Significant Differences In Main Effects Research Articles

Event-related potentials study on the effects of high neuroticism on senile false memory.

To study the false memory among senile normal people with high neuroticism and low neuroticism using neuropsychological scales and event-related potentials (ERPs), and to explore the effects of high neuroticism on false memory and its neuroelectrophysiological mechanism. A cross-sectional study was conducted, in which the general situation questionnaire, adult version of Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale were used to establish a multi-dimensional survey in senile normal people over 60 years old from communities in Zhengzhou, and the EPQ and general situation questionnaire were used to comprehensively screen and divide the study subjects into high neuroticism group and low neuroticism group from 206 senile people. The population was matched by 1:1 according to gender, age (±2 years), and years of education (±2 years), and 40 subjects were finally enrolled for detection of electroencephalograph (EEG) components using ERPs. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm of false memory was designed using E-prime2.0 system, and the stimulus program was presented. The EEG signals of the study subjects were recorded in real time and acquired using 64-channel Neuroscan EEG signals acquisition system. High neuroticism group was evidently lower in the mean accuracy than low neuroticism group, and the difference in the mean accuracy was statistically significant (P = 0.013), but the difference in reaction time was not statistically significant. 2. The mean amplitude of EEG component N400: The difference in the main effect of N400 in the brain region was significantly different (P<0.001), and the mean amplitude of N400 was the largest in frontal region, followed by central region and parietal region successively (all P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the neurotic main effect or the interaction effect of neuroticism and brain region. The latency of N400: There was no significant difference in the neurotic main effect, main effect of the brain region or the interaction effect of neuroticism and brain region. 3. The mean amplitude of EEG component LPC: The difference in the main effect of the brain region was significantly different (P<0.001), and the mean amplitude of LPC was the largest in frontal region, followed by central region and parietal region successively (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the neurotic main effect, neuroticism or the interaction effect of neuroticism and brain region. As to the latency of LPC, there was significant difference in the main effect of the brain region (P = 0.025), and the latency of LPC was shorter in frontal region than that in central region (P<0.05). The differences in the neurotic main effect, interaction effect of neuroticism and brain region were not statistically significant. High neuroticism can significantly increase the false memory of senile normal people. The EEG components N400 and LPC are potential early indicators of high neuroticism affecting false memory. High neuroticism may influence false memory by affecting the frontal cortex function.

Physician's Attitudes Toward Patients With Opioid Use Disorder and Use of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Vary by Training.

This study compared whether different addiction treatment educational experiences were associated with physicians' attitudes toward patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) and perceived efficacy of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Ohio physicians (n = 2757) with and without a waiver to prescribe buprenorphine (Drug Addiction Treatment Act 2000 [DATA 2000] waiver) were surveyed regarding their attitudes toward treating patients with OUD and on the effectiveness of MOUD. We divided physicians into 3 groups: physicians with DATA 2000 waivers, non-waivered physicians with experiential training, and non-waivered physicians without experiential training. We defined experiential training as educational experience directly working with individuals with OUD including those in recovery. Analysis of variance was used to detect statistically significant group differences. We found significant main effect differences in attitudes toward patients with OUD and perceived efficacy of MOUD between groups (P ≤ .01) for all but one attitude. Post hoc comparisons revealed waivered physicians had the most favorable attitudes. Among physicians without a waiver, those with experiential training had significantly more favorable attitudes toward treating OUD and perceived MOUD to be more effective, including items such as "OUD are treatable illnesses" and "medication assisted treatment is a crucial part of treatment for OUD." The results suggest that physicians with DATA 2000 waiver and experiential training, as compared to physicians without either a waiver or experiential training in OUD, are associated with less stigmatizing views of treating patients with OUD and prescribing MOUD. While legislation in December 2022 eliminated DATA 2000 waiver training requirement, these findings suggest an ongoing need for training opportunities.

The effects of a universal short-term home visiting program: Two-year impact on parenting behavior and parent mental health

BackgroundAt the time of childbirth, families face heightened levels of unmet need. These needs, if left unmet, can lead parents to engage in less positive parenting practices, which in turn, increase the risk of child maltreatment. Family Connects (FC) is a universal postnatal nurse home-visiting program designed to prevent child maltreatment by supporting all families in a community through one to three visits to improve parent mental health and parenting behaviors. A randomized controlled trial of FC demonstrated improving positive parenting and reducing postpartum depression through age 6 months. ObjectiveTo determine sustained (2-year) impact of random assignment to FC on parenting behavior and parent mental health and identify heterogeneity of effects. Participants and settingA representative subsample of 496 families that had been randomized to FC (255 treatment; 241 control) of infants born between July 1, 2009, and December 31, 2010, in Durham County, North Carolina. MethodsDemographic characteristics were collected through hospital discharge data. Treatment-blinded interviewers collected maternal reports of parenting behavior and mental health at infant age two years. Moderation and subgroup analyses were conducted to estimate heterogeneity in impact of FC. ResultsMothers assigned to FC engaged in more self-reported positive parenting relative to control mothers (B = 0.21; p < 0.05). Hispanic mothers assigned to FC reported greater sense of parenting competence (B = 1.28; p < 0.05). No significant main effect differences were identified for negative parenting, maternal depression, or father involvement. ConclusionsAssignment to FC was associated with improvements in population-level self-reported scores of positive parenting 2 years post-intervention.

The Walls Are Closing In: Postural Responses to a Virtual Reality Claustrophobic Simulation

Background: Changes in the visual environment and thereby, the spatial orientation, can induce postural instability leading to falls. Virtual reality (VR) has been used to expose individuals to virtual environments (VE) that increase postural threats. Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder categorized under situational phobias and can induce such postural threats in a VE. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate if VR-generated claustrophobic simulation has any impact on postural threats that might lead to postural instability. Methods: Thirty healthy men and women (age: 20.7 ± 1.2 years; height: 166.5 ± 7.3 cm; mass: 71.7 ± 16.2 kg) were tested for postural stability while standing on a force platform, upon exposure to five different testing trials, including a normal stance (NoVR), in stationary VE (VR), and three consecutive, randomly initiated, unexpected claustrophobia trials (VR CP1, VR CP2, VR CP3). The claustrophobia trials involved all four walls closing in towards the center of the room. Center of pressure (COP)-derived postural sway variables were analyzed with a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance at an alpha level of 0.05. Results: Significant main effect differences existed in all but one dependent COP-derived postural sway variables, at p &lt; 0.05. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons with a Bonferroni correction revealed that, predominantly, postural sway excursions were significantly lower in claustrophobia trials compared to NoVR and VR, but only accomplished with significantly increased sway velocity. Conclusion: The VR CP trials induced lower postural sway magnitude, but with increased velocity, suggesting a bracing and co-contraction strategy when exposed to virtual claustrophobic postural threats. Additionally, postural sway decreased with subsequent claustrophobia trials, suggesting potential motor learning effects. Findings from the study offer insights to postural control behavior under virtual claustrophobic simulations and can aid in VR exposure therapy for claustrophobia.

Convergence Insufficiency Neuro-Mechanism Adult Population Study: Phoria Adaptation Results

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare changes in phoria adaptation between young adult binocularly normal controls (BNCs) and participants with symptomatic convergence insufficiency (CI), who were randomized to either office-based vergence accommodative therapy (OBVAT) or office-based placebo therapy (OBPT).MethodsIn the double-masked randomized clinical trial, 50 BNC and 50 CI participants were randomized to the following therapeutic interventions: OBVAT or OBPT with home reinforcement for 12 one-hour office sessions. A 6∆ base-out and 6∆ base-in phoria adaptation experiment at near (40 cm) was conducted using the flashed Maddox rod technique at baseline and at outcome. Measurements included the rate and the magnitude of phoria adaptation.ResultsAt baseline, BNC and CI participants had significantly different rates and magnitudes of base-in and base-out phoria adaptation (P < 0.001). When comparing the outcome to baseline measurements, significant main effect differences in longitudinal measurements were observed for the magnitude and the rate of phoria adaptation for both base-out and base-in experiments (P < 0.05). For the magnitude and rate of phoria adaptation, post hoc analyses using paired t-tests revealed that the CI group administered the OBVAT intervention exhibited a significant increase in the magnitude and rate of phoria adaptation compared to baseline for both base-in and base-out phoria adaptation (P < 0.01) but not for those administered OBPT.ConclusionsPhoria adaptation is significantly different at baseline between those with normal binocular vision and symptomatic CI participants. OBVAT significantly improves the rate and magnitude of both base-out and base-in phoria adaptation at near compared to OBPT. Results have clinical implications for new therapeutic interventions.

Chronic plantar fasciitis reduces rearfoot to medial-forefoot anti-phase coordination

BackgroundIt is commonly assumed that abnormal foot biomechanics cause plantar fasciitis; however, this assumption is not well supported. In this study, we investigated rearfoot to medial-forefoot coordination of healthy and plantar fasciitis individuals. We hypothesized that chronic plantar fasciitis individuals would exhibit greater intersegmental rearfoot to medial-forefoot anti-phase coordination and greater coordinative variability than a healthy cohort. MethodsTwenty-two individuals with chronic plantar fasciitis (symptomatic mean 4.5 years) and 22 healthy individuals participated. Three-dimensional kinematics of the rearfoot and medial forefoot segments were captured using reflective markers for walking trials. After resolving rearfoot and medial-forefoot segment angle data, a modified vector coding method was used to compute coupling angles, anti-phase movements, and coordinative variability. FindingsCompared to healthy individuals, individuals with plantar fasciitis exhibited fewer anti-phase movements (frontal plane: P = 0.003, effect size = 0.38). No group differences were detected in coordinative variability magnitude (sagittal, frontal, transverse, respectively: P = 0.99, 0.72, 0.86; effect sizes = 0.00, 0.12, 0.04). There were significant main effect differences in coupling variability between stance periods (P < 0.0001). InterpretationContrary to our hypothesis, these data suggest that a relative reduction of rearfoot to medial-forefoot anti-phase movements with a chronic plantar fasciitis injury indicates a coordinative deficit, and that a greater frequency of anti-phase movements is associated with healthy foot function. Pain, guarding, and/or the state of chronic injury may be impairing fluid inter-segmental motion. Although no group differences were found in coordinative variability, this variability increased around transitions between loading, weight acceptance, and propulsive phases of gait.

Early intervention for inhibited young children: a randomized controlled trial comparing the Turtle Program and Cool Little Kids.

Children classified as behaviorally inhibited (BI) are at risk for social anxiety. Risk for anxiety is moderated by both parental behavior and social-emotional competence. Grounded in developmental-transactional theory, the Turtle Program involves both parent and child treatment components delivered within the peer context. Our pilot work demonstrated beneficial effects of the Turtle Program ('Turtle') over a waitlist control group. Herein, we report results of a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing Turtle to the best available treatment for young children high in BI, Cool Little Kids (CLK). One hundred and fifty-one parents and their 3.5- to 5-year-old children selected on the basis of BI were randomly assigned to Turtle or CLK, delivered in group format over 8 weeks. Effects on child anxiety, life interference, BI, and observed parenting were examined at post-treatment and 1-year follow-up. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT02308826. No significant main effect differences were found between Turtle and CLK on child anxiety; children in both programs evidenced significant improvements in BI, anxiety severity, family accommodation, and child impairment. However, Turtle yielded increased observed warm/engaged parenting and decreased observed negative control, compared with CLK. Parental social anxiety moderated effects; parents with higher anxiety demonstrated diminished improvements in child impairment, and parent accommodation in CLK, but not in Turtle. Children of parents with higher anxiety demonstrated more improvements in child BI in Turtle, but not in CLK. Turtle and CLK are both effective early interventions for young children with BI. Turtle is more effective in improving parenting behaviors associated with the development and maintenance of child anxiety. Turtle also proved to be more effective than CLK for parents with social anxiety. Results suggest that Turtle should be recommended when parents have social anxiety; however, in the absence of parent anxiety, CLK may offer a more efficient treatment model.

Comparative study of peak resultant force in taekwondo body dollyeochagi in accordance with jejariditgi existence and the position of kicking leg

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the comparison of peak resultant force in taekwondo body dollyeochagi in accordance with Jejariditgi existence and the position of kicking leg. Methods Twelve students who majored taekwondo participated in this experiment. They have a forth dan(degree) black belt in taekwondo. The peak resultant force was measured 12 times(2 jejariditgi existence × 2 position of kicking leg × 3 times). Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. Results There was significant difference in interaction effect of peak resultant force in taekwondo in accordance with jejariditgi existence and the position of kicking leg. And there was significant difference in main effect of peak resultant force in taekwondo in accordance with jejariditgi existence and the position kicking leg. Higher peak resultant force was shown in body dollyeochagi with jeariditgi as compared with non jejariditgi. And higher peak resultant force was shown in rear kicking leg as compared with front kicking leg. Conclusions The results show that jejariditgi is a factor affecting the peak resultant force. Comparison of peak resultant force in taekwondo body dollyeochagi in accordance with jejariditgi existence and the position of kicking leg will provide strategies for coaches and athletes to perform improved taekwondo dollyeochagi.

소방용 개인보호장비 및 공기호흡기 착용에 따른 반복 소방활동이 체온 및 스트레스 호르몬에 미치는 영향

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of body temperature(tympanic and skin temperature) and stress hormone(serotonin, cortisol, ACTH) wearing firefighters" personal protective equipment(PPE) with self contained breathing apparatus(SCBA) in repetitive firefighting. Fifteen male students(Age: 23.87±0.64 yrs, Height: 177.53±4.09 cm, Weight: 73.65±11.64) participated in this study. Each participants performed under the 2 different treatments[PPE(10.8 kg)/ PPE+SCBA(22.1 kg)]. Main results were as follows: Main results were as follows: First, tympanic temperature showed significant difference in main effect of time and interaction effect of treatment and time. Secondly, mean skin temperature showed significant difference in main effect of time and interaction effect of treatment and time. Thirdly, Cortisol and serotonin showed significant difference in main effect of time. There were no significant differences between the two treatments all times. Lastly, ACTH showed significant difference in main effect of time and interaction effect of treatment and time. It is suggested that PPE+SCBA can induce increase body temperature, responses of cortisol and serotonin which may negatively influence on firefighting. Further research on physiological variables during various firefighting tasks should also be carried out. In addition, continuous study on the reducing weight of fire protective equipments is necessary for the safety of firefighter.

Increased Hematocrit Due to Electrical-Waveform Exposures in Splenectomized Sus scrofa.

In laboratory studies of the pig Sus scrofa, hematocrit has consistently increased after conducted-electrical-weapon (CEW) exposures, possibly due to contraction of the spleen. Splenectomized animals and intact sham control animals were exposed, each for 30 sec, to a benchtop-produced electrical waveform of net charge levels similar to those of some CEWs. Changes in the blood were compared statistically. Hematocrit increased significantly in both splenectomized and sham animals. There were no significant main-effect differences between values of hematocrit from the two groups. There were, however, significant interactive effects of time and splenectomy for hematocrit, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin. After peak values were reached for these variables, values returned toward baseline levels more slowly in splenectomized animals. This may have been due to the lack of a spleen to sequester red blood cells (thereby resulting in more cells remaining in the general circulation), unlike sham animals with intact spleens.

Force-Time Differences between Ballistic and Non-Ballistic Half-Squats.

The purpose of this study was to examine the force-time differences between concentric-only half-squats (COHS) performed with ballistic (BAL) or non-ballistic (NBAL) intent across a range of loads. Eighteen resistance-trained men performed either BAL or NBAL COHS at 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of their one repetition maximum (1RM) COHS. Relative peak force (PF) and relative impulse from 0–50 ms (Imp50), 0–90 ms (Imp90), 0–200 ms (Imp200), and 0–250 ms (Imp250) were compared using a series of 2 × 4 (intent × load) repeated measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated to provide measures of practical significance between the BAL and NBAL COHS and each load. BAL COHS produced statistically greater PF than NBAL COHS at 30% (d = 3.37), 50% (d = 2.88), 70% (d = 2.29), and 90% 1RM (d = 1.19) (all p < 0.001). Statistically significant main effect differences were found between load-averaged BAL and NBAL COHS for Imp90 (p = 0.006, d = 0.25), Imp200 (p = 0.001, d = 0.36), and Imp250 (p < 0.001, d = 0.41), but not for Imp50 (p = 0.018, d = 0.21). Considering the greater PF and impulse observed during the BAL condition, performing COHS with BAL intent may provide a favorable training stimulus compared to COHS performed with NBAL intent.

20 Mazindol effect on cerebral response to nonverbal affective vocalisation in healthy individuals: an fmri study

Background/Aims Mazindol is known as one of the anorexiants for morbid obesity. According to previous study, the pharmacological property is similar to amphetamine, and this drug has an augmenting role of dopamine and serotonin by the inhibition of presynapse transporter. However, the neural basis of how mazindol acts on affective processing has been unclear. We investigated the cerebral response to nonverbal affective vocalisation to clarify the effect of mazindol by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods 20 healthy subjects (11 males, 9 females: mean age: 28.2 years, SD=6.4) participated in this study. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Nippon Medical School, and all subjects provided their informed consent. This experiment was performed by randomised controlled trial. Each subject underwent two fMRI experiments, taking either a placebo or 0.5 mg of mazindol 2 hours before the scan. For each subject, the two experiments were separated by at least 2 weeks. Event-related fMRI experiments were performed in this study. The subjects listened to 3 types of emotional sounds: happy, sad, and neutral sounds. Each subject judged whether the emotional valence was positive, negative, or neutral. Data analysis was performed by statistical parametric mapping (SPM8). Results As for fMRI accuracy, two-way repeated ANOVA (3 emotions×2 medications (placebo/mazindol)) showed no significant difference both in main effect of emotion (F (2, 76)=1.22, p>0.05), and in main effect of medication (placebo/mazindol: F (1, 38)=2.01, p>0.05). The fMRI experiment according to two-way repeated ANOVA showed significant difference both in main effect of emotion (F (2, 76)=60.7, p In cerebral response, two-way repeated ANOVA showed significant difference in main effect of emotion at the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, and left prefrontal gyrus (p Conclusion According to these results, cerebral function in vocal affective processing was changed by the action of madindol, especially in the area associated with dopaminergic neuron including medial frontal cortex and anterior cingulate.

Early and late stage processing abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: An ERP study.

This research assessed event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited during the processing of different kinds of visual stimuli among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (n = 15) and typically developing (TD) children (n = 19). Within a simple visual oddball paradigm, participating children passively viewed fruit and vegetable images that were used as standard stimuli in addition to images of these foods with their usual colors modified to create novel stimuli and cartoon depictions of these images (i.e., “deviant” stimuli). Analyses revealed significant main effect differences between the groups for P100, N100 and P300 components; ASD group children showing longer P100 latencies, weaker N100 amplitudes and larger P300 amplitudes than did the TD group. A Group x Hemisphere interaction also emerged for N400 amplitudes but differences were not significant in simple-effects analyses. Together these results suggested children with ASD may be characterized by lower attention resource allocation and engagement during early stages of processing visual stimuli. However, ERPs in later processing stages suggested children with ASD and TD children have similar neural responses in attending to visual images as stimulus presentations continue.

Evaluation of the effects of iodized salt on the mental development of preschool-aged children: a cluster randomized trial in northern Ethiopia.

A cluster randomized effectiveness trial was used to examine the effects on mental development of introducing iodized salt to children 4 to 6 years of age in Ethiopia, where there were reportedly high levels of iodine deficiency. Sixty district clusters were randomized to receive iodized salt early at their markets with assistance from regular salt distributors or later as introduced by market forces. At pre- and post-iodization, 1602 children were given cognitive/language tests (namely School Readiness, WPPSI verbal reasoning, WPPSI Matrix reasoning), and mothers were interviewed concerning demographics, nutrition and health. Children's weight, height, urine and a blood sample were taken. Analyses of covariance, adjusting for clustering and baseline levels were conducted. Urinary iodine concentrations were significantly higher at endline in the intervention children than controls though both medians were above threshold. Overall, less than 5% were anemic. There were no significant main effect differences between groups on the cognitive/language tests, but there were effect modifiers, namely mother's education, child's sex and diet. For example, the intervention group performed better on the school readiness test than controls if their mothers had attended school, but not otherwise. In conclusion, the data are consistent with negative findings from studies where children 6 to 12 years were supplemented with an iodine capsule, indicating that the benefits of iodine, in salt or capsule form, for brain development may be restricted to children under 3 years. Yet, benefits may be tied to those with more educational resources or may compensate for conditions of disadvantage.

Event-related potentials technique using in affective fashion design

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to utilize the spontaneous brain potentials as an index to quantifying the consumers’ inner emotions, and propose an objective method to obtain the clothing recognitions of consumers by only monitoring brain activities. Design/methodology/approach – Different styles of men’s casual jacket were studied as a case. The research included four phases: first, stimuli samples were constructed by clustering algorithm. Second, self-report for the perception of stimuli samples were recorded by self-assessment manikin. Third, real-time brain potentials while viewing stimuli samples were recorded and analyzed. Finally, the output data were compared with the classical research achievements of visual evoked emotional ERPs to examine the effectiveness. Findings – The results indicated significant difference in main effect of different emotional categories which was identified a corresponding relationship between the emotional trigger and the emotional reaction, of which the early components were the typical components that provided the major physiology characteristics for emotional fashion design. The middle components could be used as the assist reference indexes. The negative stimuli were first noticed because its shorter processing times and larger amplitudes. The comparison confirmed that the proposed method was capable of quantifying cognitive activities of consumers by only monitoring brain activities and then transferred the analyzed data to the design references. Originality/value – The results quantifying the qualities of consumers’ emotional preference for men’ casual jackets based on the neural mechanism of human brain, which could eliminate the systematic biases associated with the uses of words and semantic comprehension in self-report methods. The proposed method may help to enrich and complete the sentimental fashion design for the cognitive experience of consumer oriented. Moreover, it also could be beneficial to optimize design process and improve efficiency and core competitiveness for clothing producers.

소방용 보호 장구 착용에 따른 체온 및 혈중 염증지표의 변화

본 연구는 고온 환경에서 소방용 보호 장구에 착용에 따른 체온 및 혈중 염증지표의 변화를 비교하여 소방공무원의 안전을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 연구하였다. 연구결과, 평균피부온도와 고막온도는 시기에 따른 차이는 나타났으나(p<.001), 처치, 처치와 시기의 상호작용효과는 나타나지 않았다. CRP와 TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>에서도 시기에 따른 차이는 나타났으나(p<.05), 처치, 처치와 시기의 상호작용효과는 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과 고온 환경에서 소방용 보호 장구의 착용은 체온 및 혈중 염증지표에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 추후연구에서 현장 소방공무원들을 대상으로 다양한 소방 활동과 혈액학적 변인들에 대한 세부적인 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. This aim of this study is to examine the change of body temperature(tympanic and mean skin temperature) and inflammatory marks (CRP, TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>) wearing fire fighting equipment in high temperature and to provide the basic date for the safety of fire fighters. The results of the study are as follows; Tympanic and mean skin temperature showed significant difference in main effect of time. Also, CRP and TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> showed significant difference in main effect of time. On the base of the results of the current study, wearing fire fighting equipment in high temperature environment was shown to affect body temperature and inflammatory markers. Further research on physiological variables during various fire-fighting tasks should also be carried out.

Assessing the Benefit of a Personalized EHR‐Generated Informed Consent in a Dental School Setting

Informed consents are routinely used as an important source of information to help patients make appropriate clinical decisions. However, current standard consent forms may not accomplish their intended purpose due to the variety of patient literacy and experiences and, in the dental school setting, the developing competence of students. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the efficacy of a personalized informed consent generated through an electronic health record (EHR) at one dental school and its role in patient decision making. In the study, a set of informed consents, or SmartConsents, were developed for specific diagnoses and procedures, enhanced with graphics, and delivered through the school's EHR. Fifty patients were recruited in the school's Urgent Care Clinic and divided evenly into two groups: one (control) receiving the standard consent, with the second receiving a SmartConsent. Following treatment, patients were assessed based on demographics, decisional conflict, satisfaction, health literacy, and knowledge. Overall, there were no significant differences in main effects between SmartConsent and standard informed consents for decisional conflict and satisfaction, although significant differences were identified during secondary analysis of satisfaction, gender, and ethnicity. The study also demonstrated the potential for consents to aid the student provider in better communicating with patients.

Acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise on blood pressure in elderly women and the possible influence of ACE I/D polymorphism

This study investigated the chronic effect of blood pressure (BP) and post-exercise hypotension (PEH) during resistance training (RT) and its relation with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in hypertensive elderly women. Participants were divided into two groups: an experimental group (EG) with exercise and a control group (CG) without exercise. The EG performed one adaptation month and one repetition maximum load (1RM) test at the end of this period. After the first month, the EG conducted a three-month program of RT at 60%, 70%, and 80% of 1RM, respectively, for each month. The CG was evaluated at the end of each month. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (Microlife BP 3AC1-1) were measured, with the subject in a seated position, during an acute session for both GE and CG as follows: every 5 minutes for 20 minutes at pre-exercise rest, immediately after the resistance exercise and control, and every 15 minutes during 1 hour of recovery after exercise and CG. Analysis of covariance showed reduction in SBP and DBP (P ≤ 0.05) rest values after the RT program. PEH was observed only for the EG in acute sessions, for SBP after the second and third months (P ≤ 0.05), and for DBP after the second and fourth months (P ≤ 0.05). No significant differences in main effects and interaction effects between blood pressure and ACE I/D were observed. The occurrence of chronic reduction of blood pressure and PEH through EG may have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system with no ACE I/D polymorphism influence for this population.

The differential effects of a complex protein drink versus isocaloric carbohydrate drink on performance indices following high-intensity resistance training: a two arm crossover design

BackgroundPost-workout nutrient timing and macronutrient selection are essential for recovery, glycogen replenishment and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Performance repeatability, particularly after strenuous activity, can be influenced by substrate availability, recovery markers and perceived rate of exertion. This study compared the differential effects of a complex protein ready-to-drink beverage (VPX) and isocaloric carbohydrate beverage (iCHO) on performance—agility T-test, push-up test, 40-yard sprint, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE), following high-intensity resistance training (HIRT).MethodsIn a randomized, double blind two-arm crossover controlled trial, 15 subjects performed a 15–18 minute (2:1 work to rest) HIRT and then immediately drank one of the two treatments. After a 2-hour fast, subjects returned to execute the field tests and report RPE. The protocol was repeated one week later with the other treatment.ResultsThere were no significant main effect differences in the agility T-test (p = 0.83), push-up (p = 0.21) sprint (p = 0.12), average agility RPE (p = 0.83), average push-up RPE (p = 0.81) or average sprint RPE (p = 0.66) between the two trials and the two treatments. The multivariate analysis yielded a cumulative significant interaction effect amongst the three performance variables after consuming VPX (p < 0.01). These results suggest a complex protein beverage is a better post-workout choice compared to an isocaloric carbohydrate beverage for repeated performance for activities that require multiple energy demands and athletic skills; however, this outcome was not observed for each single performance event or RPE.ConclusionWhen considering the collective physical effects of the agility T-test, push-up and sprint tests, a complex protein beverage may provide a recovery advantage as it relates to repeated-bout performance compared to an iCHO-only beverage. Additional research examining the chronic effects of post-exercise protein versus iCHO beverages on performance repeatability, particularly in special populations (e.g. tactical and elite athletes), is warranted to further develop these findings.

Pediatric Normative Data for the KayPENTAX Phonatory Aerodynamic System Model 6600

The objectives of this study were to (1) establish a preliminary pediatric normative database for the KayPENTAX Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) Model 6600 (KayPENTAX Corp, Montvale, NJ) and (2) identify whether the data obtained were age- and/or gender-dependent. Prospective data collection across groups. A sample of 60 children (30 females and 30 males) with normal voices was divided into three age groups (6.0-9.11, 10.0-13.11, 14.0-17.11 years) with equal distribution of males and females within each group. Five PAS protocols (vital capacity, maximum sustained phonation, comfortable sustained phonation, variation in sound pressure level, voicing efficiency) were used to collect 45 phonatory aerodynamic measures. Measurements for the 45 PAS parameters examined revealed 13 parameters to have a difference that was statistically significant by age and/or gender. There was a significant age×gender interaction for mean pitch in the four protocols that reported this measure. Males in the oldest group had significantly lower mean pitch values than the middle and young groups. Statistically significant main effect differences were noted for seven parameters across three age groups (expiratory volume, expiratory airflow duration, phonation time, pitch range (in 2 protocols), aerodynamic resistance, acoustic ohms). Significant main effect differences for genders (males>females) were found for expiratory volume and peak expiratory airflow. The age- and gender-related differences found for some parameters within each of the five protocols are important for the interpretation of data obtained from PAS. These results could be explained by developmental changes that occur in the male and female respiratory and laryngeal systems.