Significant Difference In Bone Mass Research Articles

NOX4 and its association with myeloperoxidase and osteopontin in regulating endochondral ossification.

Endochondral ossification plays an important role in skeletal development. Recent studies have suggested a link between increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and skeletal disorders. Moreover, previous studies have revealed that increasing the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and osteopontin (OPN) while inhibiting NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) can enhance bone growth. This investigation provides further evidence by showing a direct link between NOX4 and MPO, OPN in bone function. This study investigates NOX4, an enzyme producing hydrogen peroxide, in endochondral ossification and bone remodeling. NOX4's role in osteoblast formation and osteogenic signaling pathways is explored. Using NOX4-deficient (NOX4-/-) and ovariectomized (OVX) mice, we identify NOX4's potential mediators in bone maturation. NOX4-/- mice displayed significant differences in bone mass and structure. Compared to the normal Control and OVX groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed NOX4-/- mice had the highest trabecular bone volume, while OVX had the lowest. Proteomic analysis revealed significantly elevated MPO and OPN levels in bone marrow-derived cells in NOX4-/- mice. Immunohistochemistry confirmed increased MPO, OPN, and collagen II (COLII) near the epiphyseal plate. Collagen and chondrogenesis analysis supported enhanced bone development in NOX4-/- mice. Our results emphasize NOX4's significance in bone morphology, mesenchymal stem cell proteomics, immunohistochemistry, collagen levels, and chondrogenesis. NOX4 deficiency enhances bone development and endochondral ossification, potentially through increased MPO, OPN, and COLII expression. These findings suggest therapeutic implications for skeletal disorders.

RF30 | PSAT148 Bone Mass and Body Composition Analysis in Transgender Men: A 1 Year Follow Up

Abstract Introduction Sex steroid hormones play a key role in bone health, however medical therapies for gender dysphoria lead to hormonal changes. Purpose Understanding the changes in bone mass and body composition is extremely important, because this treatment will be carried out over a long period of time. Methods In a prospective study, we included 19 transgender men (female-to-male transgender persons) before treatment and after 1 year of treatment with undecanoate (1000 mg i.m./12 weeks). Bone densitometry model Hologic-Discovery performed at baseline and after 6, 12 months of therapy. All participants signed the TCLE, project approved by CEP-CAAE: 36823220.6.0000.0062. Results Analysis of 19 transgender men with a mean age of 24 years +/- 10 years. LS-BMD (lumbar spine) at initial time (0m) 1,075±0,238 g/cm2 and after 6 months (6m) 1,044±0,117 g/cm2 and 12 months (12m) after 1,052±0.122 g/cm2, p=0.21; FN-BMD (Femur Neck) 0m= 0.904±0.121 g/cm2; 6m= 0.918±0.108 g/cm2 and 12m= 0.905±0.107 g/cm2; p=0.90. TH-BMD (Total Hip) 0m=1.017±0.139 g/cm2; and 6m= 1.023±0.134 g/cm2; 12m= 1.032±0.136g/cm2; p=0.05. About body composition: the percentage of body fat: 0m=38.8±6.7%, 6m=34.5±7.1%; 12m=34.9±9.0; p=0.09; android/gynecoid ratio: 0.93±0.16, 6m=0.94±0.17; 12m=0.94±0.18 p=0.06, VAT mass (cm3) 431.8±262.1, 6m= 401.8±298.6, 12m= 455.5±322.7 and Lean/Height2 (kg/m2) 0m= 15.52±3.24 6m= 16.15±2.19 kg/ m2; 12m= 15.86±2.22 kg/m2; p<0.01 and Appen. Lean/Height2 (kg/m2) 6.92±1.74, 6m= 7.32±1.22 and 12m= 7.31±1.07; p<0.01 Conclusion In 1 year of hormone therapy with testosterone, we did not observe significant differences in bone mass, but in body composition there was a gain in appendicular lean mass. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m., Monday, June 13, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 1:05 p.m.

Relationship between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms (BsmI, TaqI, ApaI, and FokI) and calcium intake on bone mass in young Japanese women

BackgroundThe high prevalence of low bone mass in young women in Japan has emerged as a serious health issue in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to reevaluate the relationship between genetic and dietary factors, as well as its influence on bone mass in young Japanese women, with particular emphasis on vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and calcium intake.MethodsA total of 499 Japanese women aged 20–24 years were enrolled in the study. The bone mass of the calcaneus was assessed using the quantitative ultrasound method and expressed as the osteo sono-assessment index (OSI). VDR gene polymorphisms (BsmI, TaqI, ApaI, and FokI) were analyzed using DNA extracted from saliva. Calcium intake was assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire based on food groups (FFQg) and adjusted with the energy intake. Participants were divided into two groups based on the median calcium intake (250 mg/1000 kcal).ResultsConsequently, bone mass was significantly different among the BsmI and TaqI genotypes after adjusting for body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.030 and 0.019, respectively). In addition, the BsmI AA and ApaI GT genotypes showed significant differences in bone mass between the calcium-intake groups, with low OSI in the low-calcium intake group and high OSI in the high-calcium intake group, respectively, even after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.020 and 0.038, respectively).ConclusionsThese findings may prove instrumental in developing a logical approach towards preventing bone loss in young Japanese women.

221 Risk of Bone Density Loss in Microscopic Colitis

INTRODUCTION: Microscopic colitis (MC) is an inflammatory bowel disease of the colon that presents with chronic watery diarrhea. These patients have many risk factors for osteoporosis including female predominance, mean age in the 60s, lower body-mass index (BMI) and active smoking. Additionally the mainstay of therapy is a corticosteroid, budesonide. Bone density has not been rigorously studied in the population. Our aim was to evaluate for bone mineral density in patients with a diagnosis of MC with and without the use of corticosteroids. METHODS: We queried our prospective MC patient registry at NorthShore University HealthSystem, a clinical database of biopsy-confirmed patients with MC. Patients were included if they had a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. DEXA measurements of the radius, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were used to evaluate bone mass. Baseline clinical factors were also collected, particularly tobacco use, BMI, and treatments for MC including corticosteroids. In this case-control study, age and gender-matched controls without diarrhea served as the control population. RESULTS: Of the 192 subjects in our registry, only 94 patients had undergone or had available bone density evaluations. The mean age at diagnosis was 69 years (range 42–91), with 91% female. No significant difference in rates of osteoporosis or osteopenia was observed in patients with MC (OR 1.58 [95% 0.75–3.30, P = 0.22]). Bone loss, defined as osteopenia or osteoporosis, was present in 82% of MC patients, compared to 75% in the controls. 76% of patients with MC received prolonged treatment with budesonide, and 24% received no steroids. A significant difference in bone mass was not appreciated between MC patients treated with a steroid, compared to controls (OR 1.15 [95% 0.33–4.03, P < 0.83]). CONCLUSION: Patients with MC have increased rates of osteopenia or osteoporosis compared to controls. However, our control cohort had a significantly higher degree of bone loss than current US estimates of 45–55%, which likely affected our statistical significance. Thus, bone loss is an underappreciated but important problem in microscopic colitis. With increased awareness, DEXA scans should be performed routinely in MC patients, particularly in those who have known risk factors for osteoporosis.

Breast-feeding and formula feeding in healthy term infants and bone health at age 10 years

Few studies have investigated the effects of infant nutrition on later bone health in term infants, although low sn-2 palmitate in infant formulas has been shown to result in the formation of stool fatty acid soaps, reduced Ca absorption and lower bone mass in the short term. To investigate the effect of (1) breast-feeding (BF) and (2) the type of infant formula (standard fat blend v. high-sn-2 fat blend) on bone mass at age 10 years, anthropometry and bone mass (from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar Prodigy); lumbar spine (LS) and total body less head; adjusted for size (bone mineral apparent density standard deviation score (SDS) and regression)) were measured in 10-year-old subjects born at term and either breast-fed (n 34) or randomised to a standard control formula (n 27) or a high-sn-2 palmitate formula (n 30) for the first 12 weeks of life. At follow-up, previously BF children were older but lighter (by 0·5 SDS, P= 0·03) than formula-fed children with a lower LS bone mineral density SDS (by 0·44, P= 0·03), but size-adjusted bone mass did not differ. There were no significant differences in bone mass between the formula-fed groups. These findings suggest that there is no significant effect of BF or high-sn-2 infant formula on size-adjusted bone mass in mid-childhood, and that the effects of infant nutrition on bone mass previously reported may be confined to the short term. A larger study would be required to exclude smaller effects.

Histomorphometric Analysis: Effects of Simvastatin on Bone Mass, Microarchitecture and Turnover in Normal Rat

Simvastatin, as one of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for lowering lipids, has been demonstrated its potential benefit in bone formation, which was, however, conflicting and inconclusive in vivo studies. Thus, we performed this study to assess the in vivo effects of simvastatin on bone formation. Six-week old rats were administered with simvastatin (20 mg/kg/d) or vehicle for 6 or 9 weeks. All animals were sacrificed one day after the final administration. The left femora were removed for the measurement of bone histomorphometry and bone mineral density (BMD).Compared to the control groups, on both 6th week and 9th week, bone mineral density and bone histomorphometry detected no significant differences in bone mass and microarchitecture in simvastatin treatment group, as well as bone formatin/resorption parameters. These results indicate that simvastatin had no positive effect or impact on bone in rats administered with high dose simvastatin (20 mg/kg/d) for 6 or 9 weeks.

Diet, Body Composition, and Bone Mass in Well-Trained Cyclists

Cycling is believed to be associated with low bone mass. In this study, we investigate food intake, body composition, and bone mass in well-trained young adult cyclists compared with those in sedentary controls. Four-day estimated diet records were used to study dietary intake in 31 cyclists and 28 sedentary controls (all male, 24yr old on average), together with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body composition, and bone mass measurements (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). The VO2max values were twice as high as those in the cyclists, whereas no significant difference in bone mass was observed between cyclists and controls. A total of 10 cyclists and 9 controls had low bone mass. Total-body lean mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass were higher in cyclists (p<0.001), whereas percentage of body fat was lower (p<0.001) compared with that of the controls. Energy and macro- and micronutrient intake was higher in the cyclists than in the controls (p<0.01). Energy consumption was considered adequate in the cyclists, whereas lipid and protein intake was higher than the American College of Sports Medicine recommendation. Lipid consumption negatively correlated with bone mass in the athletes. Our results demonstrate that cycling was associated with greater aerobic conditioning and lean mass without significant association with bone mass compared with sedentary controls.

Evaluation of bone mass in children with long bone fracture compared with controls

Childhood is a critical period for achieving skeletal mass. In adults, low bone density is associated with an increased fracture risk and it has been postulated that the same is true for children. If this were the case, we would expect that children with fractures might have a lower bone mass than those without. A case-control study of 30 cases and 30 age and sex-matched controls was carried out. Each child underwent height and weight measurements, a simple interview and phalangeal ultrasound to measure speed of sound. The difference in mean speed of sound was -51.81 m/s (95% confidence interval -83.0 to -20.6; P=0.002) in children with simple long bone fractures versus controls. In children, there appears to be a significant difference in bone mass between those with a simple long bone fracture and those who have never sustained a fracture. To be certain that this is owing to cause rather than effect, and also as this is an important public health issue, further studies are warranted.

Effect of constant strain rate, composed of varying amplitude and frequency, of early loading on peri‐implant bone (re)modelling

Examine the effect of varying components of strain rate -- amplitude versus frequency -- while maintaining a constant strain rate of early controlled mechanical loading on implant stability, peri-implant bone mass and bone-to-implant contact. Three groups of guinea-pigs received TiO2 -blasted implants in both tibiae. One week after installation test implants were loaded 5 days/week during 4 weeks. The contra-lateral implants were the unloaded controls. Strain rate was kept constant (1600 micro epsilon/s), while amplitude and frequency were varied per group. Implant stability was followed by resonance frequency analysis. Animals were sacrificed, and ground sections were prepared to rate bone-to-implant contact and bone mass. All implants (n=78) integrated uneventfully. A significant positive effect (p=0.03) of early loading on bone mass was observed in the distal medullar cavity. A significant difference in bone mass between test and control implants was evidenced between the groups (p=0.03 and 0.04). A significant increase in implant stability and bone-to-implant contact could not be shown. Early controlled stimulation of peri-implant bone is related to amplitude/frequency and not to strain rate as such, considering a constant stimulation time. An increase of bone mass around early-loaded implants was shown. This cortical bone model is most sensitive to low-frequency/high-amplitude stimulation.

A common polymorphism in the 5'-untranslated region of the aromatase gene influences bone mass and fracture risk.

The aromatization of androgenic precursors in peripheral tissues, including bone, is the main source of estrogens after the menopause. CYP19, the gene encoding aromatase, has a long 5'-untranslated region with several variants of exon I and specific promoters. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between a common biallelic (C/G) polymorphism located on exon I.2 and bone mineral density (BMD). This was designed to be an association study between CYP19 polymorphism and BMD and the risk of vertebral fractures in women. DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 299 women (116 premenopausal and 183 postmenopausal). CYP19 alleles were identified by a method based on the exonuclease activity of Taq-polymerase. BMD was determined by dual-energy absorptiometry. In premenopausal women there were no genotype-related differences in BMD. However, postmenopausal women with the CC genotype had lower spine and hip BMD than those with the GG genotype. The association between CYP19 genotypes and BMD was independent of other variables, such as age, height, body weight, calcium intake or years since menopause. The CC genotype was also associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (odds ratio 2.0; P=0.03). Serum levels of estrone and estradiol were similar in women with CC and GG alleles. A common biallelic polymorphism in the 5'-untranslated region of the CYP19-aromatase gene was associated with significant differences in bone mass and the risk of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Given the frequency of allelic variants, genotype-related differences appear to be important from the perspective of the individual as well as the general population. Further studies are needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms that may be dependent on differences in estrogen bioactivity at the bone tissue level.

HYSTERECTOMY IS ASSOCIATED WITH POSTMENOPAUSAL BODY COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS

The impact of hysterectomy without oophorectomy and with no malignant purpose on body composition and postmenopausal weight gain was tested in 184 Viennese females aged between 47 and 57 years (mean 52.9). Hysterectomized women were significantly heavier than those who experienced a spontaneous menopause (controls). The amount of fat tissue, especially in the abdominal region, was significantly higher in hysterectomized women. Furthermore, they were reported to have experienced a significantly higher weight gain since menopause (9.1 versus 6.0 kg). No significant differences in bone mass were found. Psychological stress factors and hormonal changes following hysterectomy are discussed as possible causes of these differences.

High thigh muscle strength but not bone mass in young horseback-riding females.

To evaluate whether the type of weight-bearing loading subjected to the skeleton during horseback-riding was associated with differences in bone mass and muscle strength of the thigh, we investigated bone mass and isokinetic muscle strength in 20 female horse riders (age 17.9 +/- 0.6 years) who were riding 7.0 +/- 3.4 hours/week, and 20 nonactive females (age 17.8 +/- 1.1 years). The groups were matched according to age, weight, and height. Areal bone mineral density was measured in total body, head, lumbar spine, right femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanter, the whole dominant and nondominant humerus, and in specific sites in the right femur diaphysis, distal femur, proximal tibia, and tibia diaphysis using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Isokinetic concentric and eccentric peak torque of the quadricep and hamstring muscles were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. There were no significant differences in bone mass between the horseback riders and nonactives at any site measured. The horse riders were significantly (P < 0.05-0.01) stronger in concentric hamstrings strength at 90 degrees/second and 225 degrees/second and in eccentric quadricep and hamstring strength at 90 degrees/second. Horseback riding in young females is associated with a high muscle strength of the thigh, but not with a high bone mass.

Alendronate treatment of naturally-occurring periodontitis in beagle dogs.

The treatment of periodontal disease has been largely directed at the microbiological etiology. The prevention of bone loss by modulating the host response to the bacteria may be a useful adjunctive method in the management of periodontitis. Alendronate, an amino bisphosphonate, may inhibit bone loss in osteolytic diseases by altering osteoclast activity. The objective of this double-blind study was to evaluate alendronate inhibition of alveolar bone loss in the naturally occurring beagle dog model of periodontitis. Sixteen 7 to 9 year old beagles with moderate-to-severe periodontitis were studied for 6 months. The dogs were stratified into two groups based on initial periodontal severity. One group received 3.0 mg/kg alendronate weekly orally and the other group received a placebo. Silk ligatures were placed on the study teeth for the first 3 months of the study to exacerbate the periodontal destruction. Clinical data were collected for attachment level, gingival index, plaque index, and mobility at baseline and one-month intervals. Intraoral radiographs were made at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. The mandibles were processed for histology at month 6. The radiographs were analyzed by digital image analysis of the subtracted images. A statistically significant difference in bone mass (P < 0.001) was observed between the alendronate and placebo groups. The bisphosphonate had no effect on the clinical parameters of gingival inflammation or plaque. A trend toward decreased attachment loss and mobility was observed in favor of the alendronate group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Is heritability a risk factor for postmenopausal osteoporosis?

We investigated heritability as a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis in two randomly selected populations of postmenopausal women and their premenopausal daughters. We determined the familial resemblance in bone mass at three sites; the distal forearm, lumbar spine, and proximal femur, premenopausally and with increasing maternal postmenopausal age. We also examined the bone mass of daughters in relation to mothers with and without osteoporotic fractures. Peak bone mass among premenopausal siblings was significantly correlated at all sites (r = 0.30-0.42, p less than 0.001). The same levels of resemblance were found between early postmenopausal mothers and premenopausal daughters. There was no significant difference in bone mass at any skeletal site between daughters of women with either peripheral or spinal fractures and daughters of women without fractures. We also examined familial resemblance with four biochemical markers of bone turnover (fasting urinary calcium and hydroxyproline, both corrected for creatinine, serum alkaline phosphatase, and plasma bone Gla protein). A generally significant resemblance were seen in premenopausal siblings (r = 0.25-0.39, hydroxyproline NS), but not between premenopausal daughters and postmenopausal mothers. We conclude that peak bone mass is hereditary in the distal forearm, lumbar spine, and proximal femur, but the mother-daughter resemblance explains only about 16% of the variability in daughters' bone mass. Furthermore, daughters of women with a moderate state of osteoporotic fractures are not substantially at an increased risk of having a low peak bone mass compared to the daughters of women without fractures.

Health and hormonal characteristics of premenopausal women with lower bone mass

A study of clinical renal and endocrinologic status was undertaken to determine whether the lowest maximal bone mass observed in premenopausal women, aged 20-40 years, was a result of undiagnosed disease or represented a continuum of measurement in young adult women. A clinical sample (n = 53) was generated from an epidemiologic cross-sectional study (n = 535) designed to characterized correlates of maximal bone mass. Cases were 28 premenopausal women whose femoral bone mass as in the lowest 5th percentile of the distribution, less than 0.75 g/cm2 at the femoral neck. Controls were 25 randomly selected premenopausal women whose femoral bone mass was within 1 SD of the mean of the femoral bone mass distribution. There was no indication of increased frequency of disease among the cases as compared with the controls. No occult hypogonadism, thyrotoxicosis, hyperparathyroidism, myeloma, or renal insufficiency was observed to explain lower bone mass measurement. However, cases had significantly lower estradiol levels (75 versus 106 pg/ml, P less than 0.05) and higher luteinizing hormone levels (3.8 versus 3.1 mIU/ml, P less than 0.07) than controls. Though preliminary, these findings suggest that lower estradiol levels may contribute to significant differences in bone mass even among healthy women at the time of maximal bone accumulation.

Changes in bone mass in rat mandibles after tooth extraction

An experimental study concerning changes in bone mass in trabecular bone of mandibles on rats after extractions of upper molars has been carried out. The material consisted of 32 SPF Wistar rats, fed on Nafag-184® only. Experimental and control groups consisted of eight females and eight males, each group having same average weight with respect to sex at the age of 16 weeks. At this age the upper right molars were extracted on all rats in the experimental group. The rats were sacrified after 16 weeks. Identical increase in weight within each sex group was found. Microradiograms of two buccal-lingual 100-μ-thick ground sections at a distance of 0.5 mm through the first molar in each side of the mandible were used. Quantitation of bone mass (bone area in percent) of trabecular bone was done by electronic point counting. No significant difference in bone mass was found between left and right sides in the control group ( P > 0.50), whereas a significant difference was found between left and right sides in the experimental group ( P ~ 0.0001) with lowest mean value in right sides. Conclusively the analysis shows that local reduction in bite force causes osteoporotic changes in trabecular bone of the jaw.