Significant Harm Research Articles

Identifying early intervention opportunities for illicit stimulant use: A cross-sectional study of factors associated with illicit stimulant use among young people accessing integrated youth services in British Columbia, Canada

IntroductionIllicit stimulant (cocaine and/or amphetamine) use among young people aged 12–24 is a public health priority given that substance use initiation tends to peak in this developmental period and significant associated immediate and long-term harms are associated with its use. Young people using stimulants must be engaged in services as early as possible to reduce these harms. To inform early intervention opportunities, this study aimed to identify the risk/protective factors associated with illicit stimulant use among young people. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study on routinely collected self-reported data among young people accessing integrated youth services in British Columbia (Canada) between April 2018 and January 2022. Data were collected on young peoples' socio-demographic characteristics, and social, behavioral, and health profiles. Variable selection was guided by established risk/protective factors for substance use among young people. The study used multivariable logistic regression to identify risk/protective factors that were independently associated with past 30-day illicit stimulant use. ResultsThe analytic sample included n = 5620 young people aged 12–24 and a total of 163 (2.9 %) reported past 30-day illicit cocaine and/or amphetamine use. Demographic characteristics that were independently associated with illicit stimulant use included older age (aOR = 1.27, 95 % CI = 1.17–1.38) and gender identity as man vs woman (aOR = 1.71, 95 % CI = 1.10–2.70). Social and environmental risk factors included recently witnessing or experiencing violence (aOR = 2.32, 95 % CI = 1.47–3.68) and higher past-year crime/violent behaviors score (aOR = 1.39, 95 % CI = 1.13–1.69). Finally, regular alcohol (aOR = 6.90, 95 % CI = 2.36–25.42), regular (aOR = 3.74, 95 % CI = 1.95–7.54) or social (aOR = 3.06, 95 % CI = 1.44–6.60) tobacco use, and lifetime hallucinogen (aOR = 3.24, 95 % CI = 1.8–5.91) and ecstasy/MDMA (aOR = 2.53, 95 % CI = 1.48–4.39) use were also statistically significant risk factors. ConclusionsThese risk/protective factors support identification of young people who may benefit from further screening, assessment, and treatment for illicit stimulant use. This study also underscores the need to expand early intervention and harm reduction programs that can comprehensively respond to young peoples' stimulant use, health, and social needs.

Experiment and Simulation on a Refrigeration Ventilation System for Deep Metal Mines

Significant harm from heat has become a key restriction for deep metal mining with increasing mining depth. This paper proposes a refrigeration ventilation system for deep metal mines combined with an existing air cycling system and builds an experimental platform with six stope simulation boxes. Using the heat current method and the driving-resistance balance relationship, the heat transfer and flow constraints of the system were constructed. An artificial neural network was used to establish models of heat exchangers and refrigerators with historical experimental data. Combining the models of the system and stope simulation box, an algorithm that iterates the water outlet temperature of the evaporator and condenser of the refrigerator was proposed to design the coupled simulation model. The heat balance analysis and comparison of the air outlet temperatures of the stope, as well as the heat transfer rates of the heat exchangers with the experimental data, validated the coupled simulation model. Additionally, the effects of cooling fans and the air inlet temperature of the cooling tower were discussed, which provided a powerful modelling method for the coupled model of a refrigeration ventilation system, helps to reduce energy consumption, and improves the sustainability of mining production.

Measuring Value Created for and by Stakeholders

This paper outlines how value can be measured across four elements of the firm/stakeholder relationship beyond standard economic measures. It takes into account the perception of financial value along with non-financial benefits provided and received by the firm and its stakeholders. Focusing only upon the economic or financial outcomes of such relationships can lead to erroneous results as the money spent may not create value for the receiver, and could even do significant harm. The aggregation of views across different firms together with the perceptions of various stakeholders will allow for comparisons between firms and stakeholders. Applying this conceptual model will also reveal what is important to the firm versus what is important to the stakeholder. This paper proposes an improved approach to conceptualizing and measuring net value in which businesses can see if the value they provide exceeds the value they receive from stakeholders and vice versa.

Study on dual injection strategy of diesel ignition ammonia/hydrogen mixture fuel engine

The diesel ignition ammonia/hydrogen mixed fuel engine adopts the dual injector mode. This paper studies the dual injection strategy of the engine through simulation and selects the best combination of dual injection timing to optimize the combustion and emission performance of the diesel ignition ammonia/hydrogen mixed fuel engine. The results show that under the dual fuel injection strategy, with the delay of fuel injection timing, the power and economy of the engine gradually decline, HC, soot, CO, and N2O emissions in the exhaust gas increase progressively, while NOx emission concentration significantly decreases. However, after using ammonia/hydrogen mixed fuel, the engine's ammonia escape and hydrogen escape are very low. The emission of HC, soot, and CO in the exhaust gas is also low. At the same time, the engine's NOx emission can meet the emission standards of Tier II when any fuel injection combination is used. At D708/A/H712, the NOx emission of the engine can meet the emission standard of Tier III. One of the purposes of using ammonia as an alternative fuel for diesel is to reduce CO2 emissions in the exhaust gas and prevent further global warming. But the impact of N2O on global warming is nearly 298 times that of CO2. At D698/A/H698, the engine has the best power performance and economic performance. At the same time, N2O emissions are low, but NOx emissions are relatively high. Considering that N2O emissions cause significant harm to the greenhouse effect, D698/A/H698 is selected as the best fuel injection timing combination in this paper. The research results in this paper can promote the development of ammonia fuel in the field of the internal combustion engine and provide theoretical guidance for the practical application of ammonia.

Developmental trajectories of socio-emotional outcomes of children and young people in out-of-home care – Insights from data of Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study (POCLS)

BackgroundThere has been a limited understanding of the longitudinal trajectory and determinants of socio-emotional outcomes among children in out-of-home care (OOHC). ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine child socio-demographics, pre-care maltreatment, placement, and caregiver factors associated with trajectories of socio-emotional difficulties of children in OOHC. Participants and settingThe study sample (n = 345) included data from the Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study (POCLS), a prospective longitudinal cohort of children aged 3–17 years who entered the OOHC system in New South Wales (NSW) Australia, between 2010 and 2011. MethodsGroup-based trajectory models were used to identify distinct socio-emotional trajectory groups based on the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) Total Problem T-scores completed at all four Waves 1–4. Modified Poisson regression analysis was conducted to assess the association (risk ratios) of socio-emotional trajectory group membership with pre-care maltreatment, placement, and caregiver-related factors. ResultsThree trajectories of socio-emotional development were identified: ‘persistently low difficulties’ (average CBCL T-score changed from 40 to 38 over time), normal (average CBCL T-score changed from 52 to 55 over time), and clinical (average CBCL T-score remained at 68 over time) trajectories. Each trajectory presented a stable trend over time. Relative/kinship care, as compared with foster care, was associated with the “persistently low” socio-emotional trajectory. Being male, exposure to ≥8 pre-care substantiated risk of significant harm (ROSH) reports, placement changes, and caregiver's psychological distress (more than two-fold increased risk) were associated with the clinical socio-emotional trajectory. ConclusionsEarly intervention to ensure children have a nurturing care environment and psychological support to caregivers are vital for positive socio-emotional development over time among children in long-term OOHC.

A novel lightweight deep learning fall detection system based on global-local attention and channel feature augmentation

Abstract Background and Objective: Reducing the number of falls in nursing facilities is crucial to prevent significant injury, increased costs, and emotional harm. However, current fall detection systems face a trade-off between accuracy and inference speed. This work aimed to develop a novel lightweight fall detection system that can achieve high accuracy and speed while reducing computational cost and model size. Methods: We used convolutional neural networks and the channel-wise dropout and global-local attention module to train a lightweight fall detection model on over 10,000 human fall images from various scenarios. We also applied a channel-based feature augmentation module to enhance the robustness and stability of the model. Results: The proposed model achieved a detection precision of 95.1%, a recall of 93.3%, and a mean average precision of 91.8%. It also had a significantly smaller size of 1.09 million model parameters and a lower computational cost of 0.12 gigaFLOPS than existing methods. It could handle up to 20 cameras, simultaneously with a speed higher than 30 fps. Conclusion: The proposed lightweight model demonstrated excellent performance and practicality for fall detection in real-world settings, which could reduce the working pressure on medical staff and improve nursing efficiency.

Road Accident and Safety Issue in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Study

Road accidents are a major public health concern in Bangladesh, causing significant harm to individuals and society as a whole. Despite various initiatives taken by the government, the number of road accidents continues to increase, highlighting the need for a legal approach to address this issue. This study aims to analyze the current legal framework in Bangladesh with regards to road safety and identify potential areas for improvement. The study found that the current legal framework in Bangladesh contains several provisions aimed at promoting road safety, including the Bangladesh Road Transport Act, the Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation Act, and the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority Act. However, these laws lack effective enforcement mechanisms, and there is limited accountability for those who violate traffic rules. This has led to widespread flouting of traffic regulations and a high incidence of road accidents. The study recommends the introduction of stricter penalties for those who violate traffic rules, including fines and imprisonment. It also suggests the establishment of an independent road safety commission to monitor compliance with traffic rules and to ensure effective implementation of road safety measures. The commission should have the authority to investigate road accidents and to take appropriate action against those found responsible. Additionally, the study recommends the introduction of mandatory training programs for all drivers and the provision of better infrastructure and technology to support road safety. This may include the installation of traffic lights and speed cameras, as well as the use of innovative technologies such as GPS-based monitoring systems. n conclusion, a legal approach is crucial in addressing the problem of road accidents in Bangladesh. By introducing stricter penalties, establishing an independent road safety commission, and investing in road safety infrastructure and technology, the government can help to reduce the number of road accidents and save lives. Further research is needed to understand the impact of these measures and to identify additional ways to promote road safety in Bangladesh. Keywords: Safety, Transport, Traffic, Accident, Punishment DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/132-05 Publication date: May 31 st 2023

꿀벌응애류 방제용 개미산에 대한 조건별 기화량 평가

Honeybees are an important species influencing many aspects of human life, particularly economic and agriculture. Plant production depends upon pollination, and this is mainly enabled by honebees. Beekeepers across the Korea are experiencing unprecedented drops and losses in honeybee colonies. These losses have been attributed to bee mites (Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps mercedesae) infestation. Application of acaricides is the most common practice to control bee mites. Among acaricides, formic acid is quite popular in Varroa mites control due to a natural substance with low residue levels in honey. However, beekeepers cannot use it without proper knowledge because it can cause significant harm to honeybees if used incorrectly. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate how the vaporization rate of formic acid changes depending on the season in Korea.

Cognitive enhancers in healthy individuals have little benefit and significant potential harms

Cognitive enhancers in healthy individuals have little benefit and significant potential harms

Managing non-cooperative behaviors in large-scale group decision making based on trust relationships and confidence levels of decision makers

In large-scale group decision making events, diverse backgrounds of decision makers (DMs) may result in various non-cooperative behaviors as they pursue personal interests, thereby causing significant harm to the decision making process. Instead of solely analyzing DMs’ evaluations in detecting traditional non-cooperative behaviors, this study defines three new categories of non-cooperative behaviors by integrating DMs’ evaluations with their personal attributes, such as confidence levels and trust relationships. These new behaviors include bribery behavior, passive participation behavior, and potential conflict behavior. To address these behaviors, this research proposes a confidence and trust-based consensus reaching process (CT-CRP). Within CT-CRP, three distinct acceptance functions for DMs are introduced, which are utilized to describe the likelihood of DMs accepting recommended plans and determining an optimal modification rate. Lastly, an illustrative example and several experiments are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of CT-CRP in enhancing consensus among DMs.

From an Environmental Viewpoint Large ICT Networks Infrastructure Equipment must not be Reused

Circular strategies must and will vary for different product groups. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) will help show which is the best strategy in any given situation as not all Circular Economy initiatives lead to universal sustainability benefits. There is a misunderstanding that lifetime extension via remanufacturing and refurbishment is ecologically effective for Business’, ’to’, ’Business ICT goods like ICT network infrastructure (ICTNI) products. This is shown herein by typical relations between manufacturing and the use of environmental impact for ICTNI products as a function of the energy efficiency and lifetime of the product at hand and the next corresponding product model. Full LCA would come to the same conclusion, as the ratio between the use stage and the production stage will not change dramatically. To avoid doing very significant harm to the environment, older than 5 years ICTNI products must not be reused. The reasons are that the energy efficiency improvement rate of the following generation of most ICTNI products is constant, the lifetime is usually more than 10 years and the share of manufacturing environmental impact will be relatively low even when low environmental impact electric power is used for the operation.

A Hybrid Framework of Blockchain and IoT Technology in the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Comprehensive Study

The pharmaceutical company is key to having a strong healthcare system, and excellent healthcare is essential for every society and economy. However, there are significant concerns with medication safety and security as a result of fake and inferior medical items, which constitute a significant hazard and harm to consumers’ health. Globally, drug counterfeiting is a severe problem that endangers the public’s health as well as the health of consumers. The global business of manufacturing fake medications generates enormous annual revenue. To have a quality healthcare system, the pharmaceutical industry is of great importance and plays a vital role in medicine and pharmaceutical supplies. With emerging computer technologies like blockchain and IoT cutting across several industries and sectors and revolutionizing the world, a systematic literature review of various articles chosen from different databases was carried out in this study to analyze and evaluate application areas of this technology in the pharmaceutical industry and existing frameworks that have been proposed to solve problems faced in the pharmaceutical industry. The outcome of this review showed that the application of the blockchain and IoT hybrid framework can assist in reducing the drug counterfeit problem and provide solutions to most of the problems faced in the pharmaceutical industry. This study also proposed a framework that addressed the drawbacks of existing frameworks in the pharmaceutical industry.

Biochemical, Histological Changes, Protein Electrophoretic Pattern, and Field Application of CuPb-Ferrite/TiO2 Nanocomposites for Controlling Terrestrial Gastropod Eobania vermiculata (Müller).

Eobania vermiculata is a hazardous snail that can damage ornamental plants and cause significant harm to plant sections in Egyptian areas. Herein, the molluscicidal activity of CuPb-Ferrite/TiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) against E. vermiculata was evaluated using the poisonous bait method. LC50 values were determined using the leaf dipping and contact methods, with values of 631.23 and 1703.49 ppm for CuPb-Ferrite/TiO2 and 193.67 and 574.97 ppm for TiO2. Exposure to both NPs resulted in a significant increase in the biochemical parameters of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as a decrease in total protein (TP) percentage of E. vermiculata. Histological examinations revealed that many digestive cells had ruptured, and their contents had been lost, while the foot's epithelial layer became ruptured. The average reduction was 66.36% for CuPb-Ferrite/TiO2 NPs compared to the recommended molluscicide, Neomyl, with a 70.23% reduction in the field application. Electrophoretic separation of total protein using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after treatment with LC50 concentrations of TiO2 and CuPb-Ferrite/TiO2 demonstrated the potency of these synthetic compounds as molluscicidal agents. Therefore, we recommend the use of CuPb-Ferrite/TiO2 NPs as a novel land snail molluscicide because it is safe to use, and the baits are arranged to not affect irrigation water, with a high molluscicidal effect.

Epizootic Aspects of Helminthiases in Horses of Tyumen Region

Introduction. Parasitic diseases are one of the main problems of horse breeding, in particular, helminthic infestations. The helminths are able to induce mechanical, toxic, inoculation effect. Moreover they absorb the nutrients necessary for the horse body. Thereby the helminths inflict significant harm on the horse population, not only due to animals deaths, but also due to weakening the protective functions of the body as well as working capability, sports and breeding qualities of horses. The aim of the present work is to study the epizootological aspects of helminthiases in horses at the territory of Tyumen region.Materials and methods. The study was carried out taking into account the horses keeping and care practices in twenty-two administrative districts of the region, located in the subzones of the northern and southern forest-and-steppe and subtaiga areas. To determine the infestation extensity (IE), the parasitological research methods of Kotelnikov-Khrenov, Fülleborn’s, Darling's modification method and the method of studying the scrapings of the perianal folds of the horse were applied. Results. During the research it has been found that the infestation extensity in horses infested with helminths in the Tyumen region averages to 27.9 ± 1.43 %. Whereas, the maximum helminthic infestation was found in horses in the subzone of the northern forest-and-steppe area IE 38.7 ± 1.97 % and the minimum in the subzone of the southern forest-and-steppe area IE 22.5 ± 1.16 %. It was found that in the conditions of year-round keeping in the stables with regular walking, the intestinal helminths parasitised in horses with the following infestation extensity (IE): Parascaris equorum 70.1 ± 2.53 %, suborder Strongylata 48.3 ± 1.97 %, Oxyuris equi 36.1 ± 1.63 %, the representative of Strongyloides westeri 20.9 ± 1.19 %. In the conditions of herd farming, the maximum infestation extensity in horses was observed for the helminths of suborder Strongylata with IE 74.0 ± 2.31 %, also spotted were parasites Parascaris equorum with IE of 41.2 ± 1.67 %, Oxyuris equi with IE — of 13.2 ± 0.87 % and the minimum infestation extensity was recorded for the parasites Strongyloides westeri with IE of 6.5 ± 0.21 %. In horses in the conditions of improved herd farming, the maximum infestation extensity was observed for the helminths of suborder Strongylata with IE of 79.4 ± 2.52 % and the minimum was for Strongyloides westeri with IE of 0.8 ± %. When studying the distribution of infestation in relation to the keeping and care practices, the data was obtained confirming that under practices of keeping in stables the helminths Parascaris equorum prevail with IE of 70.1 ± 2.53 % and under practices of herd and improved-herd farming the helminths of the suborder Strongylata with IE of 74.0 ± 2.31 % and IE 79.4 ± 2.52 %, respectively.Discussion and conclusions. Thus, in the result of studying the epizootic aspects of helminthiases in horses, it was found that helminthic infestation is recorded in various climatic zones throughout the whole territory of Tyumen region.

Association between the FTO polymorphic variants and obesity in the Belarusian population

Overweight and obesity refer to the abnormal and excessive deposition of adipose tissue in the human body causing significant harm to health. Unfortunately, there has always been a persisting upward trend in the number of overweight people. The development of obesity may be caused by a combination of excessive food intake, low physical activity, and a hereditary predisposition to it. Studies of the genotypes of obese individuals allowed identifying a number of polymorphic variants of genes that contribute to a genetic predisposition to an excessive weight gain. One of the most significant predictors of obesity is the FTO gene (a fat mass and obesity-associated gene). Genotyping of 655 representatives of the Republic of Belarus was carried out for 13 polymorphic variants of the FTO gene. Genomic DNA extraction was carried out from the peripheral venous blood samples. Real-time PCR was performed for the evaluation of polymorphic variants of the FTO gene. A significant association of the genotype with the body mass index was observed in eight polymorphic variants of the FTO gene: In the carriers of minor homozygotes of polymorphic variants rs11075990, rs1121980, rs1421085, rs17817449, rs3751812, rs9939609, rs9940128, and rs9941349, the body mass index (BMI) was much higher compared with the carriers of corresponding major homozygotes P = 0.0022 – 0.021. An analysis of the linkage disequilibrium of 13 polymorphic variants of the FTO gene was carried out. It was found that eight polymorphic variants of the FTO gene for which a statistically significant association with BMI was shown constitute one block of linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.82 – 1.0, P < 0.001) and form two most common haplotypes: A/G/T/T/G/T/G/C (51.9%) and G/A/C/G/T/A/A/T (42.8%). Therefore, to determine the risk for obesity development, it is sufficient to conduct genetic testing for one of these polymorphic variants. This greatly facilitates the process of determining a genetic predisposition to excess weight.

Detection of Textual Propaganda Using Passive Aggressive Classifiers

Nowadays, social media activity, particularly news that spreads over the network, is a major source of knowledge. People search out and chew up news from internet-based living because of the low effort, easy access, and rapid dissemination of information. Twitter, as one of the most wellknown continuing news sources, also happens to be one of the most dominant news disseminating media. It has already been known to wreak significant harm by disseminating snippets of gossip. Online clients are typically susceptible, and everything they do on web-based networking media is assumed to be trustworthy. As a result, automating counterfeit propaganda detection is critical to maintaining a vibrant online media and informal organization. In order to computerize propaganda news identification in Twitter datasets, this research develops a technique for recognizing propaganda text messages from tweets by figuring out how to anticipate precision evaluations. This paper proposes a supervised machine learning technique, Passive aggressive classifiers that uses Count Vectorizer and Term FrequencyInverse Document Frequency Vectorizer as feature extraction to detect propaganda news based on the polarity of the corresponding article. Finally, this algorithm uses dataset with 43000 records and shows good accuracy.

CONCEPTS, GROUNDS, AND CRITERIA OF CRIMINALIZATION AS A METHOD OF CRIMINAL POLICY

The author, based on a theoretical analysis of the main approaches to understanding the concepts of “method of criminal policy” and “criminalization” and their basic characteristics, defines the concepts of “ground” and “criterion” of criminalization and specifies their content. Using logical-semantic and comparative legal methods, it was established that the ground for criminalization is the cause, a phenomenon that makes a specific act penal. Thus, the ground for criminalization is the socially dangerous behavior of a person that must be subject to a criminal prohibition, or the property of specific behavior to cause significant harm to social values; the criteria of criminalization are the grounds for assessing, determining, and measuring, that is, the values of parameters which make a particular behavior penal. The study of other characteristics of criminalization (conditions, principles, methods, etc.) as a method of criminal policy also seems promising.

Tradition of the forced marriage of couples who return late at night perspective of Islamic law: Case study of the tradition of the Lekuk Lima Puluh Tumbi Lempur Society, Jambi

Islam upholds the principle of willing consent in marriage, prohibiting coercion, yet in the Lekuk Lima Puluh Tumbi Lempur Jambi community, forced marriages occur due to local customs, leading to negative consequences. The research method used was field research focusing on the Lekuk Lima Puluh Tumbi Lempur community, Jambi, Indonesia. The data obtained were analyzed and studied with Islamic law. The findings first show that the forced marriage occurs when a man and a woman return to the village after a late night. Second, factors behind these customary sanctions include religious, social and customary ones. Third, the impact of these customary sanctions is the occurrence of underage marriage and the resultant divorce. Fourthly, the marriage is contrary to Islamic law, because it involves coercion, even though the pillars of marriage are fulfilled, but the conditions of marriage are not fulfilled, so the law of marriage becomes fasid (broken). Therefore, as a consideration, if the sanction of forced marriage is carried out without regard to the cause, whether chronological or consensual, and age, but only based on customary coercion, then the customary sanction can cause more significant harm than benefit, so the custom must be abandoned.

#bnefloods: An analysis of the Queensland Government media conferences during the 2022 Brisbane floods

Residents look to state leaders during high-risk events for advice and guidance. Previous events have reinforced the vital role that governments play in delivering emergency messages. Creating meaningful messages during emergencies is vital to inform affected populations and to encourage them to take appropriate actions. In February 2022, South East Queensland experienced a significant flooding event that resulted in the loss of life and property. This study identified that conflicting information was released due to the uncertainty of the weather event. Many residents used Twitter to post about what was being experienced, creating a real-time display of what was happening. This study analysed the public-facing government media conferences held over 4 days against Situational Crisis Communication Theory1 and compared the response to Twitter posts during the key days of the February flood. The study found an overwhelming use of the theory’s denial and diminishment approaches used by some communicators combined with the rebuilding approach used by others. This had great potential to cause conflicting and confusing messages. This research is important because language encourages people to believe that floods can be prevented. Conflicting messaging can cause significant harm by not providing clear direction regarding evacuation and other safety measures.

'My mind pretty much went to mush': A qualitative exploration of trenbolone in the performance and image enhancing drug community.

There are a variety of harms associated with anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), with some AAS associated with an increased risk profile for users. Despite potentially different risk profiles, these harms are seldom discussed with respect to specific compounds although recent ethnographic research has identified a need to do so. Specifically, myth has developed among users with trenbolone reportedly having more dramatic effects on individuals, with reports of aggression, violent behaviour and extreme mood disturbances, and this is reflected in extant literature. This paper aims to report on the narrative surrounding the use of trenbolone among AAS users. As part of a larger qualitative study, a number of AAS users were interviewed regarding their usage practices. A narrative emerged regarding the physical and psychological harms which accompanied their AAS use of which trenbolone played a central role (N = 16). Of all the AAS, trenbolone was viewed as having the most deleterious consequences for those who used it. Users reported an extreme shift in risk profile for psychosocial harms, particularly increased aggression and violent behaviour, as well as impulsivity regulation issues. AAS-using peers and family members of users reported the readily observable effect of trenbolone. Users should be cognisant of the potential for significant harms and health-care providers working with this group may consider more focused screening strategies. Future policy decisions regarding AAS may wish to consider the pivotal role trenbolone plays in adverse outcomes for this unique group of substance users.