Significant Difference In Diameter Research Articles

Intercalando habichuelas con plátano

Durante el año 1994-1995, dos cultivares de habichuelas, Arroyo Loro y DOR 364, y cuatro líneas 9443-1, 9443-8, 9443-33 y 9226-17, se intercalaron una o dos veces dentro de un ciclo de siembra de plátanos en la subestación de Corozal, EEA-UPR. La primera siembra de habichuela intercalada se estableció al momento de la siembra de los plátanos, obteniéndose una buena producción. La segunda siembra de habichuela intercalada se estableció dos meses antes de terminar la cosecha de plátanos, obteniéndose un rendimiento menor que en la primera siembra. A los seis meses después de la siembra, las plantas de plátanos no intercalados eran significativamente más altas que las plantas de los plátanos intercalados. Sin embargo, 12 meses después de la siembra no había diferencia significativa. Además, no hubo diferencias entre los plátanos intercalados y no intercalados en el diámetro del pseudotallo ni en el número de hojas de plátanos. El rendimiento del plátano no se afectó por el intercalado. El mayor ingreso neto ($7,646/ha) se obtuvo en el primer ciclo de la habichuela línea 9443-1 intercalada una vez con plátano. Este ingreso neto representa una ganancia adicional de $4,894/ha sobre el ingreso neto del plátano en monocultivo.

Characterization of tissue effects produced by the Prolase II lateral‐firing neodymm:YAG laser fiber in the canine prostate

The immediate and long term-effects of neodymium:YAG laser treatment with the ProLase II lateral-firing laser fiber in the canine prostate were evaluated. Fourteen male dogs, aged 3 years and older with established benign prostatic hyperplasia, underwent endoscopic ablation of the prostate using the ProLase II fiber. Subjects were treated at laser power settings of 60 watts (6 dogs), 75 watts (4 dogs), or 90 watts (3 dogs), with a mean total energy delivery of 15,000 joules. One dog underwent a sham procedure and served as a normal control. Prostates were examined grossly and histologically at 48 hours, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, or 8 weeks post-treatment. The cross-sectional diameter and volume of tissue ablation were measured in each prostate. Histological studies of the extent of thermal injury to the prostatic tissue and the course of healing of the prostatic urethra were performed. The mean cross-sectional diameter of tissue ablation was 28.6 +/- 4.7 mm and mean volume of tissue ablation was 8.2 +/- 5.1 cc. No statistically significant difference in diameter or volume of tissue ablation was noted between varying power settings. Histological studies showed extensive tissue necrosis with hemorrhage and an acute inflammatory cell infiltrate at 48 hours. By 8 weeks, total resolution of both necrosis and inflammatory changes with complete re-epithelialization of the prostatic urethra was observed.

ヒト外尿道括約筋の組織化学的検討

Human external urethral sphincters (n = 13) were studied histochemically, using ATP-ase staining. The proportions of constituent muscle fiber types (slow twitch type 1 fibers: 35.6-97.7%, mean 65.7%, SD 16.6) were different among the individuals. There were no significant relationships between the percentage of type 1 fibers and the sex or the age. As for the mean muscle fiber diameter of 13 cases, the sizes of type 2 fibers (19.2-42.4 um, mean 27.8 um) were significantly (p less than 0.05, t-test) larger than those of type 1 fibers (15.7-30.3 um, mean 22.3 um). In analyses of individual cases, 10 male cases had significantly larger type 2 fibers than type 1. Two of 3 female cases had no significant difference in diameter between the two fiber types and the remaining 1 female case, in contrast with male cases, had significantly larger type 1 fibers than type 2. There was no significant relationship between the proportions and the diameters of constituent muscle fiber types. Our study thus showed extreme interindividual variation and implicated the presence of sexual difference in human external urethral sphincter muscle.

Coronary artery diameters in the heart with complete transposition of the great vessels

The use of echocardiography established values for dimensions of normal coronary arteries in the setting of the heart with complete transposition (concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculoarterial connections) was evaluated. The diameters of the proximal coronary arteries measured at autopsy in 20 patients with complete transposition who had or had not undergone surgery were directly comparable with values determined in normal hearts by two-dimensional echocardiography. The values showed a linear increase with age, weight and length of the patients despite different branching patterns of the coronary arteries. Although there was right ventricular hypertrophy in all cases, the orifices of the right and left coronary arteries did not show any significant difference in diameter. Histologic examination and measurement of the arteries also revealed findings comparable with those in normal hearts. These findings suggest a relatively constant developmental pattern of the proximal coronary arteries despite different hemodynamics between the concordantly connected heart and the heart with complete transposition. In contrast, the functional significance of the stiff and slitlike orifices of the coronary arteries and their comparatively small diameters in relation to the ventricular wall thickness in four hearts studied after the arterial switch procedure for transposition merit further investigation.

End-to-end anastomosis by enclosure between a prosthesis and a vessel with a significant difference in diameter

A technique is described that allows an end-to-end anastomosis between a vascular prosthesis and a vessel that is much smaller in diameter. This procedure involves enclosing the prosthesis and the vessel while keeping the vascular axis straight without any kinking. In addition, this technique makes little demand on the extensibility of the natural tissue in order to adapt to the prosthesis, which is inextensible.

Effects of pressure on vesicle size, density, and distribution in the canine carotid arterial endothelium

The purpose of the present experiment was to study the effects of internal hydrostatic pressure on vesicle size, density, and distribution in the canine carotid arterial endothelium by transmission electron microscopy. The pressures applied in this study were 0 (control), 40, 60, 80, 100, and 150 mm Hg. The results of transmission electron microscopy and computer analysis on the plasmalemmal vesicles of aortic endothelium showed that luminal, abluminal, and junctional vesicles all increased their diameter as the pressure was raised from 0 mm Hg, reaching a maximum at 80 mm Hg, and then decreased in size with further increases in pressure to 150 mm Hg. There was a significant difference in diameter among vesicles in different regions of the endothelium, with the diameter of luminal vesicles larger than those of abluminal and junctional vesicles. The densities of vesicles showed very little change from 0 to 80 mm Hg; but they increased markedly as the pressure was further raised from 80 to 150 mm Hg. These results indicate that pressure is an important mechanical factor governing the size and density of plasmalemmal vesicles in aortic endothelium.

Postoperative Astigmatism After Central vs Eccentric Penetrating Keratoplasties

Six patients with markedly eccentric penetrating keratoplasties had severe corneal astigmatism (mean, 10.38 +/- 2.91 diopters). In four of these patients the flat meridian was lying in the direction of graft displacement. Laboratory experiments disclosed no statistically significant difference in diameter between the major and minor axes of the corneal buttons in the centrally and eccentrically trephined eyes and we could not elucidate the mechanism of the severe astigmatism. However, in the eccentrically trephined eyes the longer axis consistently lay in the direction of decentration whereas in the centrally trephined eyes the long axis was oriented randomly.

Evaluation of size and dynamics of the inferior vena cava as an index of right-sided cardiac function

To define normal criteria of size and dynamics of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and its clinical value in assessing right-sided cardiac function, 2-dimensional (2-D) and M-mode echocardiography (echo) were performed in 175 subjects, who were classified into 3 groups: group I—80 normal subjects; group IIA—65 patients with documented right-sided cardiac disease, and group IIB—30 patients with cardiac disease but no right-sided abnormality. The IVC was adequately imaged in 175 of 185 subjects (95%). There was good correlation between Mmode and 2-D echo (r = 0.84) and long- and shortaxis (r = 0.88) measurements. The IVC diameter during expiration was: group I—9 to 28 mm (mean 18.2 ± 4.6); group IIA—15 to 40 mm (mean 23.1 ±4.8) and group IIB—8–24 mm (mean 15.6 ± 3.7). Collapsibility index (inspiratory decrease in diameter) was: group I—37 to 100% (mean 55.8 ±15.9); group IIA—0 to 39% (mean 13.5 ± 10.5); and group IIB—44 to 100% (mean 60.4 ± 13.1). A and V waves could be measured in 120 of 151 cases (79%). Both A and V waves were < 125% of its diameter in group I. The A wave was absent in 34 patients; 30 (88%) were in atrial fibrillation. Among 8 patients with tricuspid regurgitation, 5 (63%) had V waves > 125%. There was no correlation between diameter or Collapsibility index and age, sex, rhythm or body surface area. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in diameter and Collapsibility index among the 3 groups (p < 0.0005). There was poor linear correlation of diameter with right atrial and pulmonary artery pressure (r < 0.50), but collapsibility index correlated well (r = 0.71). There was a significant difference in diameter and collapsibility index between the group with normal and elevated right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures with chi-square test (p < 0.01). We conclude that subcostal orthogonal 2-D echo of the IVC is useful to determine size, A and V waves and Collapsibility index, and aids in identifying patients with right-sided cardiac disease.