Significant Differences In Bone Mineral Content Research Articles

Effects of Zumba® and Aquagym on Bone Mass in Inactive Middle-Aged Women.

Background and objectives: Regular exercise may stimulate bone formation and reduce the loss of bone mass in premenopausal women. This study aims to evaluate the effect of high-impact physical activity (Zumba®) and low-impact physical activity (Aquagym) on bone mass in inactive middle-aged women. Materials and methods: Fifty-five healthy inactive women (30–50 years old) were recruited in Spain in 2016 and were randomly allocated into one of three groups: High impact group (HIG: n = 15), low impact group (LIG: n = 12) and control group (CG: n = 28). HIG and LIG were recruited from Madrid and the CG from Toledo. HIG and LIG completed a 12-week intervention program with three 40′ sessions per week of Zumba® or Aquagym; respectively. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at total body less head (TBLH), lumbar spine and right hip. Results: Post-intervention adjusted data showed no significant differences in BMC between any of the groups nor in aBMD between HIG and LIG. Interestingly; significant differences for the HIG vs. CG were found in the change in total hip aBMD (1.76% vs. −0.44%), femoral neck aBMD (1.80% vs. −2.71%), and intertrochanter aBMD (2.03% vs. −0.50%). Moreover, significant differences for the LIG vs. CG were also found in the change in femoral neck aBMD (−0.54% vs. −2.71%). Conclusions: The regular practice of Zumba® and Aquagym might reduce the progressive deterioration of bone mass in inactive middle-aged women

Bone mass and density in preadolescent boys with and without Down syndrome

Preadolescent boys with Down syndrome at 7-10 years of age have lower bone mass and density in the pelvis than age-matched children without Down syndrome. However, bone mass and density of total body less head and lumbar spine are not different between these two groups. This study aimed to assess bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in preadolescent boys with and without Down syndrome (DS) at 7-10 years of age. Eleven preadolescent boys with DS and eleven age-matched children without DS participated in this study. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure BMC and BMD in whole body and lumbar spine. Both BMC and BMD of total body less head (TBLH) and lumbar spine (vertebrae L2-L4) were compared between the two groups, with and without adjusting for physical characteristics such as bone area, body height, and total lean mass. Two bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) variables were calculated to estimate volumetric BMD in the lumbar spine. Both BMC and BMD in the pelvis were lower in the DS group, after adjusting for physical characteristics. However, with and without adjusting for physical characteristics, the two groups were not different in BMC and BMD of the arms, legs, and TBLH from the whole body scan and in BMC, BMD, and BMAD of the lumbar spine from the lumbar spine scan. These findings indicate that the pelvis may be the first site to show the significant difference in BMC and BMD between preadolescent boys with and without DS. It also suggests that significantly lower BMC and BMD in whole body and lumbar spine, which is usually observed in young adults with DS, may not occur before adolescence.

Beneficial Effect of Copper Supplementation on Deposition of Fluoride in Bone in Fluoride- and Molybdenum-Fed Rabbits

Fluorosis is a major public health problem in the world, including India. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of molybdenum (Mo) in the deposition of fluoride (F) in bone and whether copper (Cu) supplementation has any alleviating role when F and Mo are ingested together. For this purpose, four groups of rabbits were used [control (C), fluoride (F), fluoride + molybdenum (F + Mo), and fluoride + molybdenum + copper (F + Mo + Cu)] to find out the effect of these treatments on various bone-related parameters like intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), alkaline phosphatase and Cu in serum, hydroxyproline and calcium (Ca) in urine, and minerals (F, Cu, manganese, and zinc) in femur bone ash. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) [by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)], and strength of femur bones were also assessed. F content in the femur was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in all experimental groups compared to control group. Mo supplementation increased F deposition in femur bone in the F + Mo group, whereas supplementation of Cu reduced F deposition in the F + Mo + Cu group compared to the F + Mo and F groups. Levels of Cu in femurs of the F + Mo and F + Mo + Cu groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively) than in the C group, although serum Cu was significantly lower in the F and F + Mo than the C and F + Mo + Cu groups. Magnesium levels in the F + Mo group were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the F and F + Mo + Cu groups. Cu supplementation in the F + Mo + Cu group increased deposition of zinc significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the F and F + Mo groups. Serum iPTH, alkaline phosphatase, and urinary hydroxyproline and Ca were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the F and F + Mo than in the C and F + Mo + Cu groups. However, serum iPTH and urinary hydroxyproline were higher in the F + Mo group than the F group. Alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in the F + Mo group than the F and F + Mo + Cu groups. Levels of serum Cu in the F and F + Mo groups were lower than in the C group, though serum Cu was significantly higher in the F + Mo + Cu than in all other groups. DXA analysis of femur bone indicated that BMD in the F + Mo group was significantly higher than in the F (P < 0.05), C (P < 0.01), and F + Mo + Cu (P < 0.05) groups. However, there was no significant difference in BMC among the groups. Bone strength was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the F + Mo group than in the C group. Results of the present study show that ingestion of Mo with F does not create secondary Cu deficiency (due to increased excretion of Cu through urine). However, Cu concentration was decreased in serum in this group (F + Mo) compared to the C and F + Mo + Cu groups. Deposition of F in femur bone was more (22%) when it was given along with Mo compared to F alone, while F deposition in femur bone was less in the F + Mo + Cu group by 80% compared to the F group. Also, deposition of F in the F + Mo + Cu group was 120% less compared to the F + Mo group. The increase in F level due to Mo addition appears to be offset by supplementation with Cu. Supplementation with Cu showed a beneficial effect on bone resorption as well as bone formation.

A Mathematical Method to Estimate Body Composition in Tall Individuals Using DXA

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether whole body composition could be estimated in tall individuals using summed measures from two partial DXA scans. Using a pencil-beam DXA, a convenience sample of young individuals (N = 19) were scanned three times. Two partial scans of the upper and lower body were combined to predict bone area, bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), fat mass (FM), fat-free soft tissue mass (FFST), and percent fat (%Fat), from a complete whole body scan. Two different methods, dividing the body at the hip (HIP) or at the top of the shoulders (NECK), were used to determine optimal method of summing. There were no significant differences in BMC, BMD, FM, FFST, and %Fat comparing the complete scan and summed scans regardless of summing method. There was excellent agreement between complete and summed values of BMC, BMD, FM, FFST, and %Fat values as indicated by regression analysis (r value range: 0.992-1.00) and nonsignificant intercepts. Bland-Altman plot analysis indicated that a small systemic bias occurred in estimates of FM and %Fat using the HIP method and FFST using the NECK method; however, all biases were negligible. The findings suggest that accurate estimates of whole body composition from a complete scan can be obtained by summing two partial scans. Although both summing methods provide good estimates of body composition, dividing the body at the neck provides more accurate estimates of bone and soft tissue composition than dividing the body at the hip.

Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Bone Mineral Content in Overweight Latino Children With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes

Research on the skeletal status of pre-diabetic (type 2 diabetic) children is warranted. We examined the hypothesis that bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) will be lower in children with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) versus normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Total body BMC and BMD of 184 overweight Latino children (106 boys, 78 girls, 11.9 +/- 1.7 years) with a family history of type 2 diabetes were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Glucose tolerance was assessed by 2-h glucose after an oral glucose tolerance test. Area under the insulin curve (AUC) assessed the cumulative insulin response to oral glucose. Acute insulin response to glucose (AIR) was determined by an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Partial correlations revealed an inverse relationship between BMC and AIR (r = -0.29, P = 0.00), AUC (r = -0.28, P = 0.00), fasting insulin (r = -0.16, P = 0.04), and 2-h insulin (r = -0.16, P = 0.04). There was no significant difference in BMC or BMD between children with IGT (n = 46) or NGT (n = 138). Stepwise multiple linear regression revealed that 89% of the variance in BMC is attributed to lean mass (87%), age (1%), and AIR (1%). BMD was explained by lean mass (69%), Tanner stage (3%), and AUC (2%). The findings of this study suggest that in overweight children, lean mass is the primary predictor of BMC and BMD, whereas age, Tanner stage, and the acute and cumulative insulin responses to oral glucose make subtle independent contributions to the total variances. In addition, poor glycemic control does not seem to be detrimental to bone mass of pre-diabetic children.

Influence of cognitive eating restraint on total-body measurements of bone mineral density and bone mineral content in premenopausal women aged 18–45 y: a cross-sectional study

We examined the relation between cognitive eating restraint (CER) and total-body measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC). Our objective was to determine whether women with CER had lower total-body BMD and BMC than did other women. Premenopausal women, 90-150% of ideal weight, had measurements of their BMD and BMC made and completed questionnaires on physical activity, weight history, body size satisfaction, dieting history, eating behavior, and childbearing history. Bone measurements were examined for differences between groups with low and high CER scores by using analysis of covariance and quartiles of body weight to adjust for body size differences. CER was assessed by using the Three-Factor Eating Inventory and was defined as a score > or =9; normal eating restraint (NER) was defined by a score <9. Total-body BMC, BMD, and fat and lean masses were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fifty-two percent of the women were classified as having CER. Women with CER were significantly more dissatisfied with their bodies. Analysis of covariance, with weight as the covariate, indicated a significant difference in BMC between women in preplanned pairs from the 5 lowest and 5 highest CER levels. No significant differences in BMD were observed between groups. Significantly lower BMC was found in women with high CER scores and body weights <71 kg than in those with high CER scores and weights > or =71 kg. BMC was significantly differently between women with low and high CER scores. BMC was significantly lower in women with body weights <71 kg and classified with CER. Lower BMC in women with high CER scores may indicate an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Long-term loading and regional bone mass of the arm in female volleyball players.

In the present study, we compared the bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in the arms of 11 female volleyball players (mean age 22.0 +/- 2.6 years) training for about 8 hours/week, and 11 nonactive females aged 24.6 +/- 3.1 years (mean +/- SD) not participating in regular or organized sport activity. Using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), BMC was measured in the proximal and distal humerus, and BMD in the distal radius. Isokinetic concentric peak torque (highest value attained during 5 or 10 repetitions) of the rotator muscles of the shoulder and flexor and extensor muscles of the elbow were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. The volleyball players had significantly higher BMC (P < 0.05) at the proximal humerus of the dominant arm compared with the nonactive group, but there were no differences between the groups in BMC of the distal humerus and BMD of the distal radius. In the volleyball players, BMC was significantly higher at the proximal humerus, at the distal humerus, and at the distal radius in the dominant compared with the nondominant arm. In the nonactive group, there were no significant differences in BMC and BMD between the dominant and nondominant arm at any site measured. Except for shoulder internal rotation strength and elbow flexion strength at 90 degrees/second that was higher in the dominant arm in the volleyball players, there were no significant differences in muscle strength of the rotator muscles of the shoulder and flexor and extensor muscles of the elbow between the dominant and nondominant arm in the volleyball players and nonactive controls. In the volleyball players, but not in the nonactive controls, there were several significant relationships between shoulder and elbow strength and BMC at the distal humerus of the dominant and especially the nondominant arm. These results show that young female volleyball players have a higher bone mass in the proximal humerus, distal humerus, and distal radius in the dominant compared with the nondominant arm, and a higher bone mass in the proximal humerus compared with nonactive controls. Muscle strength of the rotator muscles of the shoulder is not related to the higher bone mass in the proximal humerus of the dominant arm. Theoretically, the observed differences in bone mass can be related to the type of loading the skeleton undergoes when playing volleyball.

Body composition of a young, multiethnic female population

The study objective was to establish the range of body-composition values for a multiethnic female population (aged 3-18 y) by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results for 313 females in three ethnic groups [European American (white), n = 141; African American (black), n = 104; and Mexican American (Hispanic), n = 68] are reported. Changes in the bone mineral content (BMC), lean tissue mass (LTM), fat mass, and percentage fat are presented as functions of age. Analysis of variance with age, weight, and height as covariates was used to evaluate differences among the three ethnic groups. BMC and LTM were higher in the black than the white females, but no significant difference in BMC or LTM was evident between the white and Hispanic groups. The relation between the BMC and LTM compartments was linear (r = 0.963, P < 0.0005) and independent of age or ethnic classification. The Hispanic and black females had higher percentage fat values than the white group. When adjusted for body size, the Hispanic females continued to have significantly higher fat mass and percentage fat than the white females in this study. Ethnic-specific equations for body composition as a function of age, weight, and height are given. In addition, the results for the white females in the present study were compared with DXA-derived body-composition data for reference populations in other countries. We conclude that reference values of total body composition for young females need to be ethnic-specific.

Bone densitometry in Canadian children 8-17 years of Age.

Normative bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) values for the total body (TB), proximal femur (PF), and antero-posterior lumbar spine (LS) were obtained from a large cross-sectional sample of children and adolescents who were 8-17 years of age. There were 977 scans for the TB, 892 for the PF, and 666 for the LS; bone mineral values were obtained using a HOLOGIC QDR 2000 in array mode. Data are presented for the subregions of the PF (femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, and the total region) and for the LS (L1-L4 and L3). Female and male values for the FN, LS (L1-L4), and the TB were compared across age groups using a two-way ANOVA. In addition, we compared the 17-year-old female values to a separate sample of young adult women (age 21). At all these sites, BMC and BMD increased significantly with age. There was no gender difference in TB BMC until age 14 or in TB BMD until age 16, when male values were significantly greater. Females had significantly greater LS BMC at ages 12 and 13, but by age 17 the male values were significantly greater. Females had significantly greater LS BMD across all age groups, however. Males had significantly greater FN BMC and BMD across all age groups. There were no significant differences in BMC or BMD at any sites between the 17- and 21-year-old women.

Bone mineral content in patients with bronchial asthma

To study the factors related to bone mineral content (BMC) in patients with bronchial asthma (BA), we measured BMC of the whole body, bone mineral density (BMD) in the second, third, and fourth lumbar vertebrae (by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, DXA XR-26, Norland), and pulmonary function in patients with BA. Subjects were 103 patients with BA and 194 age-matched normal controls. There was no significant difference in BMC or BMD between patients with BA and controls. In patients with BA, there was no significant difference in BMC or BMD between those who were taking steroids and those who were not. BMC and BMD were significantly correlated with age, body weight, VC, %VC, and FEV1, but not with the duration of steroid administration or the total steroid dose administered. These results suggest that patients with BA have normal BMC and that steroid administration does not affect bone mineral loss in such patients.

Radial bone mineral content of normal Japanese infants and prepubertal children: influence of age, sex and body size

The present study was performed to measure appendicular bone mass of Japanese infants and children, and to assess the influence of age, sex and body size on bone mass during the period of bone growth. The bone mineral content (BMC) and bone width (BW) at the distal third of the radius were measured by single photon absorptiometry (SPA) in 229 healthy Japanese infants and children aged 0–12 years, and the BMC/BW ratio was calculated to give the bone mineral density (BMD). BMC and BW increased with age until 2 years, while BMD did not obviously change until 2 years. After 2 years of age, the overall effect of aging appeared more prominent in BMC and BMD than in BW. There were no significant differences in BMC, BW and BMD between males and females aged 0–12 years. Age, body height, and body weight were strongly correlated with three parameters of bone mass (BMC, BW, and BMD). Among the three parameters of bone mass, BMC showed the highest Pearson coefficient of correlation with age ( r = 0.955), body height ( r = 0.957) and body weight ( r = 0.966), as compared with BW and BMD. The present cross-sectional study provides normative data of the appendicular bone mass in healthy Japanese children, which may serve as a standard for assessment of bone mineralization in Japanese infants and children with medical problems.

Sequential bone mineral content in small preterm infants with and without fractures and rickets.

Seventy-four infants with birth weights 1009 +/- 28 grams and gestational age 28.6 +/- 0.3 weeks (M +/- SEM) were studied prospectively to test the hypotheses that bone mineral content (BMC) measured by photon absorptiometry, would be: (1) lower in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with radiographic evidence of fractures and/or rickets (F/R), and (2) will continue to be lower over the first year when compared to VLBW infants without F/R. BMC and bone width (BW) of the distal one-third of left radius and ulna were measured at 5 weeks (n = 8), 14 weeks (n = 61), 26 weeks (n = 58), 40 weeks (n = 59), and 1 year (n = 52). Standardized radiographs of both forearms, and weight, length, and head circumference were also determined at each study age. Investigators and technicians involved in the photon absorptiometry measurements were unaware of the radiographic findings and vice versa. Twenty-three of 74 infants were found to have F/R. BMC of studied infants remained markedly below our previously determined range of "intrauterine bone mineralization," even at 26 weeks after birth. There was no significant difference in BMC or BW between infants with and without F/R, either at the time of confirmation of F/R or during early follow-up; however, BMC was lower at greater than or equal to 6 months and BW was lower at greater than or equal to 9 months in infants with F/R. We suggest that the extremely low BMC measurements in early infancy predispose all VLBW infants to fractures and rickets.

Vertebral bone density in non-amenorrhoeic hyperprolactinaemic women.

Recently, a decrease in bone mineral content (BMC) in hyperprolactinaemic women with long-lasting amenorrhoea has been reported, and attributed either to a direct effect of PRL on bone or secondary to the oestrogen deficiency. To verify if PRL by itself has a direct effect on bone, we have studied BMC at the lumbar level by double-photon absorptiometry in 22 patients with hyperprolactinaemia, selected on the basis of normal or near-normal oestradiol levels. The results were compared with those obtained in 28 healthy closely-matched women, and seven hyperprolactinaemic patients with long-lasting amenorrhoea and oestrogen deficiency. No significant difference in BMC was observed between hyperprolactinaemic patients with normal oestrogen levels (mean +/- SEM = 3.87 +/- 0.10 gHA/cm) and normal subjects (mean +/- SEM = 3.76 +/- 0.10 gHA/cm). Moreover, no significant change was observed during a 6 month follow-up in 13 patients. On the other hand, a significant difference (P less than 0.05) was detected in BMC between the hyperprolactinaemic patients with normal oestradiol levels and those with long-lasting amenorrhoea and oestrogen deficiency (mean +/- SEM = 3.39 +/- 0.18). These results suggest that hyperprolactinaemia by itself is not a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis.