Significant Difference In Mean Scores Research Articles

Effectiveness of radiofrequency rhizotomies of genicular nerves for treating chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of lower extremity disability in the elderly, primarily affecting lower extremity joints, such as the knee and hip. Elder patients with comorbidities may not be suitable candidates for surgery. For these difficult to treat cases, radiofrequency (RF) rhizotomies may be an effective alternative treatment. Likewise, it has been found that RF therapy can improve joint function and reduce pain by preventing the transmission of pain signals thus easing the patient. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of radiofrequency rhizotomies of genicular nerves in treating knee pain caused by knee osteoarthritis. Results: A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the current study. The mean age of patients was 62.7+9.7. Majority of the patients were female (69%), married (79%), and overweight (58.0%). Regarding affected knee sites, 39% had left, 34% right and 29% had both knees affected, respectively. There was a significant difference in mean scores among patients before and after treatment follow-up. The mean pain score before starting the treatment was 7.63+1.11, in the 1st week. The follow up mean pain score was 3.94+0.874, which further reduced in the 12th week to 1.51+1.12. The pain score, OKS and HADs significantly improved from baseline to 12th week follow up which shows that RFA was an effective treatment for OA knee pain (P-value <0.05) which shows that Radiofrequency rhizotomies of genicular nerves was an effective treatment for OA knee pain (P-value <0.05). Conclusion: Radiofrequency rhizotomies of genicular nerves is a safe and effective treatment option for patients suffering from chronic pain caused by knee OA.

Impacts of Collaborative Learning on Learners’ Academic Performance in Chemistry in Three Selected Secondary Schools of Nyamasheke District

Collaborative learning helps students to have active control over their own learning and create both academic and social relationships to accomplish common goals. This paper reports a quasi-experimental research that employed a pre-test and a post-test approach to investigate the impacts of a collaborative learning teaching approach on learners’ academic performance in chemistry in three secondary schools purposively selected within the Nyamasheke district in Rwanda. At each school, two classes of senior two (S2) were purposively selected whereby one class was taken as a control group, while the second parallel class formed an experimental group. Thus, all the control groups comprised 128 students, while the experimental groups comprised 133 senior two students. To collect data, a pre-test and post-test were given to the students. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (i.e., t-test generated by Microsoft Excel 13). The results from the t-test showed [t (257) = -8.05, p = .000; p<.001] which indicates that there is a statistically significant difference in mean scores between the two groups. The null hypothesis, therefore, is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis to confirm that students taught using a collaborative learning teaching approach performed better in preparation and classification of oxides than those taught using traditional lecture teaching methods.

Quality of life analysis measured with the Cervantes 16 scale in treated menopausal women with genitourinary syndrome.

Aim: To assess the quality of life of menopausal women with genitourinary syndrome receiving local drugs (prasterone, estriol or promestriene). Methods: Prospective, longitudinal, randomized study in which quality of life was assessed using the 16-item Cervantes scale (EC16) before and after treatment. Results: A total of45 women were assessed (35.6% received prasterone, 33.3% estrioland 31.1% promestriene). After treatment, statistically significant mean score differences were observed in EC16, mainly with prasterone. Improvement in EC16 score only shows astatistically significant relationship with age and drug use. Conclusion: The EC16 is an affordable and quick-to-apply tool that allows physicians and patients to know patients' self-perceived quality of life. Local treatment has been shown to improve the quality of life of menopausal patients with genitourinary syndrome.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of dengue prevention between dengue sustained hotspots and non-sustained hotspots in Singapore: a cross-sectional study

Dengue sustained hotspots (SHS) have resulted in a significant public health burden. In our study, we aimed to (1) compare knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) scores between SHS and non-sustained hotspots (NSHS); and (2) identify and describe gaps and factors associated with KAP of dengue prevention among SHS residents residing in Singapore. A cross-sectional study with convenience sampling was conducted using digital survey in randomly selected SHS and NSHS residential areas, consisting of residents aged 21 or older and who had been residing in their existing housing unit in 2019 and 2020. Chi-square test and T-test were used for comparison analysis of categorical and continuous variables, respectively. A total of 466 respondents completed the self-administered, anonymous survey. There were no significant difference in mean scores for Knowledge [SHS(24.66) vs. NSHS(24.37); P: 0.18], Attitudes [SHS(10.38) vs NSHS(10.16); P: 0.08] and Practices [SHS(9.27) vs NSHS(8.80); P: 0.16] sections. Significant SHS-associated factors identified were age group 41–50 years old [95%CI: 1.25–5.03], Malay (95%CI: 0.17–0.98), up to secondary school education (95%CI: 0.07–0.65), private condominium (95%CI: 1.17–3.39), residing in same household unit for 2–5 years (95%CI: 2.44–6.88), respondents who know that mosquito can breed in open container with stagnant water (95%CI: 0.06–0.98), disagree that reducing Aedes mosquitoes is the only way to prevent dengue: (95%CI: 1.19–3.00) and go to clinic/hospital even without severe symptoms: (95%CI: 0.39–0.95). These independent factors associated with dengue sustained hotspots may influence the risk of dengue transmission in residential areas.

The Necessity of Nostril Retention Application After Secondary Unilateral Cleft Rhinoplasty.

This study aims to investigate the necessity of nostril retention after secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty. Seventy four patients who underwent secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty were categorized into control group, nasal retainer group, and nasal clip group. A nasal retainer or nasal clip was applied 7 days after secondary correction and retained in the nostrils of the patients for 6 to 12 months. Measurements from pre- and post-operative photos and patient-reported outcomes were used in this study. After 6 to 12 months, although relapse still occurred in three groups, the nasal retainer group showed a better effect in the ratio of nostril height, whereas the nasal clip group showed a significant improvement in the ratio of nasal base. And both the two groups also showed significant improvement in the ratio of nasal columella. Patients from the control group generally had lower Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS) scores than the nasal retainer group and nasal clip group. Wearing a nasal retainer may negatively influence self-concept, facial self-consciousness of appearance and physical state, and significant differences in mean scores were also found in 9 items. The nostril retention after secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty could help preserve nasal morphology and reduce postoperative relapse but worsen the patients' quality of life. The necessity of applying the nostril retention should consider the forms of nasal deformity and the potential influence on the quality of life. 3 Laryngoscope, 133:1618-1623, 2023.

The status and influencing factors of adolescents' mental health in a province of China: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo understand the mental health status of adolescents in China and its influencing factors. MethodsThe stratified cluster sampling method was used to evaluate the mental health status of 5633 adolescents using the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90). ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in the overall mean score of SCL-90 and the mean score of each subscale among adolescents in gender, grade, family, and region. The mean score of the interpersonal sensitivity and phobic anxiety subscales of the adolescents with rural household registration was higher than that of the urban household registration. Except for hostility and phobic anxiety subscales, there was a significant difference between junior high school and senior high school students in the remaining subscales. There were significant differences between only children and non-only children in the obsessive-compulsive symptoms and phobic anxiety subscales. The mean scores of depression, phobic anxiety, and other subscales of left-behind adolescents were significantly different from those of non-left-behind adolescents. Female gender (OR = 1.789), different-grade (junior high school sophomore: OR = 2.201; junior high school third grade: OR = 2.004; high school freshman: OR = 2.279; high school sophomore: OR = 2.947; high school senior: OR = 2.112), different-region (central region: OR = 1.302; southern region: OR = 1.925) and high school (OR = 1.281) adolescents had a higher risk of mental health problems, while those from two-parent families (OR = 0.68) had a lower risk. LimitationsThis study is a cross-sectional study and not widely representative. ConclusionGender, grade, region, and academic period are risk factors, and a two-parent family is a protective factor for adolescents' mental health.

Sport Education Model (SEM): Its Effect on Physical Self-Concept (PSC) and Invasion Game Learning Outcomes in Elementary Schools

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the sport education model on physical self-concept and the learning outcomes of invasion game activities in physical education learning. This study used the PSCQ-C questionnaire to measure PSC and TGMD-2 to measure student learning outcomes. This research used experimental method. The research population were upper class students at SDN 178 Gegerkalong KPAD Bandung City, involving 42 students as samples. Based on the results of statistical test data research, the significance value of SEM on PSC pre-test and post-test was Sig. 0.000 0.05, indicating there was a significant difference. While the significance value of SEM on learning outcomes was Sig. 0.000 0.05. These results indicate that there was a significant difference in mean scores between the results of pre-test and post-test of PSC and learning outcomes of the student in invasion game.

Accessing the Effectiveness of Preparing Teachers’ Program at University Level in Pakistan

B.Ed (Honors) program initiated with the recommendations of the National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) and Higher Education Commission (HEC) in Pakistan. Government of Pakistan (GOP) ensures to expose a deep interest in creating severe modifications to confiscate entirely differences in the transnational standards. The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of B.Ed (Honors) program being offered in private and public sector universities in Pakistan. Faculty teachers and alumni were selected as sample of the study. For data collection, questionnaire containing 45 statements with four factors and focus group discussion were used. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics indicated that the respondents were satisfied about the teachers’ content knowledge, effectiveness of teaching methodologies, practices of behavior changes and timely feedbacks. Respondents were less satisfied with the statements related to admission criteria, appropriateness of content, supportive environment for learning and teaching practices, assessment system and availability of physical resources. Inferential statistics showed that significant difference in mean scores of respondents from private and public sectors universities on the factors of program objectives, content of program, assessment procedure and accessibility of physical facilities. It is suggested in the light of findings that administration of universities should allocate more budget for improving the quality of this program, content should revised, selection criteria should appropriate, availability and proper use of technology and proficiency of English.
 

Investigation of Sport Team Evangelism (eFANgelism) Behaviors of Faculty of Sports Sciences Students

This research aimed to examine the sports team evangelism attitudes of undergraduate students studying at the Faculty of Sport Sciences at Universities in Turkey and to compare them in terms of some demographic variables. The sample group consists of 378 volunteer participants. The “Sports Team Evangelism (eFANgelism) Scale (STES)”, which was developed by Dwyer et al. (2015) and adapted into Turkish by Yüksekbilgili’s (2017) validity and reliability study, was used as a data collection tool, together with the form containing demographic information. The reliability level of the scale was determined by calculating the Cronbach’s Alpha internal consistency coefficient. Parametric test techniques were used in the analysis of the sample that showed a normal distribution. The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the total mean scores of STES in terms of gender, the team they supported, and the variables of the department they studied. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the monthly income of the family and age variable. The result of this research revealed that the students in the Faculty of Sport Sciences were in high efangelistic behaviors. In addition, it was determined that male students showed more efangelistic behaviors than female students.

Self-assessed tactical skills in tennis players: Psychometric evaluation of the Tactical Skills Questionnaire in Tennis.

To our knowledge, no feasible, valid and reliable instrument exists to examine tactical skills over the course of multiple training and game situations in tennis yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Tactical Skills Questionnaire in Tennis (TSQT). The TSQT is a new instrument with closed-ended questions designed to examine tactical skills in tennis players. Participants were 233 competitive tennis players (age: 17.06 ± 4.74 years) competing on national or regional levels. With a principal component analysis (PCA) we identified four theoretically meaningful subscales for the 31-item TSQT: “Anticipation and positioning,” “Game intelligence and adaptability,” “Decision-making,” and “Recognizing game situations” and confirmed them with a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (χ2 = 527.02, df = 426, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.045, SRMR = 0.079). Internal consistency was good, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 for the entire scale and McDonald's omega ranging from 0.69 to 0.78 for the separate subscales. A subsample of 57 players completed the TSQT twice to assess test-retest reliability. Absolute test-retest reliability of the subscales was good with no significant differences in mean scores between test and retest (p > 0.05). Relative test-retest reliability was moderate with ICC values ranging from 0.65 to 0.71. National players outperformed regional players on the subscales “Game intelligence and adaptability,” “Decision-making,” and “Recognizing game situations” (p < 0.05), and there was a trend toward significance for “Anticipation and positioning” (p = 0.07). This study supported the psychometric properties of the TSQT. Evaluating tactical skills with the TSQT provides players, coaches and other professionals with insight in players' self-assessed tactical skills over the course of multiple training and game situations. It creates the opportunity for players to reflect on their skills and detect personal development areas with their coach. We advise to use this information as input for tailor-made training programs.

Developing Student’s Comprehensive Knowledge of Physics Concepts by Using Computational Thinking Activities: Effects of a 6-Week Intervention

Computational thinking has been identified as an important approach for enabling students' better comprehension of science concepts as well as scientific procedures. Computation is useful in physics because it permits physics theories to be applied to issues that are complicated to fix analytically. Visual Python provides a 3D environment where learners may design 3D objects, apply a physical framework, and study the effects of altering parameters. The implementation and outcomes of a 6-week teacher-led computational thinking intervention with groups of 12th graders (n=60) are described in this study. Two research questions are being addressed using quantitative analysis and a quasi-experimental approach involving a pre- and post-test. The participants who received the six-week implementation on the experimental group performed significantly better on the post-test than the control group, which received only standard teaching lectures. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in mean scores between the experimental group (M = 24.03, SD = 4.68) and the control group (M = 20.3, SD = 5.38). The findings indicate that implementing computational thinking activities not only improves students' knowledge of physics concepts, but it also improves visual thinking, allowing students to better cognitively comprehend the problem.

Implications for balance in 11- and 12-year-old children in northern Spain during SARS-CoV-2 lockdown.

IntroductionThe home lockdown due to the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in Spanish society led to changes in certain habits in children and adolescents. These habits were related to the practice of physical activity and the implications of higher rates of sedentary activities. This lockdown lasted from March to June 2020. The aim of this study was to determine the implication that lockdown in Spain due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak had on balance in 11–12 year-old schoolchildren.Materials and methodsIn total, 50 Spanish children aged 11–12 years (M = 11.40, SD = 0.50) participated, 33 (66%) boys and 17 (34%) girls. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 (Movement ABC-2) and an ad hoc questionnaire for sociodemographic data and other relevant information were used for the three data collections.ResultsThere are significant differences (p < 0.05) in the results for balance variables measured by static balance tests on supports in the total sample, in boys and girls. There are also significant differences in the total sample as well as in the boys in the heel-toe backward walking test. In addition, there are significant differences in mean, scalar and percentile dimension scores for balance between before and after lockdown in both boys and girls. No significant differences were found in the total sample or by gender in measurements related to the zigzag jumping test with dominant as well as non-dominant leg in girls (p = 0.317).ConclusionAs a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 confinement, there was a worsening of balance values in children aged 11–12 years.

Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers and Self-Efficacy Towards Weight Reduction Among Overweight and Obese Children in Kedah, Malaysia

The objective of this study was to identify the psychological factors (perceived barriers to, perceived benefits of, and perceived self-efficacy toward weight reduction) associated with body mass index (BMI) among overweight (OW) and obese children. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among primary school children in Kedah, Malaysia. A multistage randomised cluster sampling technique was used in this study. The socio-demographic data were collected from the parents, and the researchers took anthropometric measurements of the children. A set of validated instruments were used to assess perceived benefits of weight reduction, perceived barriers to weight reduction, perceived self-efficacy in dietary practice and perceived self-efficacy in exercise among the participants. Data were analysed by using SPSS software for Windows Version 25.0. A total of 398 OW and obese children aged 10 and 11 years old (221 boys and 177 girls) were recruited. Based on the socio-demographic data, the father’s educational level was found to be significantly associated with the child’s body mass index (BMI) (2 = 7.873, p = 0.049). There were no significant differences in mean scores for perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived self-efficacy in dietary practice and exercise between the OW and obese groups (p&gt;0.05). However, perceived self-efficacy in exercise was significantly associated with BMI among OW and obese children (p&lt;0.05). Health perceptions and beliefs variables are important and should be included in any future weight management programme among OW and obese children.

A STEM Experiential Learning Experience

From Fall 2012 to Fall 2016, 127 teacher candidates at a public university in southern Louisiana and elementary school students in grades four, five, six, and eight formed a Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) partnership to develop and implement science projects. The research questions of the accompanying study over the five years were: 1.Will mentoring a science project increase student understanding of best practices afforded by the scientific method? 2. What strategies improve the quality of a STEM experiential learning experience? A paired-samples t-test on teacher candidates’ pre- and post-test scores showed a significant difference in mean scores, indicating an increase in understanding in students for each of the five years. Themes emerging from the qualitative data suggest that successful strategies include preparation, staying small, organization, communication, motivation, and acknowledgement. Coincidentally, these themes closely mirror the National Society for Experiential Education’s (NSEE) “Eight Principles of Good Practice for All Experiential Learning Activities.”

The Oxford Cognitive Screen for use with Australian people after stroke (OCS-AU): The adaptation process and determining cut scores for cognitive impairment using a cross-sectional normative study.

Two parallel versions (A and B) of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS) were developed in the United Kingdom (UK) as a stroke-specific screen of five key cognitive domains commonly affected post-stroke. We aimed to develop the Australian versions A and B (OCS-AU), including Australian cut-scores indicative of impairment. We hypothesised there to be no difference in performance between the UK and Australian normative data cohorts. Our multidisciplinary expert panel used the UK pre-defined process to develop the OCS-AU versions A and B. We then conducted a cross-sectional normative study. We purposively recruited community-dwelling, Australian-born, and educated adults; with no known cognitive impairment; representative of age, sex, education level, and living location; at seven sites (four metropolitan, three regional) across four Australian states. Participants completed one or both OCS-AU versions in a randomised order. Australian cohorts were compared with the corresponding UK cohorts for demographics using Pearson's chi-squared test for sex and education, and Welch two-sample t test for age. For the cut-scores indicating cognitive impairment, the fifth (95th) percentiles and group mean performance score for each scored item were compared using Welch two-sample t tests. The pre-defined criteria for retaining OCS cut-scores had no statistically significant difference in either percentile or group mean scores for each scored item. Participants (n= 83) were recruited: fifty-eight completed version A [age (years) mean = 61,SD = 15; 62% female], 60 completed version B [age (years) mean = 62,SD = 13, 53% female], and 35 completed both [age (years) mean = 64,SD = 11, 54% female]. Education was different between the cohorts for version B (12 years, p= 0.002). Cut-scores for all 16 scored items for the OCS-AU version B and 15/16 for version A met our pre-defined criteria for retaining the OCS cut scores. The OCS-AU provides clinicians with an Australian-specific, first-line cognitive screening tool for people after stroke. Early screening can guide treatment and management.

Comparison of the Effects of Music and Rose Water Aromatherapy on the Happiness level among the Elderly Living in Nursing Homes in Kermanshah in 2018

Background and Objective: People's psychological and social activities gradually decrease with an increase in age and the beginning of old age. In this regard, proper planning can make life enjoyable at an older age. Therefore, the current research aimed to compare the effect of music and rose water aromatherapy on the level of happiness among the elderly living in nursing homes. Materials and Methods: This research was a three-group randomized clinical trial of pre-test and post-test type with a control group. It was conducted on 93 elderly residents in nursing homes in Kermanshah who were selected via convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups. Before the intervention, the demographic information questionnaire and Oxford happiness questionnaire were completed. In the music group, an instrumental relaxing local Kurdish music was used for 12 45-50-min sessions three days a week for one month. For the rose water aromatherapy group, three drops of rose were poured on a cotton ball with a dropper and held at a distance of 25 cm from the nose of the elderly. The control group continued their daily activities without receiving any intervention. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and analysis of covariance. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the happiness mean score in the three groups. The effect of the pre-test scores of happiness and its different dimensions on the post-test scores was significant (P&gt;0.001). In addition, by controlling the effect of the pre-test, a significant difference was observed among the elderly in the three groups of aromatherapy, music therapy, and the control group. Conclusion: As evidenced by the results of this study, the two methods of music and rose water aromatherapy increase the happiness of the elderly. Nonetheless, music exerted a more significant effect on increasing the happiness of the elderly compared to aromatherapy. Therefore, it is suggested that music and aromatherapy be used as cost-effective non-pharmacological methods and complementary medicine in nursing homes and hospitals, along with other treatments, to promote happiness.

Knowledge and perception of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) among healthcare students at a selected public university in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Healthcare providers play an important role in improving the health of Inborn Error of Metabolism (IEM) patients. However, IEM knowledge level among local healthcare students has yet to be determined. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and perception of IEM among local healthcare students. An online self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 378 students across the Faculty of Health Science, Pharmacy and Dentistry from a selected public university in Lembah Klang, Malaysia. For knowledge, a score of 1 is assigned to each correct answer with a maximum total score of 14. Likert scale was used to determine their perception of IEM. The total mean score of IEM knowledge among healthcare students is 5.8. There was no significant difference of mean score of IEM knowledge among the students from the Faculty of Health Science (6.1 ± 2.7), Pharmacy (5.5 ± 2.6) and Dentistry (5.8 ± 2.8). However, the score of knowledge is observed to be significantly different by ethnicity, religion and family history of IEM (p < 0.05). Furthermore, students with experience of meeting an IEM patient and attending IEM classes scored higher than those with no experience (p < 0.05). Most of the healthcare students (89.5%) perceived their knowledge to be insufficient and very poor. Majority of the students from faculty of pharmacy (70.8%) agreed that the IEM course should be mandatory compared to health sciences and dentistry (p < 0.05). This study identified an overall inadequacy of knowledge of IEM among healthcare students. There is a pressing need to improve the IEM-related knowledge and awareness of Malaysian healthcare students. This can be accomplished by incorporating online classes that emphasizes the treatment and management of IEMs in the university curriculum.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Household Financial Well-being

Purpose: The current research is one of the few studies investigating the impact of COVID-19 on shattered households' financial well-being in light of Friedman's Theory of Consumption Function. It explored if there are statistical differences in the impact of COVID-19 due to the demographic variables of the study.&#x0D; Design/methodology/approach: The study is descriptive and analytical. It used an online survey that targeted respondents representing 387 Palestinian households randomly selected from the community of the Gaza Strip.&#x0D; Findings: The results showed a negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on households' financial well-being. It also revealed these households' lack of financial resilience due to the combined effect of the pandemic and the concurrent siege and its economic drawbacks. The statistical results demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the households' mean financial well-being scores due to gender before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, it was found that there are statistically significant differences in the households' mean scores of financial well-being due to the (education level, number of household members, employability status, and the number of households' breadwinners) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Research limitations/implications: The researcher conducted an online survey among the general population in the Gaza Strip during the COVID-19 pandemic between the 2nd and 5th of June 2021. Although the results of this study are based on the Palestinian context, the main hypotheses can be tested in other countries to assess the impact of COVID-19 on household financial well-being, especially in emerging countries.&#x0D; Originality/value: This study is the first to address the financial and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on households already shattered and torn by suffrage political and economic inequalities. It also demonstrates how people in emergencies tend to respond to the resulting conditions of the pandemic in the light of Friedman's Theory of the Consumption Function.

The Effect of Multi-Word Expression Technique on Iraqi Preparatory School Students' Writing Skills

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the multi-word expression technique (MWE) on the writing ability of Iraqi preparatory school students and to determine the level of writing competence of Iraqi preparatory school students. "In order to perform the study and achieve its objectives, the following hypotheses are established": 1- There is no "statistically significant difference in post-test mean scores between the experimental group taught using the multi-word expression approach and the control group taught using the standard method". 2- There are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group's achievements at the recognition and the production levels in the post-test. To accomplish the objective and validate the hypotheses, a quasi-experimental design with Group Pretest-Posttest is used. The current study sampled (86) fifth-stage students from schools selected from Omar Al-Mukhtar preparatory school during the academic year 2021- 2022 "for males." "Both groups have been equalized in terms of educational attainment of parents, testees" age, English grade accomplishment in the fourth stage, and both groups' post- and pre-test performance". The trial lasted three months, and the researcher taught the two groups from 2011 to 2012. "Various statistical methods were utilized to assess the gathered data, including many T-tests for two independent samples. “Following statistical treatment of the data, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Teaching students utilizing the multi-word expression technique has been shown to be successful in improving students' writing abilities. 2. Based on the findings and conclusions reached in this study, relevant "recommendations and ideas for more research are made".

The Effect of Using Tree Diagram Technique for Improving Students’ Vocabulary Mastery

This study was aimed to examine the effectiveness of using the Tree Diagram technique to enhance mastery of vocabulary in seventh-grade students of MTs Miftahul Huda Bulungan in the academic year 2021/2022. Quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group design was used as the research design. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling and involved two classes which included 33 students in the experimental group and 32 students in the control group. The instruments were 20 multiple-choice questions and 5 essay questions. A T-test was used to analyze the data. The result of the t-test was 2,786&gt;1,670. The Null Hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. There was a significant difference in mean scores of pretest and posttest which indicated that the tree diagram technique took a good effect on the students’ vocabulary mastery. This study concluded that the implementation of the tree diagram was effective to improve the students’ vocabulary mastery