Significant Increase In CD Research Articles

Sorption and bioavailability of heavy metals in long-term differently tilled soils amended with organic wastes

In this study, bioavailability and enrichment studies were focused on Cd, Zn and Cu in two different soils (sandy loam and silt loam), which were treated with compost and sewage sludge, respectively, both under conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT). Long-term NT resulted in a significant increase in Cd and Zn extracted by aqua regia in a soil profile (0–25 cm), especially in the 0–3 cm layer. In the sandy loam, a slight increase in cadmium due to sewage sludge application was observed. Results from EDTA-extractable heavy metal analyses were not consistent but NH 4NO 3-extractable concentrations were significantly lower in the NT soil. Bioavailability of heavy metals was reduced in the long-term NT, resulting in lower uptake of Cd and Zn by plants and accumulation in the soil. The effect of tillage on enrichment of heavy metals in soils was more significant than the impact of the fertilisation by means of legally allowable application rates of organic wastes. This work suggests that non-tilled soils enriched in heavy metals should not be amended with organic waste in the long term.

入院高齢者の義歯の有無が免疫学的検査に及ぼす影響

Eight elderly patients who were required to wear full or partial denture participated in this study (mean age: 81.1 years). The subjects were six patients with denture and two patients without denture at the first visit.Hematological, immunological (NK activity, T lymphocyte subset CD 4 and CD 8) and biological analyses were made for all patients. Patients removed their denture for 10 days, and analysis was done three times:(A) immediately before removal, (B) on the final day of removal, and (C) 10 days after wearing the denture. Patients without denture were examined two times:(B) immediately before wearing newly-made denture, and (C) after wearing the denture for enough time to adjust it. The results were compared between A and B (n = 6), and B and C (n=8), respectively (paired Wilcoxon's test, p<0.05).There was a significant decrease in CD 4/CD 8 ratio from A to B, and there was a significant increase in CD 4/CD 8 ratio from B to C. Thus the above suggested that the presence of denture should influence the parameters and there should be a relationship between masticatory function and immune system.

Forms of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soil and their uptake by cereal crops when applied jointly as carbonates

The cereal crops (barley -Hordeum vulgare L., maize -Zea mays L., wheat -Triticum vulgare L.) were grown in a greenhouse using a sandy soil type treated with various doses of cadmium carbonate (salt), copper carbonate (malachite), lead carbonate (cerussite), and zinc carbonate (smithsonite), added jointly. The following levels of these metals were used: Cd − 5, 10, 50μg g−1 soil; Cu and Pb - 50,100, 500 μg g−1 soil; Zn-150, 300, 1500 μg g-1 soil. Sequential extraction was adopted to partition the metals into five operationally-defined fractions: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxides, organic, and residual. The residual was the most abundant fraction in the untreated (control) soil for all the metals studied (50 to 60% of the total metal content). The concentrations of exchangeable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were relatively low in untreated soil but increased (over the three year period) in treated soils for Cd, Zn, and Cu, whereas only small changes were observed for Ph. This experiment showed a significant increase in Cd, Zn, and Cu in tissue of plants grown on the treated soil, but a non-significant change in plant tissue with respect to Pb concentration.

Bioaccumulation rate of Cd and Pb in Mytilus galloprovincialis foot and gills

Abstract The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the bioaccumulation rate of cadmium and lead in the mussel foot and gills and the possibility to use these organs as quantitative bioindicators of the pollution of near-shore marine environments. Therefore, our experiment has been designed to provide conditions as close as possible to those found in nature. Three age groups of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (1, 1.5 and 2 yr) were kept in tanks with elevated cadmium and lead concentrations (Cd, 5.1, 9.6 and 13.9 nM; Pb, 5.2, 9.9, 14.7 nM) for seven days. To study the interaction effects of Cd and Pb during accumulation, the mussels were also exposed to a mixture of these metals with concentrations of 9.5 nM Cd and 5.1 nM Pb. Even though the concentrations of metals in the experimental medium were relatively low, compared with the concentrations used by other authors in similar experiments, a significant increase of Cd and Pb concentrations in foot and especially in gills, as a function of time, was observed (particularly in younger age groups). This study also confirms the fact that Cd and Pb concentrations in mussel foot and gills depend on their size and age as well as on the metal levels in a particular environment and on the exposure time to elevated metal concentrations in the experimental media. In addition, the mussels in the tanks with higher metal concentrations accumulated greater metal quantities. It is interesting that metal accumulation in foot and gills during the experiment (seven days) showed slight exponential increase. Interactions between Cd and Pb were not observed with reference to bioaccumulation. Apart from known comparative advantages with respect to other organs (invariability of weight with reproductive cycle, easy removal from the rest of the soft tissue), this study confirms the assumption that the mussel foot and gills may be used as quantitative bioindicators for assessing the degree of cadmium and lead pollution in a particular marine environment.

Changes in lymphocyte subset distribution aid in the differential diagnosis of renal allograft dysfunction.

The distribution of selected lymphocyte subset populations in renal transplant patients was used to assist in the differential diagnosis of graft dysfunction. Patients experiencing dysfunction due to rejection showed consistent and significant decreases in relative numbers of CD 8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) lymphocytes. The ratio of CD 4 cells to CD 8 cells in this group of patients was generally greater than 2.00 due to decreases in CD 8 cells. Patients showing graft dysfunction due to viral infections showed consistent and significant increases in CD 8 cells which also bear the HNK-1 or the HLA-Dr determinants. Serial monitoring for these dual-marked lymphocytes on a weekly basis can be of considerable use in determining the etiology of graft dysfunction. Increases in other "activation" markers, including transferrin receptors, CD 38, and a T cell lineage specific activation antigen (TLiSA) were not specific for rejection; in fact, increases in CD38 were more often associated with viral infections. These studies indicated that lymphocyte subset determinations done on a regular basis can help distinguish graft dysfunction due to viral infections from other causes. The ability to distinguish rejection episodes from stable grafts is less obvious. Although the alterations in lymphocyte subset distribution are not entirely specific, they can distinguish viral infections from rejection.

Effects of cimetidine on interleukin-2 production by peripheral blood lymphocytes in advanced ovarian carcinoma

The present study was designed to elucidate the effect of cimetidine on CD 4 and CD 8 positive cells, interleukin- 2 (IL- 2) production and IL- 2 receptor expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma during the course of combination chemotherapy. The absolute number of CD 8 (but not CD 4) positive cells in PBL from patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma before surgery was significantly higher than that with benign ovarian tumor, while the IL- 2 productivity was significantly lower. However, the IL- 2 receptor expression was comparable to that with benign ovarian tumor. When a combination chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide was given to these ovarian cancer patients, the IL- 2 production was markedly depressed. If cimetidine was given with the combination chemotherapy, the inhibition of IL- 2 production by chemotherapy was significantly diminished with a significant increase of CD 4 positive cells. On the other hand, the IL- 2 receptor expression was not affected by this treatment. When treatment with cimetidine was initiated after completion of chemotherapy, the depressed IL- 2 production was restored to the level of control patients with benign ovarian tumor. The restoration seemed to result from an increase in proportion of CD 4 positive cells. However, the expression of IL- 2 receptor remained unchanged even if cimetidine was given.

Lignin as an Additive Compound to Storage Batteries I.

The functional group and the reaction mechanism of lignin as a battery additive were studied on a small alkaline storage battery specially prepared. The capacity of battery increased with addition of catechol, guaiacol and many chelating agents such as EDTA, as well as with that of lignin. Demethylation of guaiacol in the electrolytic solution was observed and it was proved that the catechol residue reacts as a functional group of lignin in alkaline storage batteries, which is just the same as in the case of lead storage batteries. A significant increase in Cd+2 ion in electrolytic solution was found with addition of lignin and chelating agents including catechol derivatives, which suggested that the increase in capacity should be connected with the chelating effect of the additives with heavy metalic ions of cathode. The Cd+2 ion increased slightly during discharging process and decreased during charging, but the quantity of electricity transported with the Cd0-Cd+2 transformation was too small to interpret the whole increase in capacity.From the potential-time curves of charge-discharge cycle before and after addition of lignin and chelating agents, it is suggested that lignin makes the grain of cathode active material minute quickly during charging process, resulting in an increase in discharging capacity.Attempt was made to probe the mechanism of capacity increase with lignin both from the chelating effect and adsorption of lignin : Dissolved Cd+2-lignin complex will make the grain of active material minute when it deposites on cathode and dissolution of Cd+2 into electrolytic solution will also cause a minuteness of the grain. Violent adsorption of lignin or Cd+2-lignin complex is expected on the surface of cathode, for lignin has a chelating ability with active material. The transformation of Cd0 to Cd+2 or of its reverse on the cathode surface will occur at the opening of the vigorously adsorbed lignin molecule, resulting in rugged surface of cathode. The increase in surface area caused by minimized active material grain will bring with it also discharging capacity increase.