Significant Fall In Body Temperature Research Articles

The Estimation of Time Since Death by De Saram et al. Method Applied to the Corpses Brought to Ggh Mortuary, Guntur

A physical change that may occur in a corpse after death would be heat exchange from the body to thesurrounding environment. An attempt has been made by the investigators to estimate time since death by DeSaram method which takes into account the rate of fall of temperature. A total of 100 human corpses selectedfor the study. The study was conducted from October to December of the year 2022. It is very difficult to specifynormal body temperature, as this value can vary considerably between individuals. Rectal temperatures in agroup of healthy subjects can vary between 34.2 C- 37.6 C, with a mean of 36.9 C. Rectal temperature is oftenreferred to as deep central temperature, similar in value to that of brain, heart, lungs and abdominal organs. Theestimated time since death by De saram method is either underestimated or over estimated and is not suitablefor tropical countries like India. The applied method is suitable in winter season of the year particularly wherethere is significant fall in body temperature noted when compared to other seasons of the year.

English

This study aimed to investigate the antifebrile and anti-inflammatory effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDD). The rabbits received intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after orally administered with HLJDD and the rectal temperatures of rabbits were monitored. The concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in serum were assayed using rabbit IL-1β and TNF-α enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the anti-inflammatory effects of HLJDD were also explored. HLJDD treatment group resulted in a significant fall in body temperature in biphasic fever peak (p < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between HLJDD treatment group and Ibuprofen (IBR) treatment group in biphasic fever peak at time 1 and 3 h (p > 0.05). HLJDD treatment group reduced the concentrations of IL-1β in serum at time 1 and 3 h to control febrile responses. Moreover, paw edema of carrageenan-treated rats were significantly attenuated in rats pretreated with HLJDD. Mechanistic studies showed that HLJDD effectively decreased expressions of COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) proteins. These results suggested that HLJDD would be a valuable candidate for further investigation as a new anti-arthritic drug. Key words: Lipopolysaccharide, Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDD), anti-inflammatory, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha.

Effects of Bai-Hu decoction on fever induced by lipopolysaccharide

This study was designed to investigate the antifebrile effect and mechanisms of Bai-Hu decoction (BHD), a traditional Chinese medical (TCM) prescription. The rabbits used in this study received an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after being orally administered with BHD, ibuprofen, or saline, and their rectal temperatures were monitored by a copper–constantan thermocouple. Concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in serum and hypothalamus were assayed using the commercially available rabbit IL-1β and TNF-α enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits following the manufacturer’s instructions. The BHD treatment group exhibited a significant fall in body temperature in both peaks compared with the LPS group (p<0.05). BHD reduced the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum, and of TNF-α in hypothalamus to control the febrile responses at 1 hour. Besides the levels of IL-1β in hypothalamus and serum, the concentration of TNF-α in hypothalamus was decreased remarkably in the BHD group than in the LPS group at 3 hours. The main findings, the partial mechanisms of BHD in reducing biphasic fever elicited by LPS, were that treatments with the crude extract of BHD could remarkably reduce the increased concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α, not only in serum but also in hypothalamus. The results indicated that BHD would be a valuable candidate for further investigation as a traditional antifebrile and anti-inflammatory natural drug.

Hypothermic and toxic actions of 2-butyne-1, 4-diol and other related diols in the rat.

Abstract The effects of 2-butyne-1,4-diol (BYDL) and related congeners on the body temperature of the rat have been determined. BYDL, at doses above 0·4 mmol kg−1 intraperitoneally, produced a significant fall in body temperature which was dose dependent. 2-butene-1,4-diol (BEDL) had no hypothermic action, and butane-1,4-diol (BDL) produced only a moderate fall in temperature (1·9°) which correlated with the time course of the hypnotic effect of the drug. γ-Butyrolac-tone (GBL), γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and pentobarbitone at hypnotic doses had similar hypothermic actions which correlated with the period of hypnosis. The hypothermia produced by BYDL could not be prevented by pretreatment with scopolamine or by maintaining the rats at high environmental temperature (32°). BYDL was far more toxic than the other diols examined (LD50 = 0·609-0·635 mmol kg−1 compared to BEDL: 3·71-3·74 mmol kg−1 and BDL: 11·87-11·90 mmol kg−1). Pretreatment of rats with pyrazole, an inhibitor of liver alcohol dehydrogenase, prevented the toxic and hypothermic actions of BYDL. From earlier studies with pyrazole and BDL it was concluded that BYDL itself was not active but that it was possibly converted in vivo by liver alcohol dehydrogenase to a toxic metabolite.

Thermoregulatory role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-induced hypothermia

We have tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) arising from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a role in hypothermia during endotoxemia by regulating vasopressin (AVP) release. Wild-type (WT) and iNOS knockout mice (KO) were intraperitoneally injected with either saline or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 10.0 mg/kg in a final volume of 0.02 mL. Body temperature was measured continuously by biotelemetry during 24 h after injection. Three hours after LPS administration, we observed a significant drop in body temperature (hypothermic response) in WT mice, which remained until the seventh hour, returning then close to the basal level. In iNOS KO mice, we found a significant fall in body temperature after the fourth hour of LPS administration; however, the hypothermic response persisted until the end of the 24 h of the experiment. The pre-treatment with β-mercapto-β,β-cyclopentamethylenepropionyl 1, O-Et-Tyr 2, Val 4, Arg 8-Vasopressin, an AVP V 1 receptor antagonist (10 μg/kg) administered intraperitoneally, abolished the persistent hypothermia induced by LPS in iNOS KO mice, suggesting the regulation of iNOS under the vasopressin release in this experimental model. In conclusion, our data suggest that the iNOS isoform plays a role in LPS-induced hypothermia, apparently through the regulation of AVP release.

Thermoregulation during endotoxemia in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase: Involvment of the arginine-vasopressin

Background We have tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) arising from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a role in hypothermia during endotoxemic shock, by regulating vasopressin (AVP) release. Methods and results Wild-type (WT) and iNOS knockout mice (KO) were intraperitoneally injected with either saline or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 10.0 mg/kg in a final volume of 0.02 ml. Body temperature was measured continuously by biotelemetry during 24 hours after LPS administration. One hour after LPS administration we observed a significant drop in body temperature (hypothermic response) in WT, which remained until the eighth hour after LPS injection, returning the close to the basal level. In iNOS KO mice, we found a significant fall in body temperature after the first hour of LPS administration, however the hypothermic response persisted until the end of the twenty-four hour of experiment. The pre-treatment with (b-mercapto-b,b-cyclopentamethylenepropionyl1, O-Et-Tyr2, Val4, Arg8-Vasopressin), an AVP V1 receptor blocker (10 μg/kg) administered i.p., abolished the persistent hypothermia induced by LPS in iNOS KO mice, suggesting the regulation of iNOS under the vasopressin release in this patophysiological model. Conclusion In conclusion, our data indicate that the inducible NOS isoform plays an inhibitory role in AVP release during endotoxemia, which seems to be critical for the thermoregulation during this pathophysiological state. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P9–P9; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.037

Viper venom-induced inflammation and inhibition of free radical formation by pure compound (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolated and purified from anantamul ( Hemidesmus indicus R.Br) root extract

The present investigation explored the possible venom neutralizing effect of a pure compound (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolated and purified from the methanolic root extract of Hemidesmus indicus R.Rr. 2-OH-4-MeO benzoic acid possessed potent anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antioxidant properties. The compound effectively neutralized inflammation induced by Vipera russelli venom in male albino mice and reduced cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. The compound produced a significant fall in body temperature in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats but did not change the normothermic body temperature. The compound effectively neutralized viper venom-induced changes in serum phosphatase and transaminase activity in male albino rats. It also neutralized free radical formation as estimated by TBAPS and superoxide dismutase activities. The antisnake venom activity of the pure compound is partly mediated through the above physiological process.

Effects of different factors in lead- and cadmium-induced hypothermia in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the hypothermic effect induced by lead or cadmium chloride treatments and the cerebral metal levels attained. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with different doses of lead acetate or cadmium chloride at ambient temperatures of 22°C and 35°C, and rectal temperatures and brain metal levels were determined. At 22°C, doses of lead acetate exceeding 25 mg/kg caused significant hypothermia and a rise of lead levels in the brain; this hypothermic effect was significantly inhibited at 35°C. In mice repeatedly treated with 2 or 5 mg/kg lead acetate and exposed to 22°C or 35°C, no significant changes were observed in body temperature after the repeated exposure, although brain lead levels increased significantly. Cadmium chloride at 22°C produced a significant fall in body temperature, and a rise in brain cadmium levels at doses of 2–4 mg/kg; the decrease in body temperature was partially inhibited at 35°C. The results of the present study suggest that the hypothermic effect elicited by these heavy metals is related to both the level of metal absorbed by the brain and its rate of uptake.

Selective β1‐Andrenoceptor Blockade and Muscle Thermogenesis

Muscle thermogenesis was measured by direct microcalorimetry in hypertensive patients randomly treated with either metoprolol or placebo. Samples from rectus abdominis were taken after muscle relaxation during surgery, which was accompanied by a significant increase in arterial plasma noradrenaline. Thermogenesis was significantly lower in the metoprolol group compared with both the hypertensives given (p less than 0.05), and a normotensive group without treatment (p less than 0.005). Metoprolol also provoked a significant fall in body temperature in comparison with the two other groups (p less than 0.01). In the hypertensives given placebo, heat production was inversely related to plasma adrenaline (r = -0.89), indicating a role of the sympatho-adrenal system in muscle thermogenesis. No such correlation appeared during metoprolol treatment. In the present acute stress situation it is suggested that muscle thermogenesis was decreased indirectly by metoprolol via blockade of beta 1-receptors in adipose tissue, causing a relative inhibition of lipolysis with diminished substrate supply to the muscles.

Enhanced Thermolability in Anephric Rabbits

Uremic patients tend to have a lower than normal deep-body temperature. In addition, there is a clinical impression that uremic patients are also more thermolabile than healthy people; that is, in a warm environment, body temperature tends to be higher, and in a cold environment, body temperature tends to be lower than in healthy subjects. To test the hypothesis that uremia results in enhanced thermolability, nonoperated control (NO), nephrectomized (NX), and sham-nephrectomized (SHAM) rabbits were subjected to mild cold (5 degrees C) and heat (30 degrees C) stresses. At 48 hours postsurgery, the core temperature of NX rabbits was significantly lower than that of the NO or SHAM rabbits (P less than .01). Exposure to 5 degrees C resulted in a significant fall in body temperature of the NX (from 39.1 degrees C to 38.3 degrees C; P less than .05) rabbits compared to the NO rabbits. There was a tendency for body temperature of the SHAM rabbits to fall, and as a result, there was no significant difference in the change in body temperature between the SHAM and NX rabbits. Exposure to 30 degrees C resulted in virtually no change in the core temperature of the NO or SHAM rabbits, but did result in a significant rise in core temperature of the NX rabbits (P less than .02 and P less than .01 for respective comparisons), as well as a significant increase in mortality rate (P less than .02). Based on these data, we conclude that anephric animals are more thermolabile, and are less able to tolerate exposure to a warm environment, than are normal animals.

Effect of antipyretic drugs on circadian rhythm in body temperature of rats.

In many species, including the laboratory rat, body temperature varies on a circadian (24 h) basis. There is considerable evidence that the circadian rise in body temperature is attributable to an elevation in thermoregulatory set point. We hypothesized that this rise in set point may be mediated by prostaglandins. If this hypothesis is correct, then it should be possible to block or reduce the nighttime rise in body temperature by the administration of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. Rats were injected with the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors sodium salicylate, acetylsalicylic acid, and indomethacin at 5:00 P.M. and at 9:00 A.M. Administration of these drugs had little effect on body temperature during the day but caused a significant fall in body temperature at night when temperature is normally in the rising or plateau phase of the cycle. We conclude that prostaglandin synthesis is an important component of the circadian rise in body temperature in the rat. In addition, evidence is presented that there exists a cryogenic factor that opposes the nighttime prostaglandin-mediated rise in body temperature.

Body temperature changes during transurethral prostatectomy.

A prospective trial was made to investigate the effects of cold irrigating solutions on body temperatures during transurethral resection of the prostate. In a control group of 45 cases, when the irrigating fluids had a mean temperature of 21.9 degree C, there was a significant fall in body temperature from 36 +/- 0.6 degree C to 34.9 +/- 0.7 degree C. In test group A to 48 cases, when the irrigating fluids had a mean temperature of 4.96 degree C, there was a significant fall in body temperature from 36.1 +/- 0.6 degree C to 34.8 +/- 0.9 degree C. In test group B (five cases) when the irrigating fluids had a mean temperature of 10.2 degree C there was a significant fall in body temperature from 36.0 +/- 0.4 to 34.6 +/- 0.8. Comparative analyses between the control group and test group A did not show significant differences in the degrees of cooling in the two groups.

The effect of altitude and cold on body temperature during acclimatization of man at 3,300 m.

The oral temperature of 20 healthy subjects of 22–28 years of age at sea level (Delhi) was recorded between 08:00–09:00 hr daily for a period of one week. Then they were flown to an altitude of 3,300 m where they were divided into two equal groups. One group was exposed to hypoxia and cold (6° to 11°C) simultaneously, while the other group to only hypoxia (25° to 28°C). At the end of three weeks, the groups were interchanged and studied for a further period of three weeks, after which they were flown back and re-tested at sea level for another week. The chronic hypoxia existing at this altitude produced a significant fall in body temperature irrespective of imposition or withdrawal of cold stress.

Effect of Autolyzed Yeast, Yeast Nucleic Acid and Related Substances on Body-Temperatures of Rats.

SummarySubcutaneous injection of 2 cc of a “15%” yeast autolysate in rats produced a significant rise in body-temperature. Intraperitoneal injection of the same material produced a significant fall in body-temperature. Both qualitatively and quantitatively similar results were produced by the injection of 2.5 cc of a 0.1% solution of the magnesium salt of yeast nucleic acid. Slight lowering of the body-temperature occurred in some animals after intraperitoneal injection of guanine. Subcutaneous injection of guanine had no effect on body-temperature. Adenine, uracil, xanthine, and allantoin had no effect on the body-temperature of rats by either route of administration.