Significant Differences In Bone Density Research Articles

The importance of bone density and anatomical structure in superior semicircular canal dehiscence.

This study investigates the importance of bone density, surface area, and diameter of anatomical structures of the superior semicircular canal (SSC), lateral semicircular canal (LSC), posterior semicircular canal (PSC), utricle, and saccule in patients diagnosed with superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD). The bone density, surface area, and diameter of SSC, LSC, PSC, utricle, and saccule were measured and compared between the SSCD group and control group. Fifteen ears in the SSCD group and 60 ears in the control group were evaluated. Additionally, within the SSCD group, the dehiscent and healthy sides were evaluated independently. SSC's bone density was significantly lower in the SSCD group compared to the control group (p = 0.008). No significant differences were found in surface area and diameter between the groups (p > 0.05). While most of the anatomical structures showed no significant difference in bone density between dehiscent and healthy ears (p > 0.05), SSC bone density was significantly lower in affected ears (p = 0.000) in SSCD group. Based on the data obtained in this study, bone density and anatomical structure may be useful in patients diagnosed with SSCD.

Эффективность устранения костных дефектов челюстей

The regenerative medicine methods are being actively developed both in Russia and abroad due to relevance of this direction, especially in the field of the jaw osteoplasty. Autologous, allogeneic and xenoplastic materials, as well as the calcium phosphate ceramics synthetic preparations are conventionally used to normalize and stimulate osteogenesis, however, the treatment outcomes are not always unequivocal. The study was aimed to substantiate the use of the biocomplex consisting of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) and xenoplastic material to improve the jawbone osteogenesis efficacy. The study involved 136 patients (105 females and 31 males aged 21–67) divided into four groups based on the method of bone defect restoration. In group 1, no osteoplastic material was used; in group 2, osteoplasty involved the use of the PRGF fibrin gel; in group 3, the Osteobiol Gen-Os material was used; in group 4, osteoplasty involved using the combination of the Osteobiol Gen-Os material and plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF). Computed tomography and digital densitometry were performed before surgery and 3, 6, 12 months after it to assess the dynamics of osteogenesis. A year later restoration of the lost bone tissue volume was reported in 100% of patients in group 4, 70.27% of patients in group 3, 43.47% of patients in group 2, 37.5% of patients in group 1; Fisher's exact test revealed significant differences in the osteoplasty outcomes in groups 3 and 4 (p = 0.00002). There were significant differences in bone density between patients of groups 1 and 2 twelve months after surgery (p = 0.044), between patient of groups 3 and 4 three (p = 0.004), six (p = 0.0001) and 12 (p = 0.0001) months after surgery. The findings show that the method proposed is effective.

The utility of routine dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans in matched-pair cadaveric biomechanical trauma research

Background: Performing cadaveric dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning is a routine part of orthopaedic biomechanical research, but it is not without cost. Matched pairs are often used in biomechanical studies to further equalize comparison groups. Despite the widespread use of matched-pair analysis, the practical utility of obtaining routine DEXA scans remains unknown. The authors’ objective was to determine the value of DEXA scans in biomechanical cadaveric trauma studies. Methods: The authors identified 10 sequential journal articles from the Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma from February 2013 to February 2019 that were biomechanical studies with two comparison groups using matched pairs, which were DEXA-scanned prior to experimentation. For each study, the authors determined the number of pairs used, number of pairs discarded, any significant differences in bone density between groups compared, and how density results were reported for individual specimens or pairs. Results: None of the 113 matched pairs reported in these studies were discarded because of DEXA scan results. There were inconsistencies between studies on reported units of measurement and how the specimens were compared. No significant differences in density between the compared groups were reported in the 10 studies. No studies disclosed the bone density for any individual specimen or score difference for any individual pair. Conclusions: As currently used in the literature, routine DEXA scans of cadaveric matched-pair specimens do not typically lead to any modification of experimental design or reporting of results. Level of Evidence: Level IV.

ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH ON THE KEY FACTORS OF SPORTS IN MAINTAINING HUMAN HEALTH

ABSTRACT Introduction The research on the promotion of physical fitness of the human body by exercise has also attracted widespread attention in sports and rehabilitation medicine. Object This article uses ultrasound to study the bone density health of the human body, thereby establishing the relationship between sports and bone density health. We hope to use the research results of this article to improve people’s awareness of sports health. Method We used ultrasound to test the bone mineral density of two groups of students (exercise group and non-exercise group) to explore the relationship between different sports items and the students’ bone mineral density. Results There is a significant difference in bone density between the two groups of students. There is no gender difference in bone density. Conclusion Students need to strengthen physical exercise in the growth and development stage to improve bone density. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

EFFECT OF SHOCKWAVE THERAPY VERSUS LOW-INTENSITY PULSED ULTRASOUND ON BONE HEALING OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURES; (A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL)

INTRODUCTION: Low- intensity Pulsed Ultra Sound (LIPUS) and Extra Corporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT), are the different forms of acoustic mechanical waves that might promote bone healing by stimulating bone growth in long or other bones. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of adjuvant therapy with LIPUS and ESWT in healing fresh mandibular fractures patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty one patients (12 males, 9 females) , aged from 20 to 40 years , had fresh mandibular fractures to be treated with closed reduction and maxillary mandibular fixation (MMF), prospectively. Patients enrolled into this study with ethical approval and informed consent. Those patients were randomly assigned in three treatment groups. Group I received a single treatment with 4000 impulses of focused ESWT, group II received 18 sessions of LIPUS for 20 Min each ; while group III , received neither of those treatments, represented the control group -- Clinical assessment together with radiographic follow-up using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) at 1.5 and 3 months were done for all patients postoperatively. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference in bone density between three groups in different times after six weeks and after three months as bone density higher in group I than in groups II, III. CONCLUSIONS: Focused ESWT appeared to be more effective than LIPUS or nothing as an adjuvant treatment of adults with fresh mandibular fractures.

Impact of Alendronate Gel on Bone Density in Immediately Loaded Dental Implants: A Clinical Study

Purpose: Scientific researches have focused attention on accelerating osseointegration around dental implants to increase their success rate. Accordingly, many materials and techniques have been developed to optimize bone remodeling, especially in immediately loaded implants. This clinical study aimed to investigate the impact of topical application of alendronate gel 1% on bone density around immediately loaded dental implants. Materials and Methods: Twenty dental implants were inserted in 16 patients. Cases were divided randomly into two equal groups; Group I (study group): 10 implants were placed after injection of alendronate gel 1% in the drilling sites. Group II (control group): 10 implants were placed immediately after drilling; no material was applied to their osteotomy sites. All implants were loaded immediately within 24-72 hours. In each implant recipient sit, bone density was determined pre-operatively using cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT), then re-evaluated after six months of implant placement and loading. Results: The mean bone density pre-operatively for Group I and Group II were 557.30±132.06 HU and 567.62±110.72 HU respectively. After six months, the corresponding values were 852.03±176.43 HU and 670.11±117.71 HU respectively, indicating a statistically significant difference in bone density (P= 0.014) between both groups. Conclusion: Topical application of sodium alendronate gel increases bone density around dental implants, which can increase the success rate of immediately loaded implants.

Biomechanical study of polymethyl methacrylate bone cement and allogeneic bone for strengthening sheep vertebrae

To investigate the feasibility and mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement and allogeneic bone mixture to strengthen sheep vertebrae with osteoporotic compression fracture. A total of 75 lumbar vertebrae (L 1-L 5) of adult goats was harvested to prepare the osteoporotic vertebral body model by decalcification. The volume of vertebral body and the weight and bone density before and after decalcification were measured. And the failure strength, failure displacement, and stiffness were tested by using a mechanical tester. Then the vertebral compression fracture models were prepared and divided into 3 groups ( n=25). The vertebral bodies were injected with allogeneic bone in group A, PMMA bone cement in group B, and mixture of allogeneic bone and PMMA bone cement in a ratio of 1∶1 in group C. After CT observation of the implant distribution in the vertebral body, the failure strength, failure displacement, and stiffness of the vertebral body were measured again. There was no significant difference in weight, bone density, and volume of vertebral bodies before decalcification between groups ( P>0.05). After decalcification, there was no significant difference in bone density, decreasing rate, and weight between groups ( P>0.05). There were significant differences in vertebral body weight and bone mineral density between pre- and post-decalcification in 3 groups ( P<0.05). CT showed that the implants in each group were evenly distributed in the vertebral body with no leakage. Before fracture, the differences in vertebral body failure strength, failure displacement, and stiffness between groups were not significant ( P>0.05). After augmentation, the failure displacement of group A was significantly greater than that of groups B and C, and the failure strength and stiffness were less than those of groups B and C, the failure displacement of group C was greater than that of group B, and the failure strength and stiffness were less than those of group B, the differences between groups were significant ( P<0.05). Except for the failure strength of group A ( P>0.05), the differences in the failure strength, failure displacement, and stiffness before fracture and after augmentation in the other groups were significant ( P<0.05). The mixture of allogeneic bone and PMMA bone cement in a ratio of 1∶1 can improve the strength of the vertebral body of sheep osteoporotic compression fractures and restore the initial stiffness of the vertebral body. It has good mechanical properties and can be used as one of the filling materials in percutaneous vertebroplasty.

Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Bone Healing in Immediate Implants Analyzed by Cone Beam Computerized Tomography: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The possibility of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the improvement of bone and adjacent tissue recovery has previously been validated. However, there is insufficient data supporting the use of platelet-rich plasma to improve the healing of bone and adjacent tissues around an implant in the oral cavity. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to observe the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) concentrate on marginal bone loss and bone density around immediate implant placement using Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT). This clinical study was conducted over a period of six months on 12 subjects, who were equally categorized into two groups. Group I was the control, whereas the subjects in Group II received PRP therapy at the surgical site. All subjects were given a standard treatment with a single implant system (DIO UFII hybrid sandblasted acid-etched implants). Inserted implants were analyzed through CBCT, and records were registered at baseline, at the 12th week before functional loading and the 26th week after functional loading. The bone loss was calculated at the proximal (mesial and distal) side of the implant and bone density at baseline, 12th week, and 26th week after implant placement. SPSS version 23.0 was used for statistical analysis of data. The changes in bone levels were measured and compared between the two groups using the Mann–Whitney U test, with no significant difference. Bone density was analyzed by an independent sample t-test, p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Again, no significant difference in bone density was observed between both groups at all three instances. Therefore, it can be concluded that local injection of PRP after immediate implant placement did not show any decrease in marginal bone loss or improvement in bone density. This trial is registered with NCT04650763.

Comparison of Single and Multiple Low-Level Laser Applications After Rapid Palatal Expansion on Bone Regeneration in Rats

Introduction: This study was performed to compare the effects of single and multiple irradiations of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on bone regeneration in a mid-palatal suture following rapid palatal expansion (RPE). Methods: In this animal study, 40 male Wistar rats underwent RPE for 7 days and were divided into 4 groups including A: single LLLT on day 7, B: Multiple LLLT on days 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15, C: control (no LLLT), and D: sacrificed on day 7. Animals in group D were used to determine the amount of suture expansion. LLLT was done by a diode laser set at an 808 nm wavelength with a useful power output of 100 mW and duration of 0.1 ms. LLLT was applied to three points. After three weeks of retention, the rats were sacrificed and beheaded and the maxilla was evaluated by occlusal radiography, µ-CT, and histomorphometric analyses. A comparison of the mean measurements between the groups was performed using ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test. Results: Based on occlusal radiography and µCT, bone density in group B was significantly higher than group A and group C (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in bone density between group A and group C (P>0.05). Mean suture width (MSW) in group B was significantly lesser than the control group (P=0.027) while there was no significant difference between MSWnin groups A and B (P=0.116) and groups A and C (P=0.317). Conclusion: It may be concluded that multiple low-power laser irradiation improves bone regeneration after RPE while single irradiation does not have a positive effect.

A Retrospective CBCT Study of the Relationship between Mandibular Symphysis Bone Density and Mandibular Growth Direction

The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between mandibular symphysis bone density (BD) and mandibular growth direction in adolescent patients by facilitating the measurement of cortical and cancellous BDs at the mandibular symphysis using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). 224 adolescent patients (98 males and 126 females) were categorized by sex, age, and mandibular growth direction. Cortical and cancellous BDs were measured along with a sagittal slice at multiple locations. Females exhibited higher cortical BD than males at menton (Me, P =0.002). Patients with a posterior growth direction exhibited a higher cortical BD than those with anterior and normal growth direction at Me (P <0.021, P <0.001, respectively), pogonion (Pog, P =0.037, P =0.037, respectively) and genion (Ge, P =0.007, P =0.008, respectively). Patients with a posterior growth direction exhibited a higher cortical BD than those with anterior growth direction at B point (P =0.009). Significant differences in BD were identified across anthropometric categories. These findings may be useful in determining mandibular growth direction in adolescents.

Evaluating mandibular symphysis bone density according to various skeletal patterns with CBCT.

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the bone density (BD) at the mandibular symphysis according to horizontal and vertical patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Three hundred nineteen untreated adults with a mean age of 24years. CBCT images were converted into the lateral cephalometric images, and tracings were performed for categorizing the patients based on skeletal features. Cortical BDs at B point, pogonion (Pog), genion (Ge) and menton (Me), and cancellous BDs of the mandibular symphysis were measured using CBCT images. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of horizontal and vertical skeletal patterns on BDs. Females exhibited higher BD than males at the Me, Pog, Ge (P<.001). Hyperdivergent skeletal pattern showed significantly higher cortical BD than normovergent and hypodivergent skeletal patterns at Me (P<.001). Normovergent skeletal pattern showed significantly higher cortical BD than hypodivergent skeletal patterns at Me (P=.001). Class II skeletal pattern showed significantly higher cortical BD than Class I and III skeletal patterns at Me (P<.001) and Ge (P<.05). Class I skeletal pattern showed significantly higher mean cortical BD than Class III skeletal pattern at B point (P=.025). Cancellous BD was higher in Class III and hypodivergent skeletal patterns than others but showed no statistical significance. Significant differences were identified across various skeletal patterns. Several mandibular symphyseal landmarks showed statistically significant differences in BD at Me, B point and Ge, with Me having the most statistically significant findings.

Assessment of bone density changes following two-jaw surgery using multidetector computed tomography: A pilot study.

ObjectiveThe aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the pre- and postsurgical bone densities at alveolar and extra-alveolar sites following two-jaw orthognathic surgery.MethodsThe sample consisted of 10 patients (mean age, 23.2 years; range, 18.0–27.8 years; 8 males, 2 females) who underwent two-jaw orthognathic surgery. A three-dimensional imaging program (Invivo 5) was used with multidetector computed tomography images taken pre- and postoperatively (obtained 32.3 ± 6.0 days before surgery and 5.8 ± 2.6 days after surgery, respectively) for the measurement of bone densities at the following sites: (1) alveolar bone in the maxilla and mandible, (2) extra-alveolar sites, such as the top of the head, menton (Me), condyle, and the fourth cervical vertebrae (C4).ResultsWhen pre- and postsurgical bone densities were compared, an overall tendency of decrease in bone density was noted. Statistically significant reductions were observed in the densities of cancellous bone at several areas of the maxillary alveolar bone; cortical and cancellous bone in most areas of the mandibular alveolar bone; cortical bone in Me; and cancellous bone in C4. There was no statistically significant difference in bone density in relation to the depth of the alveolar bone. In a comparison of the bone densities between groups with and without genioplasty, there was almost no statistically significant difference.ConclusionsAccelerated tooth movement following orthognathic surgery may be confirmed with reduced bone density. In addition, this study could offer insights into bone metabolism changes following orthognathic surgery, providing direction for further investigations in this field.

Influence of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Supplement and Combined Exercise on Health-Related Physical Fitness, Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, and Bone Density in Obese Elementary Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of combined exercise and extra virgin olive oil supplement on health-related physical fitness, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and bone density in obese elementary school students.METHODS: The participants were 40 obese elementary students over 25 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to BMI, 10 combined exercise with high olive oil supplement group (HO+CE), 10 combined exercise with low olive oil supplement group (LO+CE), 10 combined exercise with placebo group (PL+CE), and 10 placebo group (PL). The participants have performed the exercise program for 70 minutes a day and 3 times a week with aerobic and resistance exercise during 12 weeks. Also, high and low olive oil supplement group took in 25 g and 10 g respectively at the same time and place.RESULTS: There were significant decreases in body fat to HO+CE compared with PL+CE (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05) and significant increase in muscle mass and muscular endurance compared with PL+CE (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05). However, there were no significant differences in body weight, BMI, muscular strength, and flexibility between groups. For cardiovascular disease risk factors, there is a significant difference to triglyceride, LDL-C, total cholesterol in HO+CE compared with PL+CE (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05) and there were significant differences to HDL-C significantly decreased in HO+CE compared with PL+CE (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05). There is no significant difference in bone density between groups (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&gt;.05).CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, there were positive responses for body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors for the twofold cases through combined exercise and high extra virgin olive oil supplement, but not for bone density.

Degradation and Biocompatibility of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Implants In Vitro and In Vivo: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study in Rats.

In current orthodontic practice, miniscrew implants (MSIs) for anchorage and bone fixation plates (BFPs) for surgical orthodontic treatment are commonly used. MSIs and BFPs that are made of bioabsorbable material would avoid the need for removal surgery. We investigated the mechanical, degradation and osseointegration properties and the bone-implant interface strength of the AZ31 bioabsorbable magnesium alloy to assess its suitability for MSIs and BFPs. The mechanical properties of a Ti alloy (TiA), AZ31 Mg alloy (MgA), pure Mg and poly-L-lactic acid (PLA) were investigated using a nanoindentation test. Also, pH changes in the solution and degradation rates were determined using immersion tests. Three-dimensional, high-resolution, micro-computed tomography (CT) of implants in the rat femur was performed. Biomechanical push-out testing was conducted to calculate the maximum shear strength of the bone-implant interface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histological analysis and an evaluation of systemic inflammation were performed. MgA has mechanical properties similar to those of bone, and is suitable for implants. The degradation rate of MgA was significantly lower than that of Mg. MgA achieved a significantly higher bone-implant bond strength than TiA. Micro-CT revealed no significant differences in bone density or bone-implant contact between TiA and MgA. In conclusion, the AZ31 Mg alloy is suitable for both MSIs and BFPs.

Imaging and histomorphometric evaluation of mandible and tibia of rats treated with bisphosphonates.

To evaluate the mandible and tibia of rats treated with bisphosphonates (BPs) by imaging and histomorphometric analysis. Thirty-four rat specimens (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar strain) were distributed into 3 groups: (1) 12 rats treated with zoledronic acid; (2) 12 rats treated with clodronate; and (3) the control group, containing 10 rats that received saline. All bones were exposed to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The images were analyzed to determine bone density (BD), using the software OsiriX 7.0. Histological slides were prepared from the specimens and the proportion of bone volume (BV) was quantified using the software Adobe Photoshop CC. There was no statistically significant difference in BD either between the drug groups or between mandible and tibia. BV between BPs and control group did not show a significant difference. However, comparing the two bones, the mandibles in the control group displayed higher BV than did the tibiae in the same group. According to our results, we conclude that (1) BD was not altered by bone type or by type of BP administered, and (2) treatment with zoledronic acid or clodronate did not affect BV in the mandible or tibia of test groups.

Comparison of Tibial and Talar Bone Density as a Function of Resection Level in Patients Undergoing Total Ankle Replacement vs Demographic-Matched Controls

Category:Ankle ArthritisIntroduction/Purpose:Initial implant fixation is critical for long-term success of total ankle replacement (TAR). One important factor which contributes to implant stability is the quality of the surrounding bone. Previous studies characterized a decrease in bone density with increasing distance from the level of the joint in the tibia and talus in non-arthritic ankles. However, ankle arthritis affects bone density remains unclear. The objective of this study is to compare the bone density in patients with and without ankle arthritis as a function of resection level from the joint. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in bone densities at each resection level between groups and bone density would decrease with greater distance from articular surface in both groups.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 93 end-stage ankle arthritis patients with available preoperative non-weight bearing ankle computed tomography scans (CT)(Group A) and identified another cohort of 83 patients with non-arthritic ankles as a demographic-matched control group(Group B). Patients with retained ankle hardware, history of osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, and cysts greater than 1 cm in diameter at the ankle were excluded. There was no difference in term of gender, age and body mass index (BMI) between the groups(Table 1). The ROI tool in Sectra IDS7 picture archiving and communication system (PACS) was used to calculate Hounsfield Unit (HU) values in the cancellous region of the tibia and talus around the ankle joint. Measurements were obtained on axial CTs from 6 mm to 12 mm above the distal tibial plafond, and from 1 mm to 4 mm below the talar dome. The HU measurements and percentage decrease of HU values at each level were compared between groups.Results:Patients with ankle arthritis demonstrated significantly greater bone density than the control group between 6 mm and 10 mm from the joint in the tibia. There was no significant difference in bone density between 10 mm and 12 mm from the joint on the tibia, and at all levels in the talus between groups (Table 1). In both groups, bone density decreased significantly at each successive level from the joint for the tibia and talus. In addition, the percentage decrease of HU values at each relative level was the same in both groups.Conclusion:Patients with ankle arthritis demonstrated greater bone density at 6 mm to 10 mm from the joint in the tibia compared to demographic-matched controls. The increased bone density close to the joint may stem from bone eburnation that occurs as part of the arthritic process. In TAR, a tibial bone resection between 6 mm and 10 mm may provide improved initial stability of the implant. Contrary to traditional thinking, fixation into the talus may be of less concern.

Evaluation of Custom made Xenogenic Bone grafts in Mandibular Alveolar Ridge Augmentation versus Particulate bone graft with titanium mesh

Aim: This study was to evaluate clinically and radiographically the volume changes of alveolar ridge grafting using customized xenogenic bone graft.Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients with mandibular horizontal and vertical alveolar ridge defects ≥ 3 mm were selected. They were divided into 2 groups: Group I (Test Group) included 6 patients in which mandibular alveolar ridges were reconstructed with customized Xenogenic bone graft Smartbone (IBI S.A., Switzerland). Group II (Control Group) included 6 patients in which mandibular alveolar ridges were reconstructed with particulate Xenogenic bone (Smart bone, IBI S.A., Switzerland) grafting to posterior mandibular ridge with titanium mesh was performed. Volume analysis of the changes in alveolar ridge in both Groups were obtained before and four months after the procedure using CBCT. Densitometric analysis of the Postoperative bone formed and compared with native bone. .Results: Four months postoperatively. Measurements made on cone-beam computerized tomograms, four months postoperative showed significance increase in bone volume by 40 % in the area of newly formed bone in Group I (Customized bone) compared with 23% in Control Group. Statistical significant changes was found in the density of newly formed bone four months post-operatively in both Groups, however there was no significant difference in bone density postoperatively between Group I (customized Bone) and Group II (Control).Conclusion: According to the results, the treatment of defective alveolar ridge augmentation of the mandibular ridge with customized xenogenic bone graft Smartbone (IBI S.A., Switzerland) is successful and produces results consistent with the control Group.

Periodontal response to orthodontic tooth movement in diabetes-induced rats with or without periodontal disease.

Systemic conditions can influence orthodontic tooth movement. This study evaluates histologic periodontal responses to orthodontic tooth movement in diabetes-induced rats with or without periodontal disease. Forty Wistar rats were divided according their systemic condition (SC) into diabetic (D) and non-diabetic (ND) groups. Each group was subdivided into control (C), orthodontic tooth movement (OM), ligature-induced periodontitis (P) and ligature-induced periodontitis with orthodontic movement (P+OM) groups. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced with alloxan monohydrate, and after 30 days, the P group received a cotton ligature around their first lower molar crown. An orthodontic device was placed in OM and P+OM groups for 7 days, and the animals were then euthanized. Differences in OM between D and ND groups were not significant (6.87± 3.55mm and 6.81 ± 3.28mm, respectively), but intragroup analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the P+OM groups for both SCs. Bone loss was greater in the D group (0.16 ± 0.07 mm2 ) than in the ND group (0.10 ± 0.03 mm2 ). In intragroup analysis of the D condition, the P+OM group differed statistically from the other groups, while in the ND condition, the P+OM group was different from the C and OM groups. There was a statistically significant difference in bone density between D and ND conditions (18.03 ± 8.09% and 22.53 ± 7.72%) in the C, P, and P+OM groups. DM has deleterious effects on bone density and bone loss in the furcation region. These effects are maximized when associated with ligature-induced periodontitis with orthodontic movement.

Effect of Self-ligating on Bone Density and Root Surface in Maxilla and Mandiblec

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate radiographically the effect of passive self-ligating bracket on root surface and bone density in both arches.Patients, materials and methods: The present study was conducted on 20 patients which were divided into two groups; the first group includes 10 adolescent patients aged 13-16 years old and the second group includes 10 adult patients aged 18-21 years old. For each arch of the individuals participating; a quadrant was bonded with passive self-ligating brackets and the other quadrant within the same arch was bonded by conventionalbrackets. Standardized reproducible digital panoramic radiographs for each patient were evaluated preoperatively (T0), 6 months (T1) and 1 year (T2) after beginningthe orthodontic treatment. The four permanent canines were evaluated regarding the root length and bone density. An indirect digital image radiographic system was followed in this study to obtain and evaluate bone density and degree of root resorption. Results: There was no statistical significant difference in bone density and root resorptionchanges of the maxillary and the mandibular arches between both age groups. Conclusions: Passive self-ligating brackets tend to have the same effect on the bone density and root surface of both the maxilla and the mandible.

Endocultivation: continuous application of rhBMP-2 via mini-osmotic pumps to induce bone formation at extraskeletal sites

The continuous presence of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) inside a scaffold may be crucial to the outcome in bone tissue engineering. This study investigated whether the release of the growth factor rhBMP-2 via different continuous application schemes influences histomorphological aspects of the hard and soft tissues induced. Three-dimensionally printed hydroxyapatite scaffolds were implanted into one latissimus dorsi muscle of 42 female Lewis rats. Simultaneously implanted mini-osmotic pumps were used to provide a continuous application of rhBMP-2 over 1, 2, or 4 weeks (total dose 200μg). A reference group received rhBMP-2 at the time of implantation only, and a control group received only block implantation. Bone density and histological examinations were performed after 8 weeks. No significant difference in bone density was found between the groups; however, the blood vessel count differed significantly between the groups receiving continuous treatments and both the control group and simultaneous rhBMP-2 treatment group (P<0.0001). Soft tissue types were distributed differently among the study groups. RhBMP-2 application via mini-osmotic pumps is as suitable for inducing bone formation as a single application at the time of implantation. The time interval over which rhBMP-2 was administered had no impact on the amount of new bone formation, probably due to the study duration and low local concentrations of growth factor.