Significant Differences In Lipid Content Research Articles

Lipid content and energy expenditure in the spawning migration of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis)

For the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) total lipid content was neither size nor sex specific. The lipid content of alewife and blueback herring from the LaHave River, Nova Scotia, was similar at 7.6 and 7.0%, respectively. However, in samples from the Margaree River there was a significant difference in lipid content between alewife and blueback herring (7.8% vs. 5.4%, respectively). The difference appeared to be a consequence of water temperature since late migrants of both species had a significantly lower lipid content. For alewife migration in the LaHave River, a distance of 31 km, lipid content declined by 22%, whereas in the Margaree River lipid loss was 18% over 32 km. Lipid content was also dependent on reproductive maturity, with lipid levels of 14.4, 8.7, and 5.4% in immature, prespawning, and spent alewife from site 1 on the Margaree River. Immature fish were characterized by a very high lipid content associated with the visceral organs. Protein utilization was not evident in the prespawning migration of alewife from the LaHave River. Based on lipid depletion the migration energetics of alewife in the two rivers were similar at 21.68 and 18.53 kJ∙kg−1∙km−1 in the LaHave and Margaree Rivers, respectively.

LIPID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF BARLEY KERNELS

Lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined in 21 strains of barley. The lipid content did not exceed 3.1% in any of the strains. Linoleic acid was present in highest proportions (50.7–57.9%) followed by smaller proportions of palmitic (18.3–27.0%), oleic (12.2–21.2%) and linolenic acid (4.3–7.1%). In a related experiment involving 24 strains, the environment was found to induce significant differences in lipid content (ether-extracted material) of barley kernels.

The effect of alloxan diabetes on experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit. III. The mechanism of the inhibition of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits.

A study of the serum lipids in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits during the course of cholesterol feeding is presented, particular attention being paid to the factors considered to be responsible for the stability of the serum lipids; namely, (1) their interrelations and (2) their association with the serum proteins. As far as the interrelations of the lipids were concerned a definite correlation was found between the development of atherosclerosis and an increase of serum cholesterol that was out of all proportion to the increase of serum lipid phosphorus and neutral fat. When these last two lipid constituents rose almost parallel with the serum cholesterol (as they did in some alloxan-diabetic rabbits), then the development of atherosclerosis was inhibited. This correlation was independent of the diabetic state, per se. It appeared likely that the marked elevation of serum neutral fat and lipid phosphorus in the diabetic animals was due to mobilization of body fat because of the disturbed carbohydrate metabolism. Because of their hydrophilic and emulsifying properties, it was thought probable that the elevation of the phospholipids was the important factor responsible for the stability of serum cholesterol. That neutral fat played a role, however, could not be denied. In normal rabbit sera, as we have previously shown, only small proportions of the lipid phosphorus and cholesterol are "readily extractable" (i.e., unattached or only loosely attached to protein). On the other hand, in every case in which the serum lipids were elevated, the greater proportion of the lipid phosphorus and cholesterol was "readily extractable," irrespective of whether atherosclerosis developed or was inhibited. Analysis of the lipid content of the aorta of rabbits not fed cholesterol, whether diabetic or non-diabetic, and from alloxan-diabetic rabbits fed cholesterol but protected from the development of atherosclerosis, showed that there was no significant difference in lipid content or composition among the animals of these groups. When atherosclerosis developed following cholesterol feeding, the lipid composition of the aortas was essentially the same in both control and diabetic animals. The deposited lipid consisted predominantly of cholesterol with small and fairly constant proportions of other lipids that did not vary significantly regardless of the quantities of these other lipids present in the circulating blood. In the less severe lesions the proportion of ester cholesterol was greater than that of free cholesterol, but in advanced lesions the reverse was true. The following conclusions are drawn concerning the pathogenesis of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit: 1. Instability of cholesterol in the blood rather than hypercholesterolemia, per se, is the general condition responsible for the deposition of this substance in the arterial walls. 2. Of the two factors considered to be responsible for the stability of the lipids in the blood, the interrelations of the lipids appear to be more important than their relation to the serum proteins, at least in so far as the development of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis is concerned. The importance of these conclusions in relation to the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis is discussed.