Significant Difference In Mean Scores Research Articles

PROBLEM-BASED MOBILE LEARNING IN COMMUNITY MEDICINE: AN INTERVENTIONAL STUDY IN PHASE II MBBS STUDENTS

Objectives: (1) The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) in classroom and problem-based mobile learning using a mobile application (PBML) and (2) to study the perception of students to problem-based m-learning (PBML) and problem-based learning (PBL) in classroom. Methods: After getting clearance from Institutional Ethics Committee, an interventional study was conducted for a period of 2 months among 150 Phase II MBBS students of Government Medical College, Datia (MP). Students who gave consent for the study were divided into two groups, namely, R-1 and R-2, and analyzed for the effectiveness of problem-based mobile-learning (PBML) as a teaching learning method in comparison with problem-based learning in classroom (PBL). Perception of students toward use of PBML and PBL as teaching learning method was collected using validated questionnaire. Results: It was observed from the study that in all the sessions, post-test mean scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores in both PBL and PBML. Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the pre-test mean scores in topics done by PBL and PBML. After intervention, the only the post-test mean scores significantly improved. When the total post-test scores of PBL and PBML compared, it was found that PBML mean score is significantly higher than PBL mean score. In the student’s perception analysis, it was found that both methods are effective in concept building, stimulating, helpful in passing examinations, and development of problem-learning skills. Conclusion: From the study finding, we can conclude that both PBL and PBML are effective modes of teaching applied community medicine for Phase II MBBS students. PBML is more effective than PBL in teaching applied community medicine in Phase II MBBS students. Perception analysis shows that interaction with the students and doubt clearance is more effectuated with PBL than PBML.

Gross Anatomical Knowledge Loss in Fourth‐Year Nursing Students

Human anatomy and physiology are considered a cornerstone of health‐related professional education and serve as a prerequisite for future nursing courses (McVicar et al., 2015). Numerous research studies show great difficulty in transferring fundamental knowledge of these courses to clinical and subsequent years of these disciplines (Bhangu et al., 2010; Narnaware and Neumeier, 2020; Narnaware, Y. 2021a). However, most of the knowledge acquisition, transfer/lost, and retention studies have been carried out in medical and allied health students and have been assessed rarely in nursing students. We have previously shown that the second‐and third‐year nursing students lose approximately 29.0% and 31.0% of their second and third‐year anatomical knowledge, retaining about 71.0% and 69.0% within two years (Narnaware and Neumeier, 2020; Narnaware and Neumeier, 2020b). However, anatomical knowledge transfer/loss, retention, and application in fourth‐year nursing students have not been assessed yet. The present study's main objective, therefore, is to assess the anatomical knowledge loss among fourth‐year nursing students and determine if the retention level is organ system‐specific. To evaluate the knowledge loss in fourth‐year nursing students, they were quizzed on eleven anatomy organ systems using the online quizzing system Kahoot. Each Kahoot quiz included nine to eleven knowledge and comprehension level multiple‐choice questions. These scores were compared to first‐year quiz scores on the same content to determine overall knowledge loss over the fourth year. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS II, and means were compared using two‐way ANOVA. The scores are shown for each organ system by reporting the mean and standard deviation (±SD). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 for all tests. The results show that there was a significant decrease in the overall mean score from 83.05 ± 8.34 (± SD) in the first year to 53.9 ± 9.4 (±SD) in the fourth year (P=0.0001) (Figure 1). This equates to a 29.6% loss and 70.4% overall retention of anatomical knowledge over two years. However, there was no significant difference in mean scores between the third‐year and four‐year nursing students. The mean score in fourth‐year nursing students was higher by approximately 3.4% than the third‐year students. System‐specific knowledge loss shown in table 1 was highest for the head and neck lymphatic (55.7%), cranial nerves (44.1%), lymphatic (37.6%), and special senses (37.0%). This system‐specific knowledge loss was followed by the integumentary system (28.2%), vascular system (27.6%), muskulo‐skeletal (26.6%), and nervous system (25.1%). The loss was the lowest for the genitourinary system (21.2%), respiratory system (13.9%), and gastrointestinal system (12.0%). The present study reveals that nursing students lost more knowledge in the fourth‐year than first‐year and comparatively less than third‐year but retained much higher anatomical knowledge than medical and allied health students reported. This study provides knowledge retention for different body systems. It also identifies where nursing students' knowledge retention gaps exist so that those can be addressed by developing a robust interventional strategy for nursing students in the future.

Health-related quality of life in patients with advanced well-differentiated pancreatic and extrapancreatic neuroendocrine tumors treated with surufatinib versus placebo: Results from two randomized, double-blind, phase III trials (SANET-p and SANET-ep)

AimTo investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients who had neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) from SANET trials. MethodsEligible patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive surufatinib or placebo. HRQoL questionnaires, including the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and QLQ-G.I.NET21, were collected. The prespecified HRQoL outcome was the mean change of scores from baseline to the last available visit for each domain. Time until definitive deterioration (TUDD) was defined as the time from randomization to deterioration of ≥10 points from baseline in domain score, disease progression, or death. Results370 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to surufatinib (n = 242) or placebo (n = 128). No significant difference in mean scores change from baseline to the last available visit was observed for QLQ-C30 and QLQ- G.I.NET21 domains, with the exception of diarrhea. The mean score of diarrhea increased 11.7 points from baseline in the surufatinib arm and decreased 1.2 points in the placebo arm, and the between-group difference was 12.9 points. Compared with placebo, surufatinib treated patients had a significantly longer TUDD for dyspnea (hazard ratio [HR] 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39–0.86; P = 0.0058) and a significantly shorter TUDD for diarrhea (HR 2.91; 95% CI, 1.66–5.10; P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in TUDD for the remaining domains of QLQ-C30 and G.I.NET-21. ConclusionsHRQoL was similar in patients treated with surufatinib and placebo except for diarrhea. The preservation of HRQoL supports surufatinib as a treatment option for NETs. Clinical trial informationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02589821, NCT02588170.

Self-Efficacy in Learning Mathematics Online

Online learning has been a need for worldwide education systems due to Covid-19. It is essential to study the students' self-efficacy to determine online learning success. Research suggests that self-efficacy can boost student achievement, foster emotional health and well-being, and be a valid predictor of motivation and learning. The purpose of this paper is to examine the students' self-efficacy in Mathematics online learning using a reliable instrument adapted from the "Learning Self-Efficacy Scale (OLSES)" developed by Zimmerman and Kulikowich in 2016. The respondents consisted of 343 undergraduate students in Sarawak, Malaysia. This study's quantitative data analysis methods include descriptive and inferential statistics. The analysis reported that most of the respondents had moderate to high levels of self-efficacy, whereas most of them were comfortable with Mathematics online learning. Specifically, there was a significant relationship between students' self-efficacy and the domains, namely learning in an online environment, time management, and technology use. This study also found no significant difference in the mean scores of students' self-efficacy concerning gender, academic performance, and online learning prior experience. However, there was a significant difference in mean scores for students' self-efficacy across their online learning comfort levels. Further analysis indicated that students who were notably comfortable projected a significantly higher self-efficacy than those with an average or low comfort level. Although the students in this study mostly had moderate to high levels of self-efficacy, there is still room to improve and strengthen their self-efficacy, especially in their abilities and readiness to engage in online learning and thus in achieving good academic performance.

Comparing patient-centered outcomes and efficiency of space closure between nickel-titanium closed-coil springs and elastomeric power chains during orthodontic treatment.

To compare patient-reported pain, discomfort, and difficulty in maintaining proper brushing between nickel-titanium closed-coil springs (CS) and elastomeric power chains (PC) when used for space closure. The secondary aims were to compare plaque control and efficiency of space closure between these two force delivery systems. A total of 48 patients who required extractions of upper first premolars and distal movement of upper canines had the CS randomly allocated to either the right or left side. Blinding was applied at data collection and analysis. Primary outcomes were pain intensity measured on visual analog scale, pain onset and duration, discomfort, and difficulty in maintaining proper brushing from the start of canine retraction at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks thereafter. Secondary outcomes were plaque scores and the rate of space closure. No significant differences in mean pain scores, pain onset, and duration at different time intervals between CS and PC were observed. The CS side was significantly less comfortable than the PC (P < .0001) and more difficult to keep clean (P = .008). No significant differences in plaque scores were observed between CS and PC groups at any time interval. CS produced a faster rate of space closure than did PC (P = .008). CS were less tolerated than PC by patients but produced an average of 0.5 mm more movement than did the PC during the 12-week study period.

Validity and Reliability of the Modified Attitudes About Drug Use in Pregnancy Scale

ObjectiveTo contemporize the Attitudes About Drug Abuse in Pregnancy questionnaire, keep the length of the modified scale brief to promote use, and test the psychometric properties of the modified scale among perinatal nurses. DesignCross-sectional survey. SettingFour hospitals in the Midwestern United States. ParticipantsRegistered nurses who worked in perinatal units (N = 440). MethodsWe collected data from participants using survey methods. Seven experts in perinatal substance use research and clinical care informed scale modifications. We used a split-sample design involving maternal–newborn units (labor, postpartum) and newborn-focused units (NICU, pediatrics). We evaluated construct validity using factor analysis and reliability using Cronbach’s alpha. We tested for differences between units using analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc honest significant difference test of pairwise differences. ResultsThe final modified scale included 13 items that loaded on one factor and showed internal consistency reliability in both samples (α = .88−.91). We found a statistically significant difference in mean score between NICU and pediatric units; however, the absolute difference was small and likely not clinically significant. ConclusionsThe Modified Attitudes About Drug Use in Pregnancy scale has initial evidence for validity and reliability, was updated to reflect current terminology in the field, and is a pragmatic tool for use in research.

Study of Sleep Behaviour of Adolescent Athletes Sports School Malaysia Sabah

Many athletes do not realize that sleep is one of the necessary elements in their daily routine as athletes. For this reason, most athletes often neglect and do not practice good sleep behaviors in helping athletes to get quality sleep. This study was conducted to identify the sleep behavior of SSMS athletes and look at the differences in the sleep behavior of athletes based on age and also the level of athlete involvement and performance in sports. A total of 152 respondents were involved in this study. This study used the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) which is a survey specifically designed to survey and evaluate the sleep behavioral characteristics of athletes. Significant difference F (2, 149) = 6.148, p = .003. Tukey HSD showed a significant mean score difference between the group of 13 to 15 years (M = 2.07, SP = 0.489) and the group of 18 years and above (M = 2.39, SP = 0.382) with a p value of .002.

Effectiveness of the Primary Nursing Model on nursing documentation accuracy: A quasi-experimental study.

To analyse the Primary Nursing Model's effect on nursing documentation accuracy. The Primary Nursing is widely implemented since it has been considered as the ideal model of care delivery based on the relationship between the nurse and patient. However, previous research has not examined the relationship between Primary Nursing and nursing documentation accuracy. A pretest-posttest-follow-up design was used. The study was conducted from August 2018 to February 2020 in eight surgical and medical wards in an Italian university hospital. The Primary Nursing was implemented in four wards (study group), while in the other four, the Team Nursing was practised (control group). Nursing documentation accuracy was evaluated through the D-Catch instrument. From the eight wards, 120 nursing documentations were selected randomly for each time point (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) and in each group. Altogether, 720 nursing documents were assessed. The study adhered to the TREND checklist. The Primary Nursing and Team Nursing Models exhibited significant differences in mean scores for documentation accuracy: assessment on admission, nursing diagnosis, nursing intervention and patient outcome accuracy. No differences between the two groups were found for record structure accuracy and legibility between the posttest and follow-up. Primary Nursing exerts an overall positive effect on nursing documentation accuracy and persists over time. The benefits from Primary Nursing implementation included better-documented patient outcomes. The use of Primary Nursing linked with the use of the nursing process allowed for a more individualised and problem-solving approach. Nurse managers should consider the implementation of Primary Nursing to improve care quality.

Özel Yetenek Tanısı Almış ve Normal Gelişim Gösteren Lise Öğrencilerinin Akran İlişkilerinin İncelenmesi

Gifted individuals has an important role in the progress of societies, it would be beneficial to better identify these individuals and understand their needs and differences. For that reason, the peer relationships of gifted and non-gifted high school students were examined in this study. The study was carried out as survey model. The study group consisted of 156 students in total, including 60 students registered to Şahinbey Science and Art Center (BILSEM) in Gaziantep, and 96 students who were not identified as gifted. All were students in the same classes as those with talented, where secondary education was received. In the study, the “Personal Information Form” and “Peer Relationship Scale” that was developed by Atik, Çok, Çoban and Doğan (2014) were used as data collection tools. According to the results of the research, no significant difference was observed in terms of peer relationships between high school students, who were and were not identified as gifted. When peer relationships of male high school students who were and non-gifted are examined in terms of sub-dimensions, it is seen that there is a significant difference between the sub-dimensions of “companionship”, “protection” ”and “closeness” in favor of “gifted male students”. There is no significant difference in peer relationship mean scores of non-gifted female students. It can be said that there is greater differentiation in peer relationship sub-dimensions in terms of being identified as gifted in the students of 16-18 age group, compared to the 13-15 age group. The findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature.

Comparison of Partial Laryngectomy Versus Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Early Glottic Carcinoma: Complications and Oncological Results: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial

The aim of this non-randomized clinical trial was to evaluate tumor outcomes and subjective quality of voice following radiotherapy and partial laryngectomy in early-stage glottic laryngeal cancers. Non-Randomized Clinical Trial. Otolaryngology and radiation oncology clinics of Imam Khomeini (an affiliated hospital of Tehran University of Medical Sciences) and Amir Aalam Hospitals. Fifteen patients with early-stage glottic laryngeal carcinoma were admitted to the otolaryngology clinic, divided into two treatment groups: radiotherapy and partial laryngectomy. Of the total 50 patients, 25 had a partial laryngectomy and 25 radiotherapies. The comparison of the average of the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) showed significant improvement of vocal quality after treatment for both partial laryngectomy and radiotherapy (P&lt;0.0001 for both). But there was no significant difference in VHI mean scores between the two treatment groups (patients treated by partial laryngectomy and radiotherapy). Short- and long-term complication was higher in patients undergoing surgery than radiotherapy group (P&lt;0.0001). With regard to oncological outcome after one and eight-year after treatment, no differences were observed in the two treatment groups; there was a significant relationship between smoking cessation and recurrence of disease in the partial laryngectomy treatment group (P=0.012). There was no significant difference in voice quality and life expectancy of patients operated on using open surgery and patients treated with radiotherapy in this series. Open surgery may have more noticeable complications than radiotherapy.

Applied Repeated Measures Design in medical field

Repeated measures design offers a complete description of the time effect due to the inclusion of all time points. It's used in a wide range of fields such as medical study, behavioral science, agriculture and ecology. A repeated measurement ANOVA, are the appropriate test for making inferences about repeated measures designs, has several advantages. First, it can have greater statistical power, controlling for factors that cause between-subject variability. Second, because of its enhanced statistical power, repeated measures ANOVA can detect the desired effect size with fewer subjects. Finally, it has the ability to track an impact over time, like a task's learning curve. In this paper, the 50 patient’s data that had depression and were getting psychotherapy was analyzed using One-way Repeated Measure ANOVA. These data were collected by questionnaire form at three different times: baseline, second month, and fourth month. The results showed a significant difference in mean scores at threetime points, indicating that used treatment had a positive impact on this disease.

SafeSpace: what is the feasibility and acceptability of a codesigned virtual reality intervention, incorporating compassionate mind training, to support people undergoing cancer treatment in a clinical setting?

ObjectivesThe SafeSpace study codesigned and tested a virtual reality (VR) intervention, incorporating relaxation and compassionate mind training to determine acceptability/feasibility in an oncology setting and evaluate impact on physical/psychological well-being...

The Profile of Caring: An Internationally Tested Model to Assess and Support Nurses during Pandemic

The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nurses, and subsequent increases in turnover, have been extensively documented. This article examines a profile of nurses which included (1) the degree to which direct-care nurses are caring for themselves, (2) the degree to which their manager acts in a caring way, (3) the degree to which nurses have clarity about their professional role and about how the system works, and (4) the degree to which nurses are satisfied with essential social and technical dimensions of their jobs, to help understand how some of the critical internal states and working relationships of nurses fit together as a model. To test the model, authors used structural equation modeling with a 35-item measurement tool in three countries (Russia, Serbia, and Turkey; n = 984), replicating a recent 8-country study. Results revealed a good model fit, similar to the original study, despite statistically significant differences in mean scores between the countries studied. Good model fit with a second group of countries, despite differences in mean scores, suggests that results from both studies can be used for a global conversation about how caring, clarity, and job satisfaction in nursing relate to one another. These results provide evidence that health facilities should study variables such as caring for self, caring by the unit or department manager, clarity of role and system, and job satisfaction to learn about, recover, and monitor nurses ‘health and experience of work as they emerge from the pandemic.

Comparing the Fertility Desire and Related Factors in Mothers with Intellectually Disabled Children and Mothers with Healthy Children.

Background:The birth of a child with an intellectual disability is a common event. The fertility desire plays an important role in healthy reproductive programs. This study was conducted to compare the fertility desire and related factors in mothers with intellectually disabled and healthy children.Materials and Methods:The present study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The sample size consisted of 348 mothers with healthy and intellectually disabled children (174 per group). Sampling was performed at normal (six schools) and special primary schools (twelve schools) in Isfahan, Iran using stratified random sampling method. Attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and gender preference were assessed using a researcher-made questionnaire and psychological well-being using Ryff questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Chi-square test, and Logistic regression using SPSS 24.Results:In this study, 21.84% of mothers with healthy children and 13.79% of mothers with intellectually disabled children were willing to have other children. The fertility desire in mothers with intellectually disabled and healthy children decreased as their numbers of children (CI 95% =0.14-0.42) and age increased (CI 95% =0.80-0.93) by 0.87 and 0.24, respectively. There was statistically significant difference in mean score of psychological well-being between the two groups of mothers with fertility desire (p = 0.017). There was no statistically significant difference in mean score of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and gender preference (p > 0.05).Conclusions:Apparently the awareness of fertility desire and related factors in mothers with healthy and intellectually disabled children may be helpful in healthy fertility counseling.

Perceptions and Efficacy of Oral Rinsing with Two Types of Coconut Oil: A Comparative Study

This study focuses on the efficacy of virgin and regular coconut oil on plaque-related gingivitis and the perceptions of the subjects regarding its taste and odor. A study was carried out on 80 subjects, divided into 4 groups, 20 participants each. Group A: virgin coconut oil (VCO) gargling, Group B: regular cooking coconut oil (RCCO) gargling, Group C: chlorhexidine mouthwash gargling, and Group D: routine toothbrushing. The Modified gingival Index (MGI) was assessed to check the gingival inflammation on the 15th and 30th days. Perceptions of the subjects on the taste and odor were measured with the Hedonic Scale, and texture of VCO and RCCO in comparison with chlorhexidine. The baseline means MGI values are: 1.62±0.47, 1.74±0.22, 1.78±0.22, 1.68±0.66 for Group A, B, C, and D respectively. There is a significant difference in gingival index scores across all the study groups on the 15th day and 30th day (intra-group comparison). There is a significant difference in mean scores when group VCO, RCCO, and Chlorhexidine are compared with the control (inter-group comparison). Hedonic rating scale shows: chlorhexidine has a better odor (3.2) than VCO (3.1), RCCO (2.9). Chlorhexidine scored (3.4) in taste compared with VCO (3.1) and RCCO (2.8). Texture and mouthfeel scores for Chlorhexidine and VCO (3.6) and RCCO (3.4). VCO and RCCO are as efficient in reducing gingivitis. VCO has better taste, odor, and texture in the mouth than RCCO.

Supportive cryotherapy nursing intervention toward diminishing oral mucositis and associated pain among patients with cancer

Background Oral mucositis is a common problem with chemotherapy treatment. Cryotherapy is supportive in oncology, by preventing chemotherapy-induced complications such as oral mucositis and its related pain, through placing ice chips in the mouth. Aim To evaluate the effect of supportive cryotherapy nursing intervention toward diminishing oral mucositis and associated pain among patients with cancer. Design A quasi-experimental design was used. Setting The study was carried out at the chemotherapy outpatient clinic affiliated to El-Nasr Health Insurance Hospital, Helwan. Sample A purposive sample of 60 patients was equally divided into two groups: cryotherapy and control. Tools Four tools were used: (a) structured interview questionnaire, which included patient demographic characteristic and medical history; (b) the WHO oral mucositis assessment scale; (c) the oral assessment guide; and (d) the visual analog pain scale. Results There was a statistically significant difference in incidence and severity of oral mucositis and pain between cryotherapy and control groups at 7, 14, and 21 days of chemotherapy. Moreover, there were highly statistically significant differences in mean scores of oral assessments between both groups throughout the study phases. Conclusion Supportive cryotherapy nursing intervention for patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy had a positive effect on diminishing oral mucositis and associated pain in the cryotherapy group compared with the control group. Recommendations Training courses should be conducted for oncology patients receiving chemotherapy drugs about applying oral cryotherapy. Moreover, further research studies are recommended on a wider scale to counsel patients with cancer about the effect of oral cryotherapy on oral mucositis with recent chemotherapy treatment.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Education on Emotional Cognitive Regulation, Eating Style and Body Mass Index in Obese Adolescent Students Female

Background and Aim: Obesity in children and adolescents has gradually become a major public health problem in many developing countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group mindfulness training on the cognitive-emotional regulation, eating style, and body mass index of obese female adolescents with body mass indexes above 30. Methods: In order to achieve this goal, we used a statistical sample consisting of obese teenage girls in a high school in Boroujerd city in 2021.Research design consists of a pre-test, post-test experiment with a control group of 40 people (20 experimental and 20 control).Every week for 8 sessions of 90 minutes, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was conducted, and a post-test was administered to both experimental and control groups.A Garnefski cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire and a Dutch eating style questionnaire were used for this study. The statistical analysis was based on multivariate analysis of covariance.Statisticians used multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: There was a significant difference in mean scores of emotional cognitive regulation between the experimental and control groups, including an enormous difference in weight loss in eating style and body mass (P &lt;0.01). Conclusion: The results indicated, mindfulness therapy was able to improve cognitive-emotional regulation and eating style in obese girls by 64% and 74% respectively

Storytelling Method of Instruction and Students’ Gender in Christian Religious Studies in Ekiti State Public Secondary Schools

It is observed that gender issues have become a major focus and concern in the academic achievement of students over the years. The main focus of the study is to examine the difference in the performance of male and female students in Christian Religious Studies. The research adopted a quasi-experimental research design. The sample of the study was 159 senior secondary school students of Christian Religious Studies in Ekiti State. The descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was used for research question while inferential statistical test of t-test was used for hypotheses testing. The findings of the study revealed that there was no significant difference in the performance mean scores of male and female students in Christian Religious Studies taught using storytelling method and those taught with lecture method. Based on the findings, it was recommended that there should be equal treatment for both gender; preferential treatment or differentiation should not be allowed in the way female and male students are taught.

Effect of cold application on intramuscular injection pain among patients with fractures

Background Intramuscular injection (IMI) is an invasive and painful procedure that is routinely used in health care settings. The knowledge regarding the efficiency of nonpharmacological methods of pain management, including cold application, is limited and needs further research studies. Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of cold application on IMI pain among patients with fractures. Design A quasi-experimental design (pre-posttest nonequivalent control group design) was used. Setting This study was conducted in the inpatient clinic of Orthopedic Surgical Department in Beni Suef University Hospital. Sample A convenient consecutive sample of 64 adult male and female patients was enrolled in the study. Tools Two tools were used for data collection: (a) structured interview assessment form, including sociodemographic and medical-related data, and (b) pain assessment forms. Results The study findings revealed that the mean age of the study and control groups was 39.2±11.1 and 34.8±11.9 years, respectively. When analyzing the numerical pain scale, a statistically significant difference was found between both groups, with higher reduction in the total mean score of pain from 6.78±1.6 to 2.34±0.9 among the group that received cold application before IMI. It also showed that there were highly statistically significant differences in the total mean score of the observational checklist of nonverbal pain indicators of the study group between preintervention and postintervention results during movement and at rest (P≤0.001). Conclusion This study concluded that cold application was an effective nursing measure in reducing the pain intensity associated with IMI. Recommendations Continuous education for nurses must be provided to improve their knowledge and practice regarding nonpharmacological methods such as cold application and its effect on relieving pain arising from IMI into the vastus lateralis muscle.

Use of Google Classroom as Participation and Performance Enhancer Among Basic Science Postgraduates in Some Universities in Nigeria

The study is an empirical survey of the influence of Google classroom on the participation level and academic performance of Postgraduates in Nigerian Universities. It adopted quasi-experimental research. The targeted population was the Basic Science students at master’s level in Nigeria Universities. The sample consisted of 42 postgraduates of Science Education drawn from three Universities in the South Western part of Nigeria through the multistage sampling technique. Out of these, 26 students formed the experimental group while 16 constituted the control group. One research question was raised while five hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. There were two research instruments for the study namely the Students’ Participation Scale (SPS) and Students’ Performance Test (SPT) and there was a package for the Google Classroom Lecture Note designed by the researchers. The instruments were validated by experts in Test, Measurement and Evaluation (TME) and Science Education, all from the Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. The reliability of the instruments was done through test re-test reliability test which yielded correlation coefficients of 0.72 and 0.84 respectively at 0.05 level of significance. The administration of the study lasted six weeks in three stages (pretest, treatment and post-test stages). The result of the study revealed that those taught with Google classroom have higher participation mean scores than those in the control group. It also showed that there was a significant difference in the performance mean scores of experimental and control groups. However, no significant difference was noticed in the participation and performance mean scores of male and female postgraduate students in the experimental group.