Significant Gender Differences Research Articles

Bidirectional Relationship between Adolescent Gender Egalitarianism and Prosocial Behavior.

This study investigates the bidirectional associations between gender egalitarianism and prosocial behavior in adolescents, and the moderating effect of gender in the associations, as well as gender differences and longitudinal changes in both. We recruited 543 Chinese adolescents (284 girls, 259 boys; mean age at Time 1 = 11.27 years) and collected three waves of data measuring gender egalitarianism and prosocial behavior at one-year intervals. According to the results, girls expressed greater gender egalitarianism than boys did; girls reported more prosocial behavior than boys in the sixth grade, but there were no significant gender differences in the seventh and eighth grades. Adolescents' gender egalitarianism stayed stable from the sixth to the seventh grade then increased from the seventh to the eighth grade, and there was a decrease in prosocial behavior from the sixth to the seventh grade. More importantly, the results of the multi-group cross-lagged panel model revealed that adolescents' gender egalitarianism in the previous year positively predicted prosocial behavior in the next year, and vice versa; such bidirectional associations equally applied to boys and girls. These findings add to the knowledge of adolescent gender egalitarianism and prosocial behavior, and the dynamic interplay between the two.

A comparison of the disease occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive diseases, and ischaemic heart diseases among hospitalized older adults in Thailand

This observational research analyzed public hospital data from the Thailand Ministry of Public Health website to investigate gender differences in four categories of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) affecting hospitalized senior Thai populations for 12 years. This study aimed to determine the cumulative effects and analyze the odds ratio (OR) according to ICD-10 cause categories for the data from 2010 to 2021, accounting for 1,327,093 cases in 2010 and 2,275,936 cases in 2021. The findings revealed statistically significant gender differences in four categories of NCDs. Men were found to be more likely than women to have two types of NCDs, as measured by the OR (95%CI): cerebrovascular diseases (OR 1.34–1.47, 95%CI 1.32–1.48), and ischaemic heart disease (OR 1.24–1.63, 95%CI 1.23–1.64). Conversely, diabetes mellitus (OR 0.64–0.84, 95%CI 0.63–0.85) and hypertensive disorders (OR 0.82–0.95, 95%CI 0.81–0.97) were discovered to have a lower likelihood of ratios related in men compared to women. However, the trend of all four NCDs in men has significantly increased every year: cerebrovascular diseases = 0.0093 year(s) + 1.3391, (R2 0.82, p-value 0.001); diabetes mellitus = 0.0171 year(s) + 0.6143, (R2 0.97, p-value 0.001); hypertension = 0.0125 year(s) + 0.8091, (R2 0.96, p-value 0.001); and ischaemic heart disease = 0.0345 year(s) + 1.1884, (R2 0.99, p-value 0.001).Gender, a crucial biological factor, contributes to variations in the prevalence of illness. As such, it is essential to prioritize the disease risk occurrence and preventive care for men and women separately, with a focus on implementing more detailed screening and detection strategies, as well as tailored interventions.

Detection of asymptomatic lesions in jaws from patient visiting King Saud University (KSU) College of Dentistry: A retrospective study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the detection of asymptomatic lesions of jaws in retrospective two-year panoramic radiographs from patients’ record visiting for treatment in the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, and accidentally noticed while patients visited for other reasons. Ninety-two (92) cases were selected for the study to detect asymptomatic lesions among 907 patients varying in age of 18 to 72 years (mean 38 years) and who visited the Dentistry College. The information was collected on a designed proforma by two examiners and calculated average. Seventy-six (76) were male and sixteen (16) females, including 79 (85.9%) radiopaque, 11 (12%) radiolucent, and 2 (2.2%) with mixed lesions. These results showed no significant gender differences. The selected cases were divided into three age groups 18-30, 31-50, and 51-72 years to detect different lesions, but the groups did not differ significantly. In this study, location-wise frequency of lesions in the anterior region of jaws were 2 (28.6%) in maxilla and 5 (71.4%) in mandible, whereas in the posterior region 7 (9.7%) were in maxilla and 65 (90.3%) in mandible. However, the study concluded that most of asymptomatic radiopaque lesions were found in the posterior region of mandible and more incidence being in young age group.

TEMPORAL CHANGES IN VIDEO GAME PLAY AND SPATIAL VISUALIZATION SKILLS BY GENDER AMONG ENGINEERING STUDENTS

Spatial thinking is considered to be a higher-level skill that is critical to success in engineering and in computer science. Further, there are significant gender differences in 3-D spatial skills among first-year engineering students, favoring males. Playing 3-D video games is viewed by many as one activity that may lead to highly developed spatial skills; video gaming is also viewed as a means for attracting students to the field of computer science. In this study, engineering students were administered a test of 3-D mental rotation during first-year orientation and also completed a background questionnaire designed to assess the amount of time spent playing typical 3-D video games during their childhood. Both instruments were administered in 2009 as well as in 2019. Through this research, it was found that men have higher spatial skill levels and spend more time playing 3-D video games compared to their female counterparts. Further, the amount of time spent playing 3-D video games increased significantly for males but not for females between 2009 and 2019. Playing 3-D video games was significantly correlated with spatial skill levels but appeared to be more important for females than for males in terms of developing these skills. Results from this study will inform video game developers as they create games of broad appeal in fulfillment of a dual role: attracting a diverse body of students to computer science programs while also developing the 3-D spatial skills necessary for success in those fields.

Socio-economic dimensions of handwashing knowledge in student populations at Ukhiya subdistrict of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

The critical role of handwashing in preventing infectious disease transmission, particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the importance of understanding and enhancing hand hygiene practices in developing countries like Bangladesh. This research aims to identify the socio-economic factors affecting handwashing knowledge among students, thereby informing targeted public health interventions to improve hygiene practices and reduce disease spread. A cross-sectional study was conducted across ten government primary schools in Ukhiya between March and April 2022. The sample comprised 400 students, selected using systematic sampling techniques, excluding those with learning disabilities or unwilling to participate. Data were collected via interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Stata, with handwashing knowledge scores categorized as 'poor' or 'good' based on responses to 16 questions. The results revealed a high level of handwashing knowledge among students, with 90.5% categorized as having 'good' knowledge. No significant gender differences were observed in handwashing knowledge. However, a strong correlation was found between the educational levels of the students' mothers and handwashing knowledge, highlighting the influence of maternal education on health behaviors. Additionally, the occupational background of students' fathers and hygiene and sanitation clubs in the community were significantly associated with handwashing knowledge. The findings underscore the pivotal role of family and community resources in shaping hand hygiene practices among students. This study concludes that handwashing knowledge among students in Ukhiya is generally high, reflecting effective public health education. However, the influence of socio-economic factors, such as parental education and community resources, suggests that targeted interventions could further enhance hand hygiene practices. Future efforts should aim to translate this high level of handwashing knowledge into consistent practice across diverse socio-economic contexts, contributing to the community's overall well-being.

Psycho-Socio Personal Predictors of Health-Seeking Behaviours among Young Adults in Tertiary Institutions in Delta State, Nigeria

The psycho socio-economic personal devastating issues of climate change and emerging health issues like Ebola and COVID-19 have resulted in massive preventable deaths among young adults and increased ill-health in most Nigerian campuses. The result of emerging health issues birthed a new normal requiring new health knowledge, practices, skills, and innovations of health-seeking behaviour in nearly all facets of human endeavor that conform to global climate change and emerging health issues instituted by Covid-19 prevention protocols designed to curb its spread. One such health survival strategy is the promotion of positive health-seeking behaviour of young adults in tertiary institutions in Delta State. This research investigates the joint contribution of the independent variables (health education, personal income, safe water, stress management, environmental sanitation, food security, nutritional practice, medical check-up, physical exercise, personal hygiene, attitudinal behaviour, cultural belief, access to basic health services, personal health) as predictors of health-seeking behaviour among young adults in tertiary institutions in Delta state. A total of 7620 questionnaires were sent out for the study; 4000 females but 3869 (56.5%) were correctly filled and 3500 males but 2981 (43.5%) were correctly filled by young adults in eight tertiary institutions in Delta State, Nigeria. The findings of this study revealed that psychological and personal factors are significant predictors of health-seeking behavior among young adults and social factors are not significant to health-seeking behavior among young adults. There was no significant gender difference in health knowledge and health-seeking behaviour among tertiary students. Recommendation was made that the State government should make healthcare services available and accessible to students in all our tertiary institutions in Delta state at affordable cost to discourage negative health-seeking behaviours from quacks and unqualified healthcare givers, patronizing patent medicine stores to avoid preventable deaths, spread of infectious diseases’ and promote the personal health of students while in the campus.

A laboratory-based cross-sectional study about helicobacter pylori infection and diabetes.

Despite the numerous articles discussing the relationship between diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) and chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection the results have been inconsistent, necessitating further research. This study investigated the coexistence of Helicobacter pylori infection and DMT2. We conducted a study in selected laboratories in Tehran, measuring the H.Pylori stool antigen (HpSA) in individuals referred by physicians for a glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test. Out of the 2500 patients who were referred to randomly selected laboratories, a total of 2025 (81%) patients had serum HbA1c levels above 6.5%. of 2025 patients with HbA1c levels above 6.5%, 1321 (52.84%) had HpSA in their stool. No significant gender difference was observed, with a mean age ± SD, 48.65 ± 7.55. HpSA was positive in 52.84% of the DM group, while in the non-DM group, HpSA was positive in 37.36% of cases. Fecal antigen titers are not related to gender (P = 0.274) but are related to age (r = 0.213, P=0.034). Long-term infection with Helicobacter pylori may be significantly associated with elevated HgA1c.Testing for H. pylori infection, regular monitoring of blood sugar and HbA1c levels in high-risk people can prevent DMT2.

Gender differences in prevalence and clinical risk factors of suicide attempts in young adults with first-episode drug-naive major depressive disorder.

Suicide rates in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) change with age and gender. Early adulthood is an important transitional stage between late adolescence and adulthood, in which an individual's mind gradually matures. However, there are fewer studies on prevalence and variables linked to the suicide attempts of young adults with MDD. To explore gender differences in the prevalence and risk factors associated with suicide attempts in young adults with first-episode drug-naive MDD. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRSA) and Positive Subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess depression, anxiety and psychotic symptoms respectively and various biochemical indicators were assessed. Among 293 young adults with first-episode drug-naive MDD, the prevalence of suicide attempts was 15.45% (19/123) for males and 14.12% (24/170) for females. Males with suicide attempts had higher levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and higher PANSS Positive Subscale scores, whereas females with suicide attempts had higher TSH, serum total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and diastolic blood pressure levels and higher scores on the HRSD, HRSA, PANSS Positive Subscale (all Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05). In males, PANSS Positive Subscale score (B = 0.17, P = 0.03, OR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.02-1.38) was a risk factor for suicide attempts. There were significant gender differences in the risk factors for suicide attempts in young adults with first-episode drug-naive MDD.

Disparity in risk factors of ischemic stroke in four coastal-area hospitals in China

BackgroundCurrently, ischemic stroke is the leading cause of death in China. To compare regional differences of ischemic stroke, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with ischemic stroke in four regionally representative hospitals in China. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study at four tertiary hospitals in east China, with regionally representative patients. The associated factors include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia and a combination of these factors. The standardized ratio (SR), estimated as the observed number divided by the expected number, computed as the sum of predicted probabilities from a multivariable logistic regression model derived using data from all other cities, was used to compare to average levels. ResultsA total of 34,707 patients were included. The number of patients increased with age in all four hospitals and patients were predominantly male. The number of ischemic stroke cases with related factors increased with age, except for hyperlipidemia. There was no significant gender difference when multiple related factors existed simultaneously. Coronary heart disease had a more significant impact on ischemic stroke in Qingdao Municipal Hospital and the First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, while hyperlipidemia had a significant influence on ischemic stroke in the First Hospital of Qinhuangdao. ConclusionsAt four hospitals in east China, with the increase of age, the risk factors associated with ischemic stroke increased, and the distribution of ischemic stroke-related factors showed regional differences.

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Orthostatic Hypotension and Its Severity in Residents Aged > 60 years: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This cross-sectional study investigated the epidemiology and risk factors associated with orthostatic hypotension (OH) and its severity in older adults residing in the Jizhou community of Tianjin and the Jimei community of Xiamen. The study, conducted from March to September 2019, involved adults aged over 60. A comprehensive questionnaire survey was administered, resulting in the enrolment of 4383 older adults. The overall prevalence of OH was found to be 11.7% (516 out of 4383). Notably, a significant gender difference was observed, with a prevalence of 10% among males (194 out of 1926) and 13.1% among females (322 out of 2457) (P=0.002). Among individuals with OH, 332 exhibited mild symptoms, 64 had moderate OH, 58 had severe OH cases, and 50 have very severe OH. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that being female, widowed, engaging in general social activities, and a history of hypertension, migraines, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and mental health conditions (anxiety and depression) were independently associated with OH. Ordinal logistic regression analysis further confirmed that hypertension, migraine, and a history of general anesthesia surgery were independently associated with the severity of OH. This study highlights a relatively high prevalence of OH among older adults in the Jizhou community of Tianjin and the Jimei community of Xiamen, China. The identified risk factors, particularly social activities, and hypertension, significantly influence the severity of OH. Further examination is required to corroborate these findings and investigate potential interventions.

A37: An Experimental Study on the Effect of Traditional Old Games on Fundamental Motor Skills of Children Aged 7-8

Purpose: Fundamental Motor Skills as the "cornerstone" of children's healthy growth, its firmness determines children's future development. However, with the progress of science and technology and the convenience of modern life, the physical activity level of children has decreased significantly, and the development of basic motor skills has increased rapidly. Therefore, in October 2020, it was clearly proposed to gradually improve the school physical education teaching model of "health knowledge + basic sports skills + special sports skills". At the same time, as the wisdom crystallization of human development, traditional old games are increasingly replaced by the ever-changing electronic games and gradually fade out of human's vision. The inheritance of excellent traditional sports culture is in urgent need of improvement. Based on this, standing at the intersection of two hundred years of history, this study takes the opportunity of the introduction of excellent traditional sports culture into the campus, fully explores the action education value of traditional old games, integrates the design and implementation of online sports intervention of traditional old games, deeply discusses the influence and effect of traditional old games on basic sports skills, and tries to expand the ideas and perspectives of the inheritance of excellent traditional sports culture. To effectively promote the healthy growth of children to provide empirical reference. Methods: In this study, literature, experiment, interview, mathematical statistics, and other research methods were used to design and improve the teaching design of traditional games, and the first-grade students at a primary school in Shenzhen were selected for experimental research. Among them, 24 students (11 boys and 13 girls) in the experimental class used traditional old games for experimental intervention, while the control class (11 boys and 13 girls) conducted routine teaching arrangements. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks, twice a week for 30 minutes each time. The Gross Motor Development Scale III (TGMD-3) was used before and after the experiment to evaluate children's basic motor skill development, in order to verify the effectiveness of traditional games in improving children's basic motor ability development. Results: After the experiment, the overall level of basic motor skills (t=3.091, p=0.000 &lt; 0.01), mobile skills (t=4.694, p=0.000 &lt; 0.05) and mobile skills of female students (t=6.502, p=0.000 &lt; 0.05) were significantly different between the experimental class and the control class. Conclusion: Through reasonable design and creation of the five principles of fun, feasible, antagonistic, educational, and changeable traditional games, can effectively improve the basic motor skills of 7-8 years old children; The intervention was suitable for the sensitive period of children's motor development, and the traditional online games had the most obvious effect on improving the mobile skills of 7-8 years old children. Influenced by social role awareness and growth sequence, there are significant gender differences in the influence of traditional old games on basic motor skills of children aged 7-8 years, and the development of motor skills of girls is significantly better than that of boys.

Nigerian Open and Distance Learning Students and the Mandatory National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) Scheme

The principal means of accessing admission into higher educational institutions in Nigeria is the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) carried out by the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB). The total number of candidates looking for admission into the different Nigerian institutions of higher learning has been on the increase over the years. The main motivation behind setting up any Open Distance Learning (ODL) institutions in Nigeria is to give a scope of chance to admittance to advanced education to students who, for one explanation or the other, really like to have their schooling in a more adaptable way. Moreover, the low admission limit of Nigerian universities for full time studies places a limit on the number of prospective learners who can be admitted into universities thereby making a monstrous hole between the people who want higher education and the framework accessible to cater for their necessities. The National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) scheme is an obligatory programme set up by the Nigerian government to include graduates of Nigerian educational tertiary institutions who are 30 years and below with the aim of promoting national unity and integration as well as to contribute to the accelerated growth of the national economy. However, graduates of open and distance learning institutions in the country do not take part in the NYSC programme. An attempt is made in this paper to investigate the level of preparedness and interests of ODL students and their disappointment in their exclusion from the programme. To achieve this, a descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study with a random sample of 201 respondents comprising 114 male and 87 female distant learners within the stipulated age for the NYSC scheme. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used to gather data from respondents. Four research questions were raised and three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Data gathered were analyzed and presented using figures, simple percentages, frequency tables and the Independent T-test. The findings revealed that 98% of respondents believe that they are prepared for the NYSC scheme, while 2% of respondents are not prepared. 99% are interested and 97% are disappointed at their exclusion from the scheme. No significant gender difference was observed in the level of preparedness, extent of interest and degree of disappointment in exclusion from the scheme among respondents. The study recommends a collaborative effort of ODL institutions and their counselling units in addressing anxieties and disappointments among students. The study also advocates a review of government’s policy on the NYSC scheme for possible inclusion of young graduates of ODL institutions in the scheme.

Hippocampal volume and resting-state functional connectivity on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Parkinson and depression.

Recent structural and functional imaging studies of depression in Parkinson disease (DPD) have failed to reveal the relevant mechanism, and relatively few studies have been conducted on limbic systems such as the hippocampus. This study thus aimed to gain new insights into the pathogenesis of DPD by detecting the changes in the hippocampal structure and the resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of patients with DPD. This study included 30 patients with DPD (DPD group), 30 patients with nondepressed Parkinson disease (NDPD; NDPD group), and 30 normal controls (NCs; NC group) with no significant age or gender differences with the DPD group. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging and blood oxygen level-dependent imaging data of all patients were collected. The hippocampal volumes were measured using MATLAB software (MathWorks). The correlation between hippocampal volume and the HAMD score in the DPD group was analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient. The bilateral hippocampi were used as the regions of interest and as the seed points for FC. FC analysis was performed between the preprocessed functional data of the whole brain and the two seed points with Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State and Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 software, respectively. The correlation between FC and HAMD scores in the patients with DPD was determined using partial correlation analysis. Compared with those in the NC group and the NDPD group, the bilateral hippocampal volumes in the DPD group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between the bilateral hippocampal volume and the HAMD score in the DPD group (P<0.05). Compared with that of the NDPD group, the FC of the right hippocampus with the right occipital lobe and left precuneus was reduced in the DPD group. In the DPD group, the FC values of the right hippocampus, right occipital lobe, and left anterior cuneiform lobe were negatively correlated with HAMD scores. The volume of bilateral hippocampi in patients with DPD is significantly decreased and negatively correlated with the severity of depressive disorder. The weakened FC of the right hippocampus to the right occipital lobe and the left precuneus may play an important role in the neurological basis of DPD.

Applied Arabic Textbook Readability Level for University Students at Al-Balqa Applied University

Readability is considered one of the main indicators of students' ability to understand reading texts. The purpose of this study was to define the level of Applied Arabic textbook readability for university students at Al-Balqa Applied University in Jordan. In order to do so, Cloze Test was administrated on four texts that students didn't read before taken from the Applied Arabic textbook. A sample of (54) university students participated in the study. The results showed that the four texts were within the frustration level, as the students' results on the four texts ranged between (0.46-0.66). There were no statistically significant gender differences on the readability level; indicating that both male and female students are facing difficulty in reading and understanding the texts of books. The study suggested the need for experimentation of textbooks on students to determine their readability level before implementing them to students to be appropriate to students’ reading levels in order to address the problems students face while reading a text.

Gender Differences in Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma: A Narrative Review.

Sarcomas, uncommon malignancies, stem from mesenchymal tissues, distinct from epithelial tissues, originating in the embryonic mesodermal layer. These sarcomas have been categorized as either bone or soft tissue sarcomas, depending on their originating tissue. The majority of sarcomas occur sporadically with their etiology being unknown, but there are several, well-established genetic predisposition syndromes and some environmental exposures associated with specific sarcomas. Recently, many studies have shown that sarcomas, in analogy with colorectal, skin, head and neck, esophageal, lung, and liver carcinomas, also have a male sex predilection. Significant gender differences have already been observed in childhood sarcomas. Among the tumors strongly associated with the male sex, childhood sarcomas have been identified as being particularly sensitive to the biological differences between the sexes, with special regard to soft tissue sarcomas. As the biological mechanisms underlying the sex differences in the incidence of soft tissue sarcomas remain largely unexplored, this review aims to highlight the factors underlying these differences to inform prevention and treatment.

Factors Affecting Speech Intelligibility - A Developmental Study

There is a dearth of research on speech intelligibility in typically developing Tamil speaking children and no published study was reported on the relation between factors such as phonetic accuracy, rate of speech, average amplitude, and frequency range in Tamil speaking children. The aim of this study is to investigate the development of speech intelligibility in typically developing Tamil speaking children in the age range of 2 to 6.11 years. A total of 150 typically developing native tamil speaking children between the age range of 2 and 6.11 years were further divided into 5 groups, with each group consisting of 30 children. Nine sentences in Tamil with increasing complexity was developed to study the developmental trend of speech intelligibility. Each child was seated comfortably and pictures of sentences were randomly presented one after the other as the investigator say the sentence describing the picture. The child was instructed to repeat the sentences after the investigator. Acoustic analysis was done using CSL Model 4500 and frequency range , intensity and rate of speech were calculated. Perceptual analysis was done using the transcription sheets, by a speech language pathologist. Subsequently, percentage of phoneme correct for words and sentences were calculated, separately. Independent ‘t’ test, pearson’s rank correlation, spearman’s rank correlation and regression analysis were conducted to find the predictor variables of speech intelligibility. Results revealed, percentage of phoneme correct increased with age and there were no significant gender differences for words and sentences. It was also found that PPC of sentences, intensity average and ROS has a strong positive correlation. As PPC values increases (with age), intensity and rate of speech also increases. Frequency range has no correlation with any of the variables like intensity, PPC and ROS.

Electives in Medical Curriculum- An Insight of Medical Students

Background: Electives include courses that are interest based, where the students are free to choose the course content. NMC has introduced electives in medical curriculum and it has been implemented for the first time in various medical colleges. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the perception of MBBS students regarding Electives program. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the first batch of MBBS students that completed the electives program after taking their consent and approval from ethical committee. Electives Experience scale (EES) and Electives Rating Scale (ERS) were developed, tested, and used for this study. Median, inter quartile range, Cronbach’s alpha and Mann Whitney tests were used for analysis. Results: Most of the students learnt theory, practical, AETCOM (ethics &amp; communication), clinical skills and research in both blocks of posting but research was more focussed in block 1 and practical knowledge and clinical skills in block 2. For the Likert scales (EES-1, EES-2, ERS-1, ERS-2 &amp; ERS), Cronbach’s alpha was found to be quite robust for all the scales. Median and inter quartile range were calculated for EES and ERS scores. Mann Whitney test showed significant gender difference for EES-2. If the student had got elective of his/her choice in block 1, the mean ranks of EES &amp; ERS were significantly higher but if the student had got the elective of his/her choice in block 2, significantly higher scores were seen in overall ERS, ERS-2 and EES-2 only. Conclusion: Electives is a welcome addition to the medical curriculum. However, proactive approach from the student is a must to utilize this opportunity to the fullest.

Gender and Age Invariance of the Global Belief in a Just World Scale

Abstract: Belief in a Just World (BJW) underscores the psychological inclination of individuals to view the world as just, where outcomes typically correspond with one’s actions and behaviors. Despite the widespread application of the Global Belief in a Just World Scale (GBJWS) in the social sciences as a measure for the BJW construct, there remains an insufficient exploration of its measurement invariance across age and gender, especially among Chinese working adults. This study aims to fill this gap by using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) for gender invariance and local structural equation modeling for age invariance assessment. Statistics analyses with 2,128 participants confirmed configural, metric, and scalar invariance for gender, with latent mean comparisons revealing no significant gender differences in BJW. However, age invariance did not reach scalar invariance, suggesting caution in utilizing the one-factor structure of the GBJWS for age-related research. This investigation offers a deeper understanding of the GBJWS’s validity and responds to the pressing call for research on the scale’s applicability across diverse demographic contexts.

The expression of Cox-2 and Cyclin D1 with clinicopathological characteristics in oral epithelial dysplasia: A retrospective study

Background: Oral mucosal cancers are often preceded by potentially malignant diseases that may exhibit diverse morphological and histological alterations. The expression of COX 2 has been related to tumor vascularization, dissemination, and survival in oral cancer studies. High levels of cyclin D1 expression to precancerous lesions and oral malignancies. This study was designed to evaluate and compare the immunohistochemical expression of the above-mentioned markers. Materials and Methods: 50 retrospective formalin fixed-paraffin embedded histopathologically confirmed blocks of oral epithelial dysplasia. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using monoclonal antibodies against COX-2 and Cyclin D1. Using a standard camera, photomicrographs of the slides were taken. Results: No significant difference in the age distribution of the patients studied, as well as age pivoting at the fifth and sixth decades with mean and standard deviation (53.36 2.63). There was no significant difference in gender among the studied patients. Furthermore, there was a highly significant difference in grade distribution. Conclusions: The COX-2 and Cyclin D1 markers may assist in diagnosing oral epithelial dysplasia based on severity. It's easy to gather image-analytic data on the stained tissue specimens.

Examination of Exercise Addictions in Sedentary Individuals

In order to ensure that individuals can maintain a healthy lifestyle, it is essential to establish a regular exercise routine. This research aims to investigate a sedentary exercise programme and contribute to a healthy life in the years to come. The population of the research consists of sedentary individuals living in Elazığ province. The sample consists of 283 sedentary individuals, of which 168 are female and 115 are male. Our study consists of two parts. In the first part, a personal information form is used for the participants, while in the second part, a 21-item exercise scale (EDS-21) is used. The results show significant symptomatic indications in individuals (p0.05). Asymptomatic individuals were found among those involved in active sports, while symptomatic cases were identified in both individual and team sports. For the EDS-21 sub-dimensions, there was a statistically significant difference in gender, with males scoring higher than females, and active sports participants scoring higher than non-active individuals (p0.05). Although no statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of body weight, a statistically significant difference was found based on weekly exercise status (p0.05).In conclusion, the EDS-21 symptoms of sedentary individuals indicated that females were asymptomatic while males were symptomatic, and that active exercisers were symptomatic while non-exercisers were asymptomatic. In terms of the sub-dimensions of the EDS-21, males were found to be more exercise dependent than females, and active sports participants had higher scores than non-exercisers. In light of this research, informing individuals about exercise dependence could contribute to the healthy upbringing of future generations.Keywords: Dependent, Exercise, Sedentary, Sport