Significant Figures Research Articles

Light pollution risk rating based on linear dynamic discrete model

Nowadays, with the development of modern society, it has been more and more difficult for us to see the stars at night[1]. What shaded them? The answer is the “evil light”--light pollution. According to the study, light pollution not only harms people's physical health but also their mental health. To solve this problem[2], a model was created to classify and mark the level of light pollution in any place in the world. Its essence is a deterministic dynamic linear discrete model. This paper first studied different kinds of formula related to the treatment on soil and water. Then this paper compared the characteristics of the light pollution with them and found the differences and similarities which can improve our formula. Finally, to get a obtain a widely applicable index system, a linear weight formula was created, which is for light pollution only. Besides, created the optical intrusion formula and the average glare intensity formula. After comparing with the linear weight formula, the paper choosen the linear weight formula for its flexibility and wide use. Secondly, to make the model more accuracy, the paper selected factors that have strong impact on the light pollution. There are too many factors that can influence the light pollution, though some of them only take a little part in. The paper used the Topsis and factor analysis to find out the factors and their weights. Then this paper developed a scoring system based on the data provided by government. Finally, after searching the data for 57 protected areas, 67 rural communities, 64 suburban communities and 76 urban communities and applying them to the model and calculating, we got the final degree for each samples. And the average marks for each kind of place are0.83,0.69,0.51and0.18(preserve two decimal places). The results are very close to the reality and we used the optical imaging to help you better understand them.

A spectrum adaptive kernel polynomial method.

The kernel polynomial method (KPM) is a powerful numerical method for approximating spectral densities. Typical implementations of the KPM require an a prior estimate for an interval containing the support of the target spectral density, and while such estimates can be obtained by classical techniques, this incurs addition computational costs. We propose a spectrum adaptive KPM based on the Lanczos algorithm without reorthogonalization, which allows the selection of KPM parameters to be deferred to after the expensive computation is finished. Theoretical results from numerical analysis are given to justify the suitability of the Lanczos algorithm for our approach, even in finite precision arithmetic. While conceptually simple, the paradigm of decoupling computation from approximation has a number of practical and pedagogical benefits, which we highlight with numerical examples.

A Novel 3D Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Integer-Reversible Krawtchouk Transform for IoMT.

To avoid rounding errors associated with the limited representation of significant digits when applying the floating-point Krawtchouk transform in image processing, we present an integer and reversible version of the Krawtchouk transform (IRKT). This proposed IRKT generates integer-valued coefficients within the Krawtchouk domain, seamlessly aligning with the integer representation commonly utilized in lossless image applications. Building upon the IRKT, we introduce a novel 3D reversible data hiding (RDH) algorithm designed for the secure storage and transmission of extensive medical data within the IoMT (Internet of Medical Things) sector. Through the utilization of the IRKT-based 3D RDH method, a substantial amount of additional data can be embedded into 3D carrier medical images without augmenting their original size or compromising information integrity upon data extraction. Extensive experimental evaluations substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, particularly regarding its high embedding capacity, imperceptibility, and resilience against statistical attacks. The integration of this proposed algorithm into the IoMT sector furnishes enhanced security measures for the safeguarded storage and transmission of massive medical data, thereby addressing the limitations of conventional 2D RDH algorithms for medical images.

Sulianti Saroso’s Thoughts on Maternal Reproductive Health in Indonesia 1950—1961

This research aims to discuss Sulianti Saroso as one of the important figures in the development of maternal reproductive health in Indonesia. Specifically, this research is focused on the period 1950-1961 based on Sulianti Saroso's many ideas related to maternal reproductive health which she pioneered while serving as Head of the Maternal and Child Welfare in Indonesia during that period. To understand her thoughts, the author used several primary sources in the form of ego documents including the memoirs of Sulianti Saroso's first child, the archives of Sulianti's biography that she wrote herself, as well as the archives of Sulaiman’s biography. To support this research, the author also used her interviews’s archives from Kedaulatan Rakyat Newspaper as well as some newspapers from the National Library of Indonesia, Solo Press Museum, and Dhelper. Meanwhile, for data analysis, the author used five stages of historical research, namely topic selection, source collection, verification, interpretation, and historiography. The results of the analysis then highlighted that as a figure who represents intellectual women, Sulianti's thoughts have a major contribution relevant to the development of maternal reproductive health in Indonesia. In conclusion, Sulianti Saroso can be considered as a significant figure in Indonesian health development.

Precision measurement of 5-DOF rotational error motion using two multi-probe error separation methods

This study proposes a new method for the precision measurement of the 5-DOF error motion of rotating machines. The developed seven-probe error separation system uses two measurement units, consisting of an upper four-probe unit and a lower three-probe unit, for the separation of error signals. From the seven probe output signals, the profile signals of the measured surface and the 5-DOF error motion signals, including random components, can be precisely separated. An analysis was carried out to examine the effects of the intersection term by the 5-DOF error motion signals, which is an additional measurement error cause. Furthermore, an effective calculation process capable of calculating a precise surface profile and error motion signal by compensating for the effect was proposed. Numerical validation tests and measurement experiments were performed. This showed it was possible to make accurate measurements by separating the 5-DOF error motions and surface profile signals and using a compensation calculation process. In addition, the effect of the stability error of the probe, which can be a significant factor in increasing measurement uncertainty, on the measurement results was observed and analyzed. Based on the geometric relationship of the measurement system, a process for estimating the expected effect of the stability error of the probe on the measurement result was presented. By applying this process, it is possible to determine the scale of probe stability error to secure the measurement reliability required when selecting a probe used in the system.

Calculation of Fresnel integrals of real and complex arguments up to 28 significant digits

We present numerical algorithms for efficient and highly accurate computations of Fresnel’s sine and cosine integrals S(z) and C(z) for real (z = x) and complex (z = x + iy) arguments. The algorithms are based on series expansion for small values of |z|, expansion in Chebyshev subinterval polynomial approximations for intermediate real values (y = 0), toggled with sum of half-integer order Bessel functions for complex arguments, together with asymptotic series expansion for large values of |z|. The present algorithms, implemented in a Fortran elemental module, can be run using any of the single, double, or quadruple precision arithmetic. Results from the present code have been benchmarked versus comprehensive data tables, generated using Maple, Mathematica, and Matlab symbolic toolbox. Compared to a maximum of 16 significant digits in the literature, the present algorithms can calculate S(x) and C(x) up to 28 significant digits in the range xϵ[0, 106] and S(z) and C(z) to the same accuracy in the domain where |S(z)| and |C(z)| each is less than the largest finite floating point number in the precision under consideration with ∣argz∣<π2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mid \\mathit{\\arg}\\ z\\mid <\\frac{\\pi }{2}$$\\end{document} or more specifically 3×10-4<yx<2×103\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$3\ imes {10}^{-4}<\\left|\\frac{y}{x}\\right|<2\ imes {10}^3$$\\end{document} for S(z) and 4×10-4<yx<2.2×103\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$4\ imes {10}^{-4}<\\left|\\frac{y}{x}\\right|<2.2\ imes {10}^3$$\\end{document} for C(z).

Benford's Law applies to word frequency rank in English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian.

Benford's Law states that, in many real-world data sets, the frequency of numbers' first digits is predicted by the formula log(1 + (1/d)). Numbers beginning with a 1 occur roughly 30% of the time, and are six times more common than numbers beginning with a 9. We show that Benford's Law applies to the the frequency rank of words in English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian. We calculated the frequency rank of words in the Google Ngram Viewer corpora. Then, using the first significant digit of the frequency rank, we found the FSD distribution adhered to the expected Benford's Law distribution. Over a series of additional corpora from sources ranging from news to books to social media and across the languages studied, we consistently found adherence to Benford's Law. Furthermore, at the user-level on social media, we found Benford's Law holds for the vast majority of users' collected posts and significant deviations from Benford's Law tends to be a mark of spam bots.

Soft error mitigation and recovery of SRAM-based FPGAs using brain-inspired hybrid-grained scrubbing mechanism.

Soft error has increasingly become a critical concern for SRAM-based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), which could corrupt the configuration memory that stores configuration data describing the custom-designed circuit architecture. To mitigate this kind of error, this study proposes a brain-inspired hybrid-grained scrubbing mechanism consisting of fine-grained and coarse-grained scrubbing to mitigate and repair the errors as quickly as possible after an SEU occurrence. Inspired by the human brain's ability to filter out redundant and irrelevant information, we propose a mechanism that can mask invalid position information when errors occur. Compared with the scrubbing of full configuration memory, this mechanism can achieve precise error location and recovery utilizing targeted scrubbing of specific frames or modules. The effectiveness is evaluated by executing fault injection campaigns on the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems 1989 (ISCAS89) benchmark circuits and fault tolerant fast Fourier transform (FT-FFT) circuit. If upsets are detected, they will be repaired with fine-grained or coarse-grained scrubbing depending on their location. The experiment results show that this mechanism can effectively mitigate and repair single-bit upsets (SBUs) and double-bit upsets (DBUs). In addition, the mechanism is proven to be superior in error recovery time and hardware overhead compared to counterpart approaches.

A quantitative evaluation of the 2nd derivative mode in electron energy loss spectroscopy

The second derivative mode of peak analysis in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) has been quantitatively evaluated in terms of the accuracy of the method. This includes a demonstration of the importance of the second derivative peak width, the second order dependency of the accuracy upon that peak width and effect of high frequency noise in the spectra. It is shown that while the second derivative method is an efficacious and powerful mode of analysis, there are limitations in terms of the number of significant digits in both the spectral values and derived electronic quantities. The case of uranium N4,5 spectral peaks and the 5f population is presented as an example, with UO2 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy used as a benchmark.

Mustafa Ejubović – Šejh Jujo: Between Oral Traditions and Documented Biography

Mustafa Ejubović-Šejh Jujo, one of our prominent Arabic-language writers, lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the transition between the 17th and 18th centuries. Besides being a highly prolific author in the fields of Arabic stylistics and Islamic theology, respected not only locally but also throughout the Ottoman Empire at that time, he is also one of the significant figures in Bosniak oral traditions. Over the past few centuries, various anecdotes about him have been retold, fueling the imagination and strengthening beliefs for generations. These narratives, belonging to the genre of oral traditions about saints (evliyas) in Bosniak oral tradition, focus on the miracles and supernatural powers bestowed upon these extraordinary individuals. What is interesting in the case of this extraordinary mufti from Mostar is that, unlike other figures in Bosnian folklore, there is a wealth of biographical data and facts about him, which has led to controversial perspectives among many researchers regarding their intersection with numerous oral traditions.

Weak constraint 4D-Var data assimilation in the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) using a saddle-point algorithm: Application to the California Current Circulation

The saddle-point formulation of weak constraint 4-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation has been developed for the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), and is applied here to the California Current System (CCS). Unlike the conventional primal and dual forcing formulation of weak constraint 4D-Var, the saddle-point formulation can be efficiently parallelized in time, leading to a substantial decrease in wall-clock run time. The performance of the ROMS saddle-point 4D-Var algorithm is assessed here and compared to that of the dual forcing formulation which is the current standard in ROMS. While the rate of convergence of the saddle-point formulation is slower than the dual forcing formulation, the increase in computational speed due to time-parallelization can more than compensate for the additional inner-loop iterations required by the saddle-point algorithm in the CCS configuration considered here. Further gains in performance can be achieved by running the 4D-Var inner-loop iterations at reduced resolution and/or reduced arithmetic precision. The results presented here indicate that in high performance computing environments with large numbers of available compute cores, the saddle-point formulation of 4D-Var could significantly reduce the run-time compared to the dual forcing formulation for large data assimilation problems.

Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Although non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remain the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, little comprehensive or recent evidence of the burden of NCDs among adolescents and young adults in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions is available. We aimed to report population shifts in people aged 10-24 years and their NCD burden from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. We retrieved data from GBD 2019 for people aged 10-24 years in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions from 1990 to 2019. We presented population shifts and analysed deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for NCDs. We also quantified the associations of deaths and DALYs with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and Universal Health Coverage (UHC) effective coverage index using Spearman correlation and linear regression analyses. Percentages are reported to 1 decimal place and rates are reported to 2 decimal places. In 2019, there were 559·2 million young people aged 10-24 years in the South-East Asia region and 335·0 million in the Western Pacific region; India and China remained the countries with greatest number of this age group. In 1990-2019, India had an absolute increase of 139·4 million adolescents, while China had a decrease of 134·3 million. In 2019, NCDs accounted for 27·3% (95% uncertainty interval 25·1 to 29·2) and 34·6% (33·5 to 36·1) of total deaths, and 49·8% (45·3 to 54·4) and 65·1% (60·6 to 69·3) of total DALYs in the South-East Asia and the Western Pacific regions, respectively. Neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, and mental disorders were the leading causes of NCD burden in 42 countries. Kiribati had the highest rates of deaths (62·82 [50·77 to 76·11] per 100 000 population), YLLs (4364·73 [3545·04 to 5275·63] per 100 000 population), and DALYs (9368·73 [7713·65 to 11340·99] per 100 000 population) for NCDs, whereas Australia (6976·51 [5044·46 to 9190·01] per 100 000 population) and New Zealand (6716·81 [4827·25 to 8827·69] per 100 000 population) had the largest rates of YLDs due to NCDs. From 1990 to 2019 across both regions, the rate of death due to NCDs declined by over a third (-32·8% [-41·1 to -22·9] in the South-East Asia region and -40·0% [-48·6 to -30·4] in the Western Pacific region), and DALYs decreased by about 12% (-12·0% [-16·8 to -7·7] in the South-East Asia region and -12·8% [-17·7 to -8·7] in the Western Pacific region), whereas the proportion of NCD burden relative to all-cause burden increased (45·7% [32·9 to 61·7] for deaths and 41·2% [35·2 to 48·8] for DALYs in the South-East Asia region; 11·8% [7·1 to 21·5] for deaths and 18·2% [14·6 to 22·0] for DALYs in the Western Pacific region). The rate of deaths and DALYs due to NCDs decreased monotonically alongside increases in SDI (rs=-0·57 [95% CI -0·81 to -0·32] for deaths and rs=-0·30 [-0·61 to 0·03] for DALYs). The rate of deaths (rs=-0·89 [95% CI -0·97 to -0·80]) and DALYs (rs=-0·67 [-0·93 to -0·41]) due to NCDs also decreased alongside increases in the UHC effective coverage index. Specific preventive and health service measures are needed for adolescents and young adults in countries with different levels of socioeconomic development to reduce the burden from NCDs. National Natural Science Foundation of China. For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Precision Value, Error Rate and Accuracy of Human Gender Identification Based on Randomized Voice Signals Datasets

Precision Value, Error Rate and Accuracy of Human Gender Identification Based on Randomized Voice Signals Datasets

Training Teachers in Vietnam Today: An Approach from the Educational Perspective of Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh was a distinguished political figure, a prominent leader of the Vietnamese revolution, and also a revered educator and significant cultural figure on a global scale. He laid the foundation and guided the establishment of a new educational system in Vietnam. His educational philosophy holds profound theoretical and practical significance for the revolutionary cause in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh's educational ideology extends beyond mere intellectual and academic pursuits for individuals; it encompasses a comprehensive and profound outlook that is vivid and pragmatic. It aims to cultivate well-rounded individuals who are both "red" (revolutionary) and "expert" (competent), possessing knowledge, ideals, ethics, and health. Therefore, in shaping fundamental reforms in the current educational landscape of the nation, the application of these innovative and rational ideas is regarded as a requirement and a vital solution.

A comparative and acoustic analysis of phoneme /g/ in spontaneous speech in Basque Country, Andalusia and Madrid

In this work, we perform the acoustic analysis of the features of harmonicity, sonority, duration and intensity of each /g/ sound extracted from a sample of spontaneous speech from a corpus collected from recordings of local television programs in Andalusia, Madrid and the Basque Country. This corpus consists of 1292 utterances, in which the velar appears on 151 occasions in different contexts. These sounds are described and categorized thanks to the Praat spectrographic analysis program and a comparison of their features among the three dialectal communities that the corpus contains. The most relevant results allow us to conclude that undescribed realizations of [ɣ] occur in spontaneous speech; that the intensity curves of these approximant sounds yield significant figures for their characterization; and that the frequency of production of the approximant [ɣ] is greater in Andalusia than in Madrid or Euskadi.

Landscape through creative eyes: Strands spun by Doris Lusk, Charles Brasch, Bill Sutton, Lyell Cresswell and David Griffiths

This article explores previously undocumented connections between a group of New Zealand landscape paintings and the resulting poems, music and performance. This unplanned creative sequence, spanning 1964-2008, is the work of significant national cultural figures: Doris Lusk, Charles Brasch, W.A. Sutton, David Griffiths with The Ogen Trio, and Lyell Cresswell with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. Questions arise around the meaning of creative interpretations of nature and landscape, the interface between different formats, and challenges in confirming the identity of artworks. The watercolours (several held in major institutions) and poems are reproduced, together with other supporting images and documentation.

All-Factor Average Method of Reserve Parameters with Crude Oil Volume and Mass Constraints

In order to make the average value of each reserve parameter of a set of oil reserves more representative, this paper puts forward the all-factor average method of reserve parameters with crude oil volume and mass constraints. In the first step, the two constraint methods of crude oil volume and mass are adopted to calculate the average value of various parameters of the total items. The weight coefficient when the parameter is averaged is, respectively, the partial derivative of the volume or mass reserve calculation formula with respect to the parameter. Compared with the original calculation results, the average of their parameters all show a shift towards values with a significant share of reserves, especially effective porosity, oil saturation, and crude oil volume factor. The all-factor average method considers a more comprehensive set of factors than the original method. Therefore, each new average parameter should also be much more representative. Since the current reserve specification stipulates that each parameter needs to retain a certain number of decimal places, there inevitably is some carry error between the reserve results calculated by the parameters of the total items and the accumulated reserves of each unit. The second step is to select the optimal average value of each reserve parameter by using the full permutation combination selection method to reduce the carry error. A set of parameters that minimizes the sum of squared relative errors of crude oil volume and mass reserves is selected using the full permutation combination selection method, which is the optimal selection of the average value of the total set of items. Compared with the original method, the full permutation combination selection method can effectively reduce the carry error.

Iterative decoupling procedure for the coupled 1D problems on example of closed cylindrical shell at static loading

The general iterative method of formal decoupling of two coupled 1D problems is suggested. Its essence consists in the alternative consideration of one of two problems as the main one, the aim of which is to produce the eigenfunctions. Then the other problem is considered as an auxiliary one, which is aimed to obtain the particular solution. The latter is presented as a linear combination of already known eigenfunctions, and then is substituted again into the first problem to refine the constants of main governing differential equation and to get the corrected eigenfunctions. The convergent iterative procedure of gradual refinement of the above constants is elaborated. The accuracy and technique of application is considered in details for the closed cylindrical shell problem, which is expanded in Fourier series with respect to circumferential coordinate. This actually leads to coupled 1D problems – one is the plane elasticity problem, and other – the plate problem. The results of calculation show the high accuracy of the method, which allows to get any required number of significant digits in eigenvalues. The comparison with known theoretical and FEM results for radial displacement and axial bending moment distribution at the vicinity of point of concentrated radial force application demonstrates the efficiency and accuracy of the method.

‘I just know I am upset, and thats it!’: The role of adolescents’ attachment, emotions, and relationship with caregivers in residential care

AbstractAccording to the attachment theory, the establishment of emotional bonds with significant figures is an important process in human development throughout life. The quality of the relationships between adolescents and their caregivers in residential care (RC) may act as a protective factor for internal reorganisation and the development of emotional regulation skills. The present study aims to analyse the effect of insecure attachment orientation and the quality of relationships developed with caregivers in RC settings and adolescent emotion regulation. It also aims to assess the mediating role of emotion regulation in the association between attachment and the quality of the relationship with caregivers. The sample consisted of 249 adolescents, aged between 12 and 18 years old, living in RC facilities in Porto (Portugal). The results suggest that perceived insecurity of attachment to significant figures has a negative effect on emotional regulation and on the quality of the relationship with caregivers. We also found a negative mediating effect of the differentiating emotions dimension on the association between attachment and the quality of the relationship with caregivers. It is relevant to highlight the importance of close affective relationships in developing adolescents' ability to regulate their emotions and particularly the impact of caregivers and their work in residential care.

An implementation of the matrix method using the Chebyshev grid

Abstract In this work, we explore the properties of the matrix method for black hole quasinormal modes on the nonuniform grid. In particular, the method is implemented to be adapted to the Chebyshev grid, aimed at effectively suppressing Runge’s phenomenon. It is found that while such an implementation is favorable from a mathematical point of view, in practice, the increase in precision does not necessarily compensate for the penalty in computational time. On the other hand, the original matrix method, though subject to Runge’s phenomenon, is shown to be reasonably robust and suffices for most applications with a moderate grid number. In terms of computational time and obtained significant figures, we carried out an analysis regarding the trade-off between the two aspects. The implications of the present study are also addressed.