Significant Direct Effect Research Articles

Modeling Occupational Stress on Employee Performance with Mediating and Moderating Roles of Social Support: Structural Equation Modeling and Multivariate Analysis

Purpose: This empirical study investigated the relationship between occupational stress and employee performance and the mediating and moderating effects of social support on the relationship between occupational stress and the performance of IT sector employees in Bangalore city. Methodology: A quantitative methodology was used. The data were collected via a questionnaire to measure the three reflective constructs of the study: occupational stress, employee performance, and social support. Factor loadings > 0.5 for the items of all three constructs were considered for analysis. The questionnaire's internal consistency was measured by assessing Cronbach's alpha and the split-half correlation coefficient. SEM analysis was carried out on the valid responses of 500 responses via AMOS version 28. Findings: The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality indicated normally distributed data. Excellent model fit was observed, as indicated by the model fit statistics. A statistically significant direct effect between occupational stress and employee performance and social support was observed, with both the variable performance of occupational stress and social support explaining 28% of the variance in the dependent variable. performance This study also examined the moderating role of social factors in the relationship between occupational stress and employee performance. Social support also moderated the performance of the IT sector employees. Positive and statistically significant moderating effects of social support on the relationship between occupational stress and employee performance were observed. The slope analysis revealed that social support strengthens the relationship between occupational stress and employee performance. The authors suggest that organizations adopt social support strategies, such as breaks, meditation, and yoga, to relieve stress and increase social support among employees. Originality: This study assessed the effects of modeling occupational stress on employee performance with mediating and moderating roles of social support via structural equation modeling analysis and multivariate analysis.

Predictors of investment intention in real estate: Extending the theory of planned behavior

This paper explores the factors affecting the investment intention of individual real estate investors utilizing the extended theory of planned behavior. With the help of self-administered questionnaire, data from 366 individual investors from India was collected. This data was analysed using two-step structural equation modelling. While significant direct effect of attitude, external influence, financial self-efficacy and perceived financial return was found, interpersonal influence, perceived financial risk, facilitating conditions and financial awareness had no significant direct impact on investment intention. Upon checking the mediating effect of attitude on the factors, all factors influenced investment intention through attitude except facilitating condition and financial awareness. It was also observed that attitude stands out as the most important aspect due to strongest influence on intention directly and also providing mediation to all variables except two. The study guides policymakers and investment institutions to develop strategies and utilize resources in a direction that can bring out a positive outcome by strengthening real estate investors’ investment intentions. It brings out the fact that financial confidence should be boosted by enabling investors to handle and manage their finances which can bring in a positive attitude for investing.

Science and Mathematics Teachers’ Integration of TPACK in STEM Subjects in Qatar: A Structural Equation Modeling Study

This study aimed to explore how secondary school science and mathematics teachers in Qatar integrate Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) into their teaching practices. The study examined the relationships between the subcomponents of TPACK using structural equation modeling (SEM), complemented by an analysis of additional categorical variables. A total of 245 science and mathematics teachers from Qatar participated in the research. The model’s findings showed that the internal components—technological knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and content knowledge—had a significant and positive direct effect on the external factors: technological pedagogical knowledge, technological content knowledge, and pedagogical content knowledge. However, these internal components did not directly impact TPACK itself. Together, these variables accounted for 77% of the variance in TPACK. Among the findings, Technological Content Knowledge (TCK) emerged as one of the most influential variables affecting TPACK, emphasizing its importance in teachers’ TPACK integration. On the other hand, it was found that Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) did not have a direct and significant effect on TPACK. Categorical variables like certificates and postgraduate education significantly impact TPACK and its subcomponents, while gender, field of study, and teaching experience do not. This finding underscores the importance of structured training and postgraduate education in enhancing TPACK skills for science and mathematics teachers. Participation in technology-based certification programs and postgraduate studies in STEM is crucial for their TPACK development in teaching STEM subjects. Future studies could explore the long-term impact of structured, technology-based training programs on enhancing STEM teachers’ TPACK development and assess how this improvement influences student learning outcomes in science and mathematics classrooms. This would provide deeper insights into the effectiveness of such programs and their potential to transform teaching practices and student achievement in STEM education.

A Meta-analysis on the Influence of Authoritarian Parenting Style on Adolescents' Social Anxiety

Aim To understand the influence of authoritarian parenting style in adolescents' social anxiety.  Methodology Previous research papers and articles published on this topic were reviewed and comprehended through google scholar and pub med etc that were previously used by other scholars. After collecting various studies, these studies were reviewed and reached a conclusion.  Literature Review This study comprises various papers conducted by researchers on the impact of authoritarian parenting on adolescents’ social anxiety. These studies were assumed to be the data for this present study. This study was successfully completed by discussing the findings of these already existing studies.  Discussion and Interpretation Many studies have found that authoritarian parenting has a significant direct effect on social anxiety in adolescents. The cold and rejecting parenting enhances fear in the child. As the child grows into adolescence, the teen may withdraw from social situations and isolate himself or herself solely because of the fear of being judged and scrutinized by others.  Conclusion It is suggested that parents should not adopt authoritarian parenting to upbring the child. Girls were reported to be higher in social anxiety as compared to boys.

The Role of Shame in Associations with PTSD and Depression Symptoms and Hazardous Drinking Among Bisexual Women Who Experienced Sexual Violence

ABSTRACT Bisexual (i.e. those with attraction to multiple genders) women experience disparities in sexual violence and mental health outcomes, including PTSD, depression, and hazardous drinking, compared to lesbian and heterosexual women. Unique stigma due to bisexual identity (antibisexual stigma), negative reactions to sexual violence (SV) disclosure (e.g. victim blaming), and prior child sexual abuse (CSA) may all contribute to shame. We tested whether shame explained the associations of antibisexual stigma, negative reactions to SV disclosure, and CSA severity with PTSD symptoms, depression, and hazardous drinking among young bisexual women. Participants who self-identified as bisexual women, between the ages of 18–35, residing in the US were recruited via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and completed online questionnaires. Women who reported SV since age 18 that they disclosed to someone were included in the current study, yielding a sample of 156 bisexual women (Mage = 25.7; 98.1% cisgender, 86.5% White). Path analysis with bias-corrected bootstrapping was conducted. There were significant direct effects of negative reactions on hazardous drinking and CSA on PTSD, and direct effects of shame on PTSD and depression symptoms. Shame explained the associations of antibisexual stigma, negative reactions, and CSA with PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms, and hazardous drinking. Shame may explain why stigmatizing experiences related to bisexual identity, sexual violence, and CSA history relate to distress among bisexual women. Shame is an important treatment target among bisexual survivors of SV.

Investigating the Impact of CSR Practices on Financial Performance: A Multiple Mediation Analysis in the Moroccan Exporting SMEs

Numerous pieces of research have shown that corporate social responsibility (CSR) orientation is key to driving long-term survival, growth and sustainable performance in a complex and dynamic environment. However, studies of the relationship between CSR and financial performance (FP) have yielded disparate results. Therefore, the current study aims to examine the effect of CSR on FP by using customer satisfaction (CS), reputation (REP) and competitive advantage (CA) as mediating variables. The data for this study was collected via a survey of 207 Moroccan exporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and analyzed using SPSS 25 and Structural-equation Modeling with the aid of AMOS 23. Outcomes revealed that CSR has no significant direct effect on FP, but rather an indirect effect through REP and CS. Likewise, the link between CSR and FP is mediated on the one hand by CS and CA, successively and on the other hand by REP and CA, successively. These findings provide a verified theoretical framework for SME managers to plan and execute CSR to enhance FP by indirectly targeting the aforementioned intangible assets. The paper contributes to the knowledge of how CSR practices lead to FP in an under-explored context of SMEs in a developing country.

The association of diet quality with the mental health of students during their transition to university.

University students are at risk of experiencing mental health and diet quality problems during their transition to university. This study aimed to examine the bidirectional associations between the diet quality and mental health of students during their transition to universities in the UK, and the impact of the transition on diet quality and mental health. The study adopted a cross-sectional design and took place during the first semester of year 2021-2022. Participants were first year undergraduate students at four UK universities, living at student halls. They were invited to participate by completing online surveys, including a diet quality instrument (Short Form Food Frequency Questionnaire), a mental health instrument (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale) and a quality of transition instrument (College Adjustment Questionnaire). Results showed that a healthy diet was associated with good mental health (b = -3.46, 95% CI [-6.14, -.78]). Unfavourable mental health was associated with having an unhealthy diet (b = -.01, 95% CI [-.02, -.00]). Transition did not moderate the relationship between diet quality and mental health of students, or vice versa (ps> .05). Preliminary analyses showed a significant direct effect of good quality of transition to university on good mental health (b = -1.51, 95% CI [-1.88, -1.13]), but did not have an indirect effect via diet quality; there were no significant direct or indirect effects on diet quality, however larger studies are needed to replicate these preliminary analyses. Our current findings can inform university policies and health education research, and further research is needed to determine whether interventions to improve diet quality at the university level could reduce mental health issues, and whether interventions to support students under stress may lead to healthier dietary habits. Cross-sectional studies cannot determine the directionality of effects, hence longitudinal studies are required to enhance our understanding of the relationships between diet quality and mental health over time.

Development of A Structural Equation Model of The Variables Affecting the Purchase Intention Innovation Solar Power Air-conditioning Systems of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise

Purpose: This quantitative dissertation aimed 1) to investigate the impact of government policies, product innovation attributes, consumer innovativeness, and perceived value towards purchase intention,2) to construct a linear structural equation model that illustrates the influence of those factors on the purchase intention of innovative solar power airconditioning system of SMEs in the service sector. Method: The sample group was 320 executives of SMEs in the service sector. Sampling was by specific and quota random sampling. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics, confirmatory component analysis, and structural equation model analysis. Results: The findings of this study demonstrate significant direct effects of government policy, consumer innovativeness, and consumer’s perceived value on purchase intention of innovative solar power air conditioning systems. Moreover, government policy and consumer innovativeness also exerted indirect effects on purchase intention through their influence on consumers’ perceived value, serving as mediator variables. Research Implication: Through the development of a structural equation model, consumer innovativeness had the greatest overall influence on the purchase intention of SMEs in the service sector, followed by consumer’s perceived value, government policy, and product innovation attributes, respectively. Originailty/Value: Airconditioning SMEs can used government policy, consumer innovativeness, and consumer’s perceived value to motivate consumers on purchase intention of innovative solar power air conditioning systems.

Predicting teacher voice behaviour: The influence of distributed leadership, psychological empowerment and power distance orientation in Kuwait

Teacher voice behaviour is a significant instrument for developing positive change, better decision-making and raised school efficacy at an educational institution, with a principal's leadership facilitating this mechanism. The purpose of this study is to investigate how and under what conditions a school principal's implementation of distributed leadership affects teacher voice behaviour within their school. Data from 1024 teachers across 36 public schools in Kuwait was examined using regression analysis and bootstrapping methods. This research examined a moderated mediation model of distributed leadership effects upon teacher voice behaviour, with teacher psychological empowerment included as the mediator and power distance orientation as the moderator. Results revealed a partial mediation model and found that distributed leadership had significant direct and indirect effects upon teacher voice behaviour. Power distance orientation negatively moderated the relationship between psychological empowerment and teacher voice behaviour. This study contributes to existing distributed leadership literature by identifying psychological empowerment as an additional mediator, and power distance orientation as a boundary condition, in the relationship between distributed leadership and teacher voice behaviour. This study's findings could provide the conceptual basis for interventions designed to promote teacher voice behavior.

Study on Effect of Scaling and Anisotropy on Roughness of Natural Fractured Rock Surfaces

In the modified formula for the cubic law, the roughness correction coefficient C serves as a parameter that indicates the characteristics of the roughness of a rock’s surface. In this study, surface data for natural rock samples were acquired through high-precision 3D scanning and combined with publicly accessible CT scan data on rough rock fractures to generate spatial coordinates. The roughness correction coefficient C was calculated and analyzed using both formulaic and numerical methods. The analysis revealed significant effects of scale on the roughness correction coefficient for rock fractures within a size range of 5 to 10 cm (determined based on the actual sample size), with tensile fractures demonstrating greater variations compared to shear fractures. When calculating the roughness correction coefficient on the same fracture surface in different directions, significant directional effects were observed. Furthermore, elliptical fitting demonstrated favorable results. The conclusion drawn was that the roughness correction coefficient for fracture surfaces can be represented effectively using a tensor form, thereby simplifying the expression of directionality. Calculating and analyzing the fractal dimension of a rough surface further confirmed the existence of effects of size on roughness.

PATH ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING CASHLESS SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT USING BOOTSTRAP RESAMPLING

Path analysis can be applied to various fields, one of which is the field of banking economics. This study is aimed to examine what factors significantly affect the development of cashless society both directly and indirectly. There are many studies related to the development of cashless society but there has been no research that analyzes the relationship between marketing mix variables, such as product, price and promotion, with the development of cashless society. The data used came from the results of questionnaires with respondents of bank customers in Jakarta. Direct influence tests are carried out using bootstrap resampling hypothesis tests so that they are free from data distribution assumptions. It was found that product and digitalization of electronic money had a significant direct effect on the development of cashless society while price had a significant indirect effect on the development of cashless society.

Transformational Leadership, Interpersonal Communication, Information and Communication Technology Literacy, and Knowledge Management

The purpose of this research is to identify strategies to enhance school effectiveness by strengthening transformational leadership, interpersonal communication, ICT literacy, and knowledge management. A quantitative method with path analysis was applied, and SITOREM analysis was used to optimize each indicator. The study involved 445 teachers from private vocational schools in Depok City, with a sample of 211 teachers. The findings reveal that school effectiveness can be improved by reinforcing transformational leadership, interpersonal communication, ICT literacy, and knowledge management. Key strategies include addressing weak indicators such as feedback, empathy, knowledge application, and access. Statistical tests show significant positive direct effects of: 1) transformational leadership on school effectiveness (Sig=0.032), 2) interpersonal communication on school effectiveness (Sig=0.000), 3) ICT literacy on school effectiveness (Sig=0.001), and 4) knowledge management on school effectiveness (Sig=0.001). Additionally, transformational leadership, interpersonal communication, and ICT literacy all positively affect knowledge management. Knowledge management serves as an effective mediator for the influence of transformational leadership (Sig=0.004) and interpersonal communication (Sig=0.001) on school effectiveness, but not for ICT literacy (Sig=0.356).

Dual-Stage Analysis Combining Structural Equation Modeling and Machine Learning for Low-Carbon Travel Intention of Urban Residents

Guiding urban residents to travel with low carbon is an important measure to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable urban development. To explore the important factors affecting urban residents’ low-carbon travel intention, this study proposes a composite model of urban residents’ low-carbon travel intention based on the composite framework of the theory of planned behavior and value belief norm theory. A total of 398 valid pieces of data were collected in Qingdao, China. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to empirically analyze the data to identify the predictors that have a significant effect on low-carbon travel intention. Then, two machine learning methods, artificial neural networks (ANN) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were used to conduct sensitivity analysis on the SEM results to identify the determinants that affect residents’ low-carbon travel intention. The results showed that personal norm, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control have a significant direct effect on residents’ low-carbon travel intention. Policy factors can indirectly affect low-carbon travel intention, through mediating variables. Environmental awareness and travel time perception have a direct effect on both residents’ attitude and subjective norms. In addition, the explained variance (R2) of low-carbon travel intention by ANN and XGBoost is 0.75 and 0.77, respectively. The Root Square Mean Error (RMSE) in both models are small, which verifies the effectiveness of the two machine learning methods. The results can provide a reference basis for policymakers to prompt urban sustainable development.

Enhancing Active Grammar Learning in a Synchronous Online EFL Undergraduate Classroom: Development and Assessment of the LPCR Online Instructional Model

In synchronous online EFL classrooms, students often exhibit passive participation and boredom when learning grammar. This research study presents the development of an online active grammar learning instructional model, named LPCR, which incorporates Byrne’s Presentation-Practice- Production (PPP) approach and Fink’s holistic view of active learning. LPCR was employed as an eclectic approach for teaching grammar and utilized four online applications in a synchronous online classroom. The study involved 40 second-year nursing students enrolled in an EFL undergraduate course at a public university in Thailand from January to April 2022. The effectiveness of LPCR was assessed through a grammar test, a questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews. The students’ grammar scores were analyzed using the Paired Samples t-Test and Cohen’s d, which revealed the positive effect of LPCR with a medium effect size. Also, students’ attitudes toward LPCR were assessed through a seven-point Likert-scale questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, employing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the theoretical framework. The results indicated that, on average, students considered LPCR useful and easy to use, and they had positive attitudes toward using LPCR and behavioral intention to use it. Additionally, the results of a path analysis with the students’ questionnaire responses showed both significant and non-significant direct and indirect effects of the four TAM variables: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward use, and behavioral intention to use. Pedagogical and research implications are drawn from the findings, and recommendations for implementing LPCR in future instances of English grammar instruction in synchronous online classrooms are offered.

The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction in the Effect of Servant Leadership on Employee Performance: A Research on Saving Finance Sector

Purpose –The purpose of this article is to analyze the mediating role of job satisfaction in the effect of servant leadership on employee performance. Design/Methodology/Approach –The population of the research consists of 7000 employees who work in savings finance sector and live in Istanbul. The sample of the study which has a correlational quantitative design was selected by the "simple random" method. A 5-point and 7-point Likert-type survey was applied to the employees. The survey consists of a demographic part and three scales: Servant leadership scale, Job satisfaction scale, Employee performance scale. Data collected from 502 employees were analyzed through SPSS 26, AMOS 26, and PROCESS MACRO statistical programs. In the study, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity methods and mediator variable analysis were used to analyze the data. Findings –Servant leadership was found to have a direct significant effect on employee performance. The results of the analysis supports that servant leadership has a positive effect on job satisfaction and job satisfaction plays a mediating role in increasing employee performance.Discussion –It was concluded that the characteristics of servant leaders such as focusing on team members, trying to understand their needs, and providing support will positively affect the performance of employees by increasing their job satisfaction.

Tinjauan Pengaruh Store Atmosphere, Experiental Marketing dan Persepsi Nilai Terhadap Loyalitas Konsumen dengan Kepuasan Konsumen Sebagai Variabel Intervening

This research, titled "OVERVIEW OF THE INFLUENCE OF STORE ATMOSPHERE, EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING, AND VALUE PERCEPTIONS ON CONSUMER LOYALTY WITH CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE" (Case Study at Teman Semeja Coffee & Space Pekalongan), aims to analyze the effects of store atmosphere, experiential marketing, and perceived value on consumer loyalty, with customer satisfaction as an intervening variable. Data were collected through questionnaires from a sample of 100 respondents using a non-probability sampling method and purposive sampling technique. The study utilized validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, hypothesis testing (t-test), determination coefficient, path analysis, and the Sobel test with IBM SPSS 20.0. The results show that the store atmosphere has no significant effect on consumer loyalty (tcount = 1.901 < ttable = 1.984; Sig. = 0.060 > 0.05). Experiential marketing also shows no significant effect on consumer loyalty (tcount = 0.089 < ttable = 1.984; Sig. = 0.929 > 0.05; direct effect < indirect effect). However, perceived value has a significant effect on consumer loyalty (tcount = 2.046 > ttable = 1.984; Sig. = 0.044 < 0.05). Regarding the indirect effects, store atmosphere significantly affects consumer loyalty through customer satisfaction (Sobel test: tcount = 9.745 > ttable = 1.984; Sab = 0.0029 < 0.05), as does experiential marketing (Sobel test: tcount = 17.054 > ttable = 1.984; Sab = 0.0028 < 0.05) and perceived value (Sobel test: tcount = 34.191 > ttable = 1.984; Sab = 0.0029 < 0.05). Additionally, customer satisfaction has a significant direct effect on consumer loyalty (tcount = 4.889 > ttable = 1.984; Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05).

Pollen as a mediator between environmental greenness during pregnancy and infancy periods and childhood persistent asthma: A nationwide retrospective birth cohort study in Japan

The association between environmental greenness and childhood asthma remains unclear. Pollen has been proposed as a potential mechanism of detrimental associations. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the association between environmental greenness during the pre-, peri-, and postnatal periods and childhood persistent asthma. A nationwide retrospective birth cohort study was conducted using data from the Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC). Child-mother dyads between January 2010 and January 2017 were identified, and four subcohorts were developed based on the timing of exposure to the highest greenness season. The exposure of interest was environmental greenness levels between June and September, quantified using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The primary outcome was persistent asthma in children aged 4–5 years. Causal mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate pollen as a mediator between NDVI and asthma. In these analyses, linear and modified Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the association of NDVI with pollen levels and childhood persistent asthma. The analyses were stratified by metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Clinically meaningful confounders and predictors of asthma were adjusted in the statistical models. A total of 100,273 child-mother dyads were included in the entire cohort, with 24.1% of the children having persistent asthma at the ages of 4–5 years. Higher environmental greenness was associated with higher pollen levels. The modified Poisson regression models showed higher environmental greenness was associated with a slightly higher risk of persistent childhood asthma. In metropolitan areas, significant detrimental natural direct effects of NDVI were observed; however, the natural indirect effects were uncertain. A large part of the association between environmental greenness and childhood persistent asthma in metropolitan areas was attributed to mechanisms other than those involving pollen. The associations in non-metropolitan areas remain uncertain. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Change starts with the body: Interoceptive appreciation mediates the effect of mindfulness training on behavior change – an effect moderated by depression severity

Mindfulness catalyzes health behavior change. Yet, interoception is dysregulated in depression, potentially impairing behavioral activation. We examined the mediating role of interoceptive appreciation, as measured by how much one trusts and listens to internal bodily signals, on behavior change. Primary care patients with depression, anxiety, or stress disorders related to chronic illness were randomized to Mindfulness Training for Primary Care (MTPC) using the Mindful Behavior Change curriculum or a low-dose mindfulness comparator. Participants (N = 274) completed the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) at 0 and 8 weeks. At week 7, participants chose a health behavior action plan. During weeks 8–10, participants reported their action plan initiation (API) level. We investigated the effect of MTPC on API level (MTPC-API), the mediating role of interoceptive appreciation (Body Listening [MAIA-BL] + Trusting [MAIA-T]), and baseline depression severity as a moderator. MTPC had a significant direct effect on API. Interoceptive appreciation (MAIA-BL + MAIA-T) had a significant indirect effect on API (CI=0.15–0.56). Without depression (n = 76), MAIA-BL partially mediated MTPC-API (CI=0.02–0.87). With moderate-to-severe depression (n = 132), MAIA-T partially mediated MTPC-API (CI=0.01–0.85). Interoceptive appreciation helps people listen to motivating bodily signals. In depression, regaining body trust may be an important step on a mindful path towards change.

Mobile phone dependence among Chinese university students: the contribution of irrational beliefs and solitude.

This research aimed to explore the impact of selected psychological variables on mobile phone dependence among Chinese university students. Specifically, the study focused on the relationship between solitude and irrational beliefs on mobile phone dependence. The study included 2,888 university students from Guangdong, Southern China, and found that both irrational beliefs and solitude had significant direct effects on mobile phone dependence. The study also revealed that solitude mediated the relationship between irrational beliefs and mobile phone dependence. The results of this study indicate that psychosocial environments, including feelings of solitude and irrational beliefs, can influence mobile phone dependence among undergraduate students. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to these factors and their potential impact on student behavior, particularly when it comes to academic growth and development. Further research in this area may help identify effective strategies to address mobile phone dependence among university students and promote healthier psychosocial environments.

Association of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors with prevalence of diabetes in rural southwest China: a structural equation modelling approach

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence of diabetes using structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the pathways and associations of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors on diabetes in rural southwest...