on male Wistar rats divided into two groups (n = 10): control and HFD. The 8-week feeding of HFD affects glucose metabolism observed as significant increase in plasma glucose and insulin as well as HOMA-IR as compared to the control rats. The activity of mitochondrial Complex I and Complex II+III was significantly decreased in the parotid and submandibular glands of HFD rats. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and the hydrogen peroxide level were significantly increased in the parotid and submandibular glands of the HFD group as compared to those of the controls. HFD rats also showed significantly lower reduced glutathione (GSH) and reduced : oxidized glutathione (GSH : GSSG) ratio, as well as a higher GSSG level in the parotid glands of HFD rats. The activity of NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and levels of oxidative/nitrosative stress (malonaldehyde, nitric oxide, nitrotyrosine, and peroxynitrite) and inflammation/apoptosis (interleukin-1β and caspase-3) biomarkers were statistically elevated in the HFD group in comparison to the controls. HFD impairs mitochondrial function in both types of salivary glands by enhancing ROS production, as well as stimulating inflammation and apoptosis. However, free radical production, protein nitration, and lipid peroxidation were more pronounced in the parotid glands of HFD rats.

Antioxidant potential of theaflavin ameliorates the activities of key enzymes of glucose metabolism in high fat diet and streptozotocin – induced diabetic rats

ABSTRACTObjectives: The present study was to evaluate the effect of theaflavin on the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in high fat diet and streptozotocin – induced diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced in male albino Wistar rats by feeding them with high fat diet comprising of standard laboratory rat chow 84.3%, lard 5%, egg yolk powder 10%, cholesterol 0.2% and bile salt 0.5% for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, the animals were kept in an overnight fast and injected with low dose of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg b.w).Results: Theaflavin (100 mg/kg b.w /day) was administered orally to diabetic rats for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, diabetic control rats showed significant increase in plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with concomitant decrease in plasma insulin, total hemoglobin and body weight. The activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid peroxidation markers, antioxidant enzymes, glycogen content and glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase were also altered in diabetic rats.Discussion: Oral administration of theaflavin to diabetic rats significantly ameliorated all the biochemical alterations to near normal levels. The results of the present study suggest that theaflavin exhibits antidiabetic effect through its antioxidant activity.

Protective effect of Fragaria ananassa against streptozotocin- induced diabetes in rats

The present study aimed to clarify the effect of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) leaves extract on some physiological parameters of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Diabetic rats were orally treated daily with three doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) of strawberry leaves extract for 30 days. Diabetic rats exhibited significant increases in plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, malondialdehyde levels in addition to the activities of catalase, alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) as compared to the control. On the other side, significant decreases in insulin, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, HDL- cholesterol and superoxide dismutase levels were recorded. Treatment of diabetic rats with strawberry leaves extract significantly decreased plasma glucose, ALT, AST, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, malondialdehyde and significantly increased insulin, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, HDL- cholesterol and superoxide dismutase levels as compared to the diabetic rats. Therefore, the present data declared the efficiency of strawberry leaves extract for relieving the metabolic hazard of diabetics. Furthermore, the treatment with 200 mg/kg b.w. was more effective than treatment with 50 mg or 100mg/ kg b.w. the extract.

Influence of immunostimulant polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and Bacillus strains on the innate immune and acute stress response in turbots (Scophthalmus maximus) fed soy bean- and wheat-based diets.

Immunostimulants are widely applied in aquaculture practice and may have beneficial effects on the immune system and physical functions allowing higher tolerance to stress. In the current study, the impact of four (i-iv) dietary active ingredients on the immune and stress response of turbot was examined in two experiments (I and II). A basal low fish meal (FM; 32%) diet was formulated and supplemented with (i) yeast β-glucan and mannan oligosaccharide (GM), (ii) alginic acid (AC), (iii) yeast nucleotides and RNA (NR), or (iv) Bacillus strains (BS). The basal diet (C-LF) and a high FM (59%) control (C-HF) were maintained. All six diets were fed to juvenile turbots for 84days in experiment I and for additional 28days prior to experiment II. Immunological and hematological parameters were determined in experiment I. In experiment II, physical stress response to a typical short-term (<1day) aquaculture handling procedure (combination of capture, netting/transfer, and crowding) was investigated. For this, turbot blood was sampled before and at 0.5, 1, 4, and 24h post stress. Plasma lysozyme activity, neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and total plasma protein levels did not significantly differ between treatment groups; however, plasma cholesterol increased significantly in fish fed GM, AC, NR, and C-HF compared to C-LF (I). A significant increase in plasma glucose and triglyceride was observed in GM and NR treatments, while glucose levels were significantly higher in C-HF compared to C-LF. Moreover, the immunostimulant-supplemented diets exhibited significantly lower cortisol levels compared to controls C-LF (at 0.5h) and C-HF (at 1h) post stress, respectively (II). According to our findings, FM substitution did not modulate the innate immune response but was associated with reduced levels of cholesterol. Dietary immunostimulants were not effective enough to boost the immune response, but we believe they might be helpful to trigger metabolic advantages during stressful handling events on fish farms.

A single night light exposure acutely alters hormonal and metabolic responses in healthy participants.

Many animal studies have reported an association between melatonin suppression and the disturbance of metabolic responses; yet, few human studies have investigated bright light effects on metabolic and hormonal responses at night. This study investigated the impact of light on plasma hormones and metabolites prior to, and after, an evening meal in healthy participants. Seventeen healthy participants, 8 females (22.2 ± 2.59 years, mean ± s.d.) and 9 males (22.8 ± 3.5 years) were randomised to a two-way cross-over design protocol; dim light (DL) (<5 lux) and bright light (BL) (>500 lux) sessions, separated by at least seven days. Saliva and plasma samples were collected prior to and after a standard evening meal at specific intervals. Plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were significantly higher pre-meal in DL compared to BL (P < 0.01). Plasma glucose and insulin levels were significantly greater post-meal in the BL compared to DL session (P = 0.02, P = 0.001), respectively. Salivary melatonin levels were significantly higher in the DL compared to those in BL session (P = 0.005). BL at night was associated with significant increases in plasma glucose and insulin suggestive of glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity. Raised pre-prandial NEFA levels may be due to changes in insulin sensitivity or the presence of melatonin and/or light at night. Plasma triglyceride (TAG) levels were the same in both sessions. These results may explain some of the health issues reported in shift workers; however, further studies are needed to elucidate the cause of these metabolic changes.

Bio-Effects of Aircraft Noise and Antioxidant Activity of Omega3 on Mice Brain

In order to investigate the non-auditory bio-effects of aircraft noise exposure on brain, mice in soundproof chambers were exposed to a previously recorded aircraft-related noise signal for a duration of 1,2 or 3 weeks. For comparison, unexposed control mice have been used. The work plan includes aircraft takeoff and landing noise which adjusted to a level of 100 dB forthe 4 experimental groups for 2 hours daily. The recorded noise was analyzed using Audacity software program. The levels of blood glucose and cortisol in serum were measured. Morphological changes of brain tissue were observed by light microscope. The results showed that, Takeoff frequency ranged from 3-4 KHz at 100dB, while dominant frequency for landing was 2-3 KHz. Noise of 100 dB was found to cause significant increases in plasma glucose and cortisol for exposed mice as compared to no noise exposure. Administration of omega 3 for three weeks causes a significant improvement in plasma glucose and cortisol. Histopathological changes in brain of mice exposed to aircraft noise revealed some vesicles and mild to moderate apoptosis and pyknosis of the nuclei. In conclusion the present study determined that high intensity noise has a direct and clear effect on physical, biochemical values and thus noise exposure should be well organized.

Biochemical Derangements in Patients with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Treated With Therapeutic Hypothermia

Abstract BACKGROUND: Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard of care for treating moderate or severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) due to birth asphyxia. During the cooling period, altered intermediary metabolism coupled with multi-organ injury due to the underlying hypoxia may result in significant metabolic and biochemical derangements. Since the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia we have noticed an apparent increase in hyperglycemia and hyponatremia though such has not been formally documented. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine if there is a difference in the incidence of biochemical derangements in patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for moderate to severe HIE compared to a historical control group receiving standard supportive care. DESIGN/METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed with a cluster sampling technique to select all patients ≥35 weeks PMA with a primary admission diagnosis of HIE in the years 2006, 2009, and 2012 at a single institution. This covered a time period before therapeutic hypothermia was established as standard of care, when it was in its implementation phase, and once fully established. Other than the hypothermia itself, there were no major changes in management of these patients, particularly, no change in fluid management regimens. Gestational age, birth weight, APGARs, severity of HIE, medications, blood glucose, electrolytes, liver and renal function were collected retrospectively at all time points during the 72 hour cooling window. Analysis was performed using unpaired students ttest using 0.05 as a definition of statistical significance. RESULTS: 155 patients were identified, 20 were excluded due to gestational age or suspected/confirmed underlying genetic disorder leaving n=60 cooled neonates and n=75 uncooled. The average gestational age in the cooled group was 39 and 3/7 weeks and in the uncooled group it was 38 and 5/7 weeks. In both groups, there were slightly more males than females with 57% (n=34) in the cooled group and 59% (n=44) in the uncooled group. There is a statistically significant increase in plasma glucose in the cooled group on day one (7.37±1.73 vs. 5.49±1.89, P&amp;lt;0.01) and day two (6.26±1.61 vs 5.34±1.79, P &amp;lt;0.05). There was no difference on day three. Serum sodium was lower in the cooled group on all three days, though it was only statistically significant on day 1 (130.29±4.84 vs. 132.27±4.58, P&amp;lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that without significant changes in fluid management, therapeutic hypothermia is associated with an increased incidence of hyperglycemia and hyponatremia. Further work is needed to determine if these derangements significantly affect short or long-term outcomes.

Geranium oil ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in high fat high sucrose diet induced metabolic complications in rats

The protective effect of geranium oil (GO) on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and associated cardiovascular changes in rats fed with high fat sucrose (HFS) diet was evaluated. HFS diet (20% fat and 30% sucrose) was fed to wistar rats for 12 weeks to induce metabolic complications and treated with different doses of GO (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) for the last 6 weeks. Prolonged administration of HFS diet led to metabolic syndrome characterized by significant increase in plasma glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) along with decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL), serum nitric oxide (NO) levels and impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore HFS diet resulted in significant increase in mean arterial pressure, electrocardiographic changes and reduced acetylcholine induced endothelial dependent relaxation of rat aorta along with elevated oxidative stress (reduced superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S transferase and increased TBARS level). Treatment with GO positively modulated the altered parameters in dose dependent manner suggesting overall beneficial effects of GO on HFS diet associated detrimental changes.

Replacing Dietary Meat with Fish Increases Plasma Glucose without Affecting Protein Glycation

Western diets high in red meat are associated with hyperglycemia, which promotes insulin resistance and diabetes. Elevated plasma glucose promotes glycation of circulating proteins such as albumin, which is thought to lead to some of the complications associated with hyperglycemia. We hypothesized that lowering meat consumption would reduce protein glycation. Forty five healthy adult omnivorous subjects were randomized into one of three groups and instructed to either consume meat or poultry twice per day (control), eliminate meat and increase dietary fish (pesco‐vegetarian), or adopt a vegetarian diet (lacto‐vegetarian) for four weeks. Fasting plasma samples were collected from participants at baseline and after 4 weeks of the dietary intervention. Plasma glucose concentrations were measured using a commercially available kit. Percent glycated albumin was measured by mass spectrometry. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly increased following 4‐weeks of pesco‐vegetarian diet (P=0.002, paired t‐test). Neither the lacto‐vegetarian (P=0.898) or the control diet (P=0.233) affected plasma glucose concentrations. Despite the significant increase in plasma glucose following a pesco‐vegetarian diet, no change in percent glycated albumin was observed (P&gt;0.50, ANOVA). These findings may indicate a protective effect of the pesco‐vegetarian diet on protein glycation in the presence of elevated plasma glucose and suggest the need for additional studies to examine the link between increased fish consumption and glucose regulation.

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of glycopyrrolate - xylazine - propofol anesthesia in buffalo calves.

Aim:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of glycopyrrolate - xylazine - propofol anesthesia in buffalo calves.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on six clinically healthy male buffalo calves, 6-12 months of age, and weighing between 130 and 170 kg. In all the animals; glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg, IM), xylazine (0.1 mg/kg, IM) and 1% propofol as single bolus (1.5 mg/kg, intravenous), were administered. The parameters observed included behavioral changes, physiological; hematological and blood biochemical parameters.Results:Muzzle and nostrils became dry in all the animals after glycopyrrolate administration. A decrease in spontaneous activity and mild cutaneous analgesia was noticed after xylazine administration. After administration of propofol, loss of swallowing reflex, palpebral reflex, corneal reflexes, periosteal reflex and complete analgesia was observed. There was no significant change in rectal temperature and heart rate. However, heart rate remained elevated during anesthesia. Respiratory rate decreased significantly after propofol administration. There was a significant increase in plasma glucose after the xylazine and propofol administration which remained elevated till recovery. A significant decrease in chloride level was seen after propofol administration.Conclusions:Glycopyrrolate - xylazine - propofol anesthetic combination may safely be used for short duration anesthesia in buffalo calves.

Protective effect of bioflavonoid myricetin enhances carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and insulin signaling molecules in streptozotocin–cadmium induced diabetic nephrotoxic rats

Diabetic nephropathy is the kidney disease that occurs as a result of diabetes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of myricetin by assaying the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, insulin signaling molecules and renal function markers in streptozotocin (STZ)–cadmium (Cd) induced diabetic nephrotoxic rats. After myricetin treatment schedule, blood and tissue samples were collected to determine plasma glucose, insulin, hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin and renal function markers, carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in the liver and insulin signaling molecules in the pancreas and skeletal muscle. A significant increase of plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urinary albumin, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and a significant decrease of plasma insulin, hemoglobin, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen and glycogen synthase with insulin signaling molecule expression were found in the STZ–Cd induced diabetic nephrotoxic rats. The administration of myricetin significantly normalizes the carbohydrate metabolic products like glucose, glycated hemoglobin, glycogen phosphorylase and gluconeogenic enzymes and renal function markers with increase insulin, glycogen, glycogen synthase and insulin signaling molecule expression like glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), insulin receptor-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor-2 (IRS-2) and protein kinase B (PKB). Based on the data, the protective effect of myricetin was confirmed by its histological annotation of the pancreas, liver and kidney tissues. These findings suggest that myricetin improved carbohydrate metabolism which subsequently enhances glucose utilization and renal function in STZ–Cd induced diabetic nephrotoxic rats.

Protective effect of umbelliferone on high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in rats

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of umbelliferone (UMB) on insulin resistance (IR) and oxidative stress in rats fed a high fructose diet (HFD). Male Wistar rats received a daily diet containing either 60% fructose or 60% starch. They were administered with the UMB at three different doses (10, 20 and 40mg/kg, p.o) from the 16th day. At the end of 60 days, HFD rats exhibited significant increases in plasma glucose and insulin levels. The activities of enzymic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and the levels of non-enzymic antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione were decreased while increases in the levels of lipid peroxidative markers were observed in liver tissues of HFD rats as compared to control rats. In addition, rats fed a HFD with UMB reversed all the above changes to near normal in a dose dependent manner. The effect at a dose of 40mg/kg b.w/day was more pronounced than the other two doses (10 and 20mg/kg b.w/day). Biochemical findings were supported by histological studies. These results indicated that administration of UMB may be a feasible therapeutic strategy for prevention of a high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress.