Significant Dependence Research Articles

Directionality in tree ring accumulation of tin (Sn) in three tree species

The objective of this study was to determine suitable tree species to monitor and reduce Sn concentrations in the environment of Düzce province in Türkiye. A further goal was to test the hypothesis that, possibly due to air transport, the uptake of Sn in tree rings would show a significant and consistent dependency on compass direction. The timber samples were from the trunks of Tilia tomentosa (linden), Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), Cedrus atlantica (cedar), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), and Fraxinus excelsior (European ash), which are commonly used in landscaping in Düzce province. Levels of Sn concentrations in annual rings were determined. Cedrus atlantica and F. excelsior were found to be suitable biomonitors that can be used to monitor changes in annual amounts of Sn contamination. Among the studied tree species, R. pseudoacacia had the highest average values and C. atlantica had the second-highest levels of Sn uptake. However, no consistent dependency on compass direction was found. It follows that rather than depending on the direction of prevailing winds, the uptake of metals to the xylem of trees must be due to direction-independent processes, such as transport via roots and xylem or absorption into leaves and subsequent transport via the phloem.

Investigating the Relationship between Energy Consumption and Environmental Degradation with the Moderating Influence of Technological Innovation

Energy consumption (ECON) in BRICS countries is fueled by fossil fuels, mainly coal. Increased environmental degradation (ED) in BRICS countries is mostly driven by coal consumption. This study utilizes quantile regression for the analysis, enabling the development of targeted energy reorganization and emission reduction policies in BRICS countries. This study uses data spanning from 1990 to 2022 to explore the impact of ECON on ED. Additionally, technological innovation was used to create a moderating role in the nexus between ECON and ED. The model focuses on CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint across ten BRICS countries. Among the nations included in the panel, the results indicate a significant dependence on cross-sectional factors. The study shows that ECON has a detrimental impact on ED across all quantiles. However, technological innovation reduces ED. In terms of a moderating role, technological innovation mitigates the negative influence of ECON on ED. Therefore, it is necessary to implement distinct policies in order to accomplish carbon emission reduction goals in various countries.

Ruthenium-doped dual-phase cobalt catalysts for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Controlling the structural sensitivity and selectivity of metal catalysts in reactions, such as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on cobalt crystals, remains a challenging issue in heterogeneous catalysis. In this study, we introduced a straightforward approach to tuning the phase composition of hexagonal close-packed cobalt (HCP-Co) and face-centered cubic cobalt (FCC-Co) in a core–shell Co/C catalyst through the incorporation of Ru atoms. The HER performance was evaluated by controlling the contents of HCP-Co and FCC-Co phases in the catalysts. Single-atom Ru-doped cobalt catalysts containing dual-phase HCP and FCC were prepared by a mechanical ball-milling zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) with appropriate ruthenium chloride, followed by a pyrolysis process. The doping of Ru resulted in changes in the contents of the HCP-Co and FCC-Co phases, which significantly boosted the HER activity of the catalysts. The obtained biphasic Ru-Co/C catalyst demonstrated ultra-low HER overpotential and promising stability in alkaline and acidic media, outperforming single-phase cobalt and commercial Pt/C catalysts. Theoretical calculations revealed the synergistic catalysis effect of biphasic cobalt on HER. These findings, which indicated that significant activity dependence on the crystallographic structure, may inspire new design concepts for efficient metal electrocatalysts.

Automated detection of exploding granules with SDO/HMI data

Exploding granules on the solar surface play a major role in the dynamics of the outer part of the convection zone, especially in the diffusion of the magnetic field. We aim to develop an automated procedure able to investigate the location and evolution of exploding granules over the solar surface and to get rid of visual detection. We used sequences of observations of intensity and Doppler velocity, as well as magnetograms, provided by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The automated detection of the exploding granules was performed by applying criteria on either three or two parameters: the granule area, the amplitude of the velocity field divergence, and, at the disc centre, the radial Doppler velocity. Our analyses show that granule area and divergence amplitudes are sufficient to detect the largest exploding granules; thus, we can automatically detect them, not only at the disc centre, but across the whole solar surface. Using a 24-hour-long observation sequence, we have demonstrated the important contribution of the most dynamic exploding granules in the diffusion of the magnetic field in the quiet Sun. Indeed, we have shown that the most intense exploding granules are sufficient to build a large part of the photospheric network. We have also applied our procedure on Hinode observations to locate the exploding granules relative to trees of fragmenting granules (TFGs). We conclude that, during a first phase of about 300 minutes after the birth of a TFG, exploding granules are preferentially located on its edge. Finally, we also show that the distribution of exploding granules is homogeneous (at the level of our measurement errors) over the solar surface without a significant dependency on latitude.

BUDGET DECENTRALISATION: RESULTS AND CURRENT CHALLENGES

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the results of budgetary decentralisation in Ukraine, to identify the factors that have the greatest impact on its success, and to identify the urgent tasks for improving the financial capacity of hromadas. Results. The article analyses the content of the strategies for reforming the public finance management system for 2017-2020 and 2022-2025, as well as the reports on the implementation of the Strategy for the period February 2017 – December 2019 and for 2022. The paper identifies the main achievements and unresolved issues of implementation of these strategies. The study highlights the factors that have the greatest impact on the success of the implementation of the tasks of reforming the public finance system. The coefficients of budgetary centralisation and decentralisation are calculated on the basis of expenditures of the Consolidated, State and local budgets. The article examines the results of a survey of local government representatives conducted in 2023 from April 27 to May 4 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology within the framework of the Sectoral Support Initiative for Civil Society in Ukraine project on the availability of post-war recovery plans in hromadas. Value / Originality. The undisputed results of the budget decentralisation for the period 2017-2020 include an increase in the volume of local budgets' own financial resources and a certain improvement in the quality of public services provided to consumers, but it is noted that the goals of the Strategy for Reforming the Public Finance Management System were not achieved during this period. The authors note a significant improvement in the quality of strategic planning in 2021 compared to 2016. It is emphasised that the implementation of most of the budgetary decentralisation measures planned in the latest Strategy was prevented by the full-scale war with Russia. Among the unresolved issues of the reform are the following: significant dependence of local self-government on central government transfers, duplication of functions by district and regional state administrations, low human and institutional capacity of local self-government bodies, and the procedure for administering local taxes. One of the urgent tasks of budgetary decentralisation is the need to develop and implement post-war reconstruction measures.

The dynamic nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, tourism, green supply chain management, and CO2

Since 2012, China has pursued an “ecological civilization” policy to promote green energy, increase environmental protection, and transition to more sustainable growth models. The complicated positive trends in energy consumption, more sustainable economic growth, and ecological management are obscured by China's persistent, significant dependence on fossil fuels, particularly coal. The study aims to analyze how renewable energy use in China affects carbon dioxide emissions and how those impacts change over time, as well as urbanization, industrialization, tourism, and green supply chain management. The DOLS dynamic system method used historical data from 1995 to 2022. The DOLS results show a positive and statistically significant economic growth coefficient in the long term, suggesting that an increase of only one percent in CO₂ emissions rise would be proportional to a surge in economic growth.Furthermore, using renewable energy sources correlates with long-term sustainability negatively and significantly. The results show reducing CO₂ emissions and boosting renewable energy use by 1 %. Furthermore, the long-run coefficients for industrialization and urbanization are positive and statistically significant, indicating that a 1 % increase in either component results in a comparable increase in CO₂ emissions. Sustainable logistics and tourism have negative and statistically significant coefficients, meaning that a one percent increase will gradually decrease carbon dioxide emissions. The estimated findings hold up when using other estimators, such as the commonly used co-integrating regression (CCR) strategy and fully modified least squares (FMOLS). When Granger causality is coupled, the test also catches the variables' causal link. test. To achieve environmental sustainability, the essay suggests using robust regulatory policy tools to curb ecological deterioration.

Experimental Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Filter Media in Solid-Liquid Filtration Processes.

Nonwoven filter media are used in many industrial applications due to their high filtration efficiency and great variety of compositions and structures which can be produced by different processes. During filter operation in the separation process, the fluid flow exerts forces on the filter medium which leads to its deformation, and in extreme cases damage. In order to design or select a reliable filter medium for a given application, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of the nonwoven material. In general, the properties of the filter material are influenced by temperature and can be changed during loading due to irreversible deformation, fatigue, and aging processes. In order to gain a deeper comprehension, the presented study examines the influence of temperature and repeated tensile stress on the filter medium properties. The focus is on fuel and oil filters employed in automotive applications. The characteristic properties of the samples, including thickness, porosity, and permeability as well as Young's modulus and Poisson's number, are measured. Young's modulus is determined for both new and aged samples. In addition, the viscoelastic behavior is investigated via a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results demonstrate a significant dependence of mechanical properties on the material composition and the aging effects.

Recent results and outstanding questions on the response of the electrodynamics of the low latitude ionosphere to solar wind and magnetospheric disturbances

Storm-time ionospheric electrodynamics effects have been the subject of extensive studies. The solar wind/magnetosphere/ionosphere and thermosphere disturbance wind dynamos have long been identified as the main drivers of low latitude storm-time electrodynamics. Extensive detailed studies showed that climatology of low latitude disturbance electric fields and currents is in good agreement with results from global theoretical and numerical models. Over the last decade, however, numerous studies have highlighted that the response of low latitude electrodynamics to enhanced geomagnetic activity is significantly more complex than previously considered. It is now clear that the electrodynamic disturbance processes are affected by a larger number of solar wind and magnetospheric parameters and that they also have more significant spatial dependence. This is especially pronounced during and after large geomagnetic storms when multiple simultaneous disturbance processes are also active. In this work, we briefly review the main past experimental and modeling studies of low latitude disturbance electric fields, highlight new results, discuss outstanding questions, and present suggestions for future studies.

Digital Literacy of Tuntungan I Village Youth In Utilizing Social Media As Learning Media

This research is a qualitative study which aims to measure the level of awareness of teenagers in Tuntungan I village regarding the importance of digital literacy in utilizing social media as a learning medium, and to analyze teenagers' dependence on social media which can influence the effectiveness of learning. The research was carried out from 03 to 13 June 2024 in Tuntungan I Village, Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra. Data collection techniques use interview techniques and questionnaires. The number of samples taken was 30 teenagers who were classified based on their age level. The research results obtained were that teenagers in Tuntungan I Village had demonstrated proficiency in using digital media, such as PowerPoint and Infocus, to present discussion results. This reflects their skills in supporting technology as an important learning tool in the school environment. The social media platforms that are often used by teenagers in Tuntungan I Village to search for information are YouTube and Instagram. The information seeking skills of teenagers in Tuntungan I village show significant dependence on social media as a source of information. From the results of calculations with respondents, 87.3% of teenagers actively use this platform for the purpose of seeking information. However, only 60.7% succeeded in finding information that was relevant to their learning.

Risk spillovers and diversification benefits between crude oil and agricultural commodity futures markets

This study examines the dependence structure and risk spillovers between crude oil and eight major agricultural futures (wheat, corn, soybean coffee, cotton, lumber, cocoa, and live cattle) markets. It also analyzes the potential conditional diversification benefits using a variety of copula functions and Conditional Value at Risk (CoVaR) measure. The results show significant crisis-sensitive and temporal dependence between oil and agricultural markets. Moreover, crude oil shows a symmetric tail dependence with both wheat, corn, soybeans, and cotton futures, whereas oil exhibits an average dependence with coffee. A strong dependence is observed between oil and cocoa (lumber) during bearish (bullish) market conditions. Oil and Live cattle have a symmetric dependence during bearish and bullish market conditions. On the other hand, we find asymmetric and bidirectional risk spillovers from oil to agricultural markets. Furthermore, the wheat futures contract appears to be the most dominating and vulnerable asset to oil price shocks, followed by lumber and corn futures, respectively, while the live cattle contracts are the least. Finally, an equally weighted portfolio offers the highest diversification benefits at a 5 % expected shortfall.

The effect of Nb additions on the passive behavior of NiTi shape memory alloys

This study explores the passivity and localized corrosion behavior of Ni(100-x)/2Ti(100-x)/2Nbx shape memory alloys (where x = 3, 6, and 9 at.%) through potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization tests in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The results reveal a significant dependence of the surface passive film’s stability on the Nb concentration. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the chemical composition of the passive films formed on the NiTiNb alloys was characterized. Microstructural analysis showed that increasing Nb content affects the volume fraction of the eutectic microconstituent, leading to the suppression of martensite and secondary Ni-Ti phases in the microstructure with higher Nb additions. The findings demonstrate that localized corrosion resistance improves with Nb additions, attributed to the incorporation of Nb2O5 into the TiO2 passive film, enhancing its protective capacity. Remarkably, the NiTi shape memory alloy exhibits immunity to localized corrosion when 9 at.% Nb is added.

Dynamic convolutional time series forecasting based on adaptive temporal bilateral filtering

Time series data typically contain complex dynamic patterns, which not only include linear trends and seasonal variations but also significant nonlinear changes and complex dependencies. Currently, feature extraction methods for time series data primarily employ mixed-mode extraction within the temporal domain, neglecting the effective extraction and analysis of nonlinear characteristics between different observation points and the interdependencies between variables. To address these issues, we designed an adaptive temporal bilateral filtering module that effectively preserves and highlights the nonlinear features and patterns in time series while filtering out noise and redundant information. We also designed a nonlinear feature adaptive extraction module that integrates a gating mechanism and deformable convolutions. This design allows the model to adaptively adjust the shape of the convolutional kernels according to different time steps and conditions. This enables accurate capture and extraction of nonlinear features between various time observations and dependencies between different variables. Additionally, we use stacked convolutional layers to extract local contextual features, addressing fluctuations in local features caused by changes in data distribution in real-world scenarios. In summary, we propose DCNet, a dynamic convolutional network based on an adaptive temporal bilateral filter, and evaluated its performance on twelve real-world datasets. The results indicate that DCNet consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance in both short-term and long-term forecasting tasks, with favorable runtime efficiency.

Regarding the influence of national factors on the biotic component of the enterprise's material backpack formation

Relevance of research. Sustainable Development Goal No. 12 refers to reducing the resource intensity of the economy by reducing the costs of material input in production chains. The famous German scientist Friedrich Schmidt-Blick proposed the concept of an ecological backpack as a characteristic of hidden material flows accompanying the entire life cycle of a product. A separate component of the backpack is the biotic part, which was heavy enough when, for example, horse traction was used in old mines. Food self-satisfaction of the staff based on the salary led to the fact that the consumption of food in the production process remained outside the analysis of the company's material flows. The purpose of the study is to prove/refute the validity of the hypothesis regarding the significant dependence of the biotic component of the material backpack on national traditions and the material income of workers of industrial enterprises. Research methods: mathematical statistics. The basis of research is long-term observation of food consumption in Ukraine and abroad, in particular, Poland and China. Main results. In the course of research, certain traditions characteristic of Ukrainian realities were revealed: consumption of food products by the average Ukrainian with a probability of 0.95 is 58.75±0.04 kg per month (698±0.5 kg per year); the structure of the consumer basket in Ukraine contains 33% – milk and dairy products, 15% – vegetables; 14% – bakery products and cereals, 11% – potatoes, 8% – meat and meat products; the average person in Ukraine consumes more food than recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (by approximately 5%); residents of rural areas consume more food than urban residents (by almost 6% – 57.9 kg per month versus 54.7 kg). It has been statistically proven that the annual volume of food consumption by residents of Ukraine (689 kg) is significantly greater than that of residents of Poland (456 kg) and, even more so, China (413 kg). National differences concerning food preferences have been revealed. Quantitative differences in the national consumption of food products by producers determine the different content of the material backpack of industrial products, which provides certain competitive advantages/disadvantages to the subjects of international market activity. In addition to the national traditions of food consumption, there are laws that determine the influence of the average per capita household equivalent total income on the weight of the food basket. On the basis of official statistical data, a mathematical dependence of the logarithmic form of the amount of food consumption on the average per capita income of a household member is proposed.

Weight bearing 3-D joint space width distribution at the knee varies according to location and extent of meniscal extrusion: A MOST investigation

ObjectiveExtrusion of the meniscus is known to be a key factor in the development of knee osteoarthritis. Here, we investigate the precise relationship between meniscal extrusion and weight bearing 3-D joint space width (JSW) distribution. DesignWeight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) images were acquired at the 144-month visit in the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. For each knee, 3-D JSW maps were created. MRI data from the same visit were assessed for both medial and lateral meniscal extrusion grade determined by the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used to test for any significant dependence of 3-D JSW distribution on meniscal extrusion grade by location. Results568 knees were included in the analysis. SPM demonstrated significant differences in 3-D JSW distribution according to the extent of both medial and anterior extrusion of the medial meniscus in a pattern that suggested a posteromedial shift of the femur on the tibia. Medial extrusion of the medial meniscus was also associated with significantly lower JSW across the central-to-posterior medial joint space. The low prevalence of lateral meniscus extrusion meant that results for this may be underpowered or unrepresentative. ConclusionEstablishing links between 3-D JSW and meniscal extrusion is an important step in developing the clinical utility of WBCT for the evaluation of osteoarthritis. Further study is required to establish whether 3-D JSW is sensitive enough to detect meniscal extrusion before articular cartilage damage has occurred, to develop this as a biomarker for early disease.

Molecular dynamics simulations of high-energy radiation damage in hcp-titanium considering electronic effects

Abstract Titanium and its alloys are widely used as structural materials under extreme conditions due to their exceptional specific strength. However, comprehensive studies on their high-energy radiation damage remain limited. Considering electronic effects, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to explore high-energy radiation damage in hcp-titanium (hcp-Ti), focusing on displacement cascades induced by primary knock-on atoms (PKAs) with energies ranging from 1 to 40 keV. This study investigates the generation and evolution of point defects resulting from collisional cascades, particularly examining the influence of PKA energy. Additionally, the distribution and morphology of clustering defects from these events were quantitatively investigated and qualitatively visualized. The results show a significant dependence of surviving defects on PKA energies, highlighting a critical range that exhibits a shift in cascade morphology. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that PKA energy significantly influences the formation and growth of defect clusters, with both interstitials and vacancies showing increased cluster fraction and sizes at higher PKA energies, albeit with different tendencies in their formation and aggregation behaviors. Morphological analysis emphasizes the role of subcascades and provides further insights into the mechanisms of defect evolution behind high-energy radiation damage. Our extensive study across a broad range of PKA energies provides essential insights into the understanding of high-energy radiation damage in hcp-Ti.

Valence Electronic Structure of Interfacial Phenol in Water Droplets.

Biochemistry and a large part of atmospheric chemistry occur in aqueous environments or at aqueous interfaces, where (photo)chemical reaction rates can be increased by up to several orders of magnitude. The key to understanding the chemistry and photoresponse of molecules in and "on" water lies in their valence electronic structure, with a sensitive probe being photoelectron spectroscopy. This work reports velocity-map photoelectron imaging of submicrometer-sized aqueous phenol droplets in the valence region after nonresonant (288 nm) and resonance-enhanced (274 nm) two-photon ionization with femtosecond ultraviolet light, complementing previous liquid microjet studies. For nonresonant photoionization, our concentration-dependent study reveals a systematic decrease in the vertical binding energy (VBE) of aqueous phenol from 8.0 ± 0.1 eV at low concentration (0.01 M) to 7.6 ± 0.1 eV at high concentration (0.8 M). We attribute this shift to a systematic lowering of the energy of the lowest cationic state with increasing concentration caused by the phenol dimer and aggregate formation at the droplet surface. Contrary to nonresonant photoionization, no significant concentration dependence of the VBE was observed for resonance-enhanced photoionization. We explain the concentration-independent VBE of ∼8.1 eV observed upon resonant ionization by ultrafast intermediate state relaxation and changes in the accessible Franck-Condon region as a consequence of the lowering of the intermediate state potential energy due to the formation of phenol excimers and excited phenol aggregates. Correcting for the influence of electron transport scattering in the droplets reduced the measured VBEs by 0.1-0.2 eV.

Association between the composite dietary antioxidant index and infertility: the national health and nutrition examination survey 2013–2020

BackgroundThe use of antioxidant-rich foods to treat female infertility has received significant attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential correlation between the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and female infertility.MethodsThe participants in the cross-sectional data were women between the ages of 20 and 45 who had complete CDAI-related data and infertility information, which were taken from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2013 and 2020. The independent association between CDAI and infertility was investigated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Trends between the two variables were examined using smoothed curve fitting, and subgroup analysis and interaction tests were conducted.ResultsThe prevalence of infertility was 12.57% of the 3,259 participants included in the study; individuals in higher CDAI quartiles tended to have a lower percentage of infertility. The risk of infertility was 44% lower among individuals in the highest quartile of the CDAI compared to those in the lowest quartile (OR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.36–0.85, P = 0.0072), and the test for trend was also significant (P for trend = 0.0235). Smoothed curve fitting showed a negative non-linear relationship between CDAI and infertility. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests showed that there was an interaction of BMI in the relationship between CDAI and infertility risk (P for interaction = 0.0497) and that education, PIR, marital status, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, age at menarche, ever having been treated for pelvic infection, ever having used female hormones, and ever been pregnant had no significant dependence on this negative association (all P for interaction > 0.05).ConclusionThere was a negative non-linear correlation between CDAI and infertility among reproductive-aged women in the US. The risk of infertility may be reduced by increasing the intake of antioxidant-rich foods.

Potential cloud precipitation capacity in typical regions over China

Based on the CLoud, Albedo and RAdiation dataset, AVHRR-based, version 2 (CLARA-A2), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B43 (TRMM-3B43), and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) reanalysis data, the potential cloud precipitation capacity (PCPA) of typical regions in China is compared, and the relationship between impact factors and PCPA is discussed. Results have suggested that the Tarim Basin (TB) has scarce cloud water resources, while cloud water path (CWP) values are higher in South China (SC) and Sichuan Basin (SB) under the influence of the East Asian monsoon. Moreover, different typical regions of China exhibit varying dependencies on the ice water path (IWP) and liquid water path (LWP). There is a strong correlation between the IWP and precipitation in the Tibet Plateau (TP), Northeast China (NE), SC, and SB. The precipitation in TB demonstrates a more pronounced correlation with the LWP. Through a comparison of the correlation between PCPA and influencing factors in different typical regions of China, it is found that convective available potential energy (CAPE), surface latent heat flux (SLHF), surface sensible heat flux (SSHF), and 0–3 km relative humidity (RH) exhibit stronger correlation with PCPA than 2 m temperature (T2m) and 2–5 km vertical wind shear (SHEAR). Further investigation revealed that the joint effect of CAPE, RH, and SLHF has a pronounced effect on PCPA, particularly during spring and autumn. Additionally, the PCPA of TP exhibits significant dependency on the joint effect of these three influential factors. Furthermore, the ratio of LWP to IWP (RLI) also affects PCPA. In spring and autumn, the PCPA of TB and NC exhibits a positive correlation with RLI, whereas the PCPA of TP, SC, NE, and SB shows a negative correlation with RLI. In summer, the PCPA of TB and SC exhibits a notably negative correlation with RLI. This study deepens the understanding of the formation mechanism of cloud precipitation in typical regions of China, provides the basis for climate forecast and improves the accuracy of weather forecast.

The Size–Mass Relation at Rest-frame 1.5 μm from JWST/NIRCam in the COSMOS-WEB and PRIMER-COSMOS Fields

We present the galaxy stellar mass–size relation in the rest-frame near-IR (1.5 μm) and its evolution with redshift up to z = 2.5. Sérsic profiles are measured for ∼26,000 galaxies with stellar masses M ⋆ > 109 M ⊙ from JWST/NIRCam F277W and F444W imaging provided by the COSMOS-WEB and PRIMER surveys using coordinates, redshifts, colors, and stellar mass estimates from the COSMOS2020 catalog. The new rest-frame near-IR effective radii are generally smaller than previously measured rest-frame optical sizes, on average by 0.14 dex, with no significant dependence on redshift. For quiescent galaxies, this size offset does not depend on stellar mass, but for star-forming galaxies, the offset increases from −0.1 dex at M ⋆ = 109.5 M ⊙ to −0.25 dex at M ⋆ > 1011 M ⊙. That is, we find that the near-IR stellar mass–size relation for star-forming galaxies is flatter in the rest-frame near-IR than in the rest-frame optical at all redshifts 0.5 < z < 2.5. The general pace of size evolution is the same in the near-IR as previously demonstrated in the optical, with slower evolution (R e ∝ (1 + z)−0.7) for L* star-forming galaxies and faster evolution (R e ∝ (1 + z)−1.3) for L* quiescent galaxies. Massive (M ⋆ > 1011 M ⊙) star-forming galaxies evolve in size almost as fast as quiescent galaxies. Low-mass (M ⋆ < 1010 M ⊙) quiescent galaxies evolve as slow as star-forming galaxies. Our main conclusion is that the size evolution narrative as it has emerged over the past two decades does not radically change when accessing the rest-frame near-IR with JWST, a better proxy of the underlying stellar mass distribution.

The fundamental plane of black hole activity for low-luminosity radio active galactic nuclei across 0 &lt; z &lt; 4

Context. The fundamental plane of black hole activity describes the correlation between radio luminosity (LR), X-ray luminosity (LX), and black hole mass (MBH). It reflects a connection between the accretion disc and the jet. However, the dependence of the fundamental plane on various physical properties of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and host galaxies remains unclear, especially for low-luminosity AGNs, which is important for understanding the accretion physics in AGNs. Aims. Here, we explore the dependence of the fundamental plane on the radio loudness, Eddington-ratio (λEdd), redshift, and galaxy star formation properties (star-forming galaxies and quiescent galaxies) across 0.1 &lt; z ≤ 4 for radio AGNs. Based on current deep and large surveys, our studies can extend to lower luminosities and higher redshifts. Methods. From the deep and large multi-wavelength surveys in the GOODS-N, GOODS-S, and COSMOS/UltraVISTA fields, we constructed a large and homogeneous radio AGN sample consisting of 208 objects with available estimates for LR and LX. Then we divided the radio AGN sample into 141 radio-quiet AGNs and 67 radio-loud AGNs according to the radio loudness defined by the ratio of LR to LX, and explored the dependence of the fundamental plane on different physical properties of the two populations, separately. Results. The ratio of LR to LX shows a bimodal distribution that is well described by two single Gaussian models. The cross point between these two Gaussian components corresponds to a radio-loudness threshold of log(LR/LX) = − 2.73. The radio-quiet AGNs have a significantly larger Eddington ratio than the radio-loud AGNs. Our radio-quiet and radio-loud AGNs show a significantly different fundamental plane, which indicates a significant dependence of the fundamental plane on the radio loudness. For both radio-quiet and radio-loud AGNs, the fundamental plane shows a significant dependence on λEdd, but no dependence on redshift. The fundamental plane shows a significant dependence on the galaxy star formation properties for radio-quiet AGNs, while for radio-loud AGNs this dependence disappears. Conclusions. The fundamental plane sheds important light on the accretion physics and X-ray emission origins of central engines. X-ray emission of radio-quiet AGNs at 0.01 &lt; λEdd &lt; 0.1 are produced by a combination of advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) and synchrotron radiation from the jet, while at 0.1 &lt; λEdd &lt; 1 they mainly follow the synchrotron jet model. The origins of X-ray emission of radio-loud AGNs are consistent with a combination of ADAF and the synchrotron jet model at λEdd &lt; 0.01, agree with the synchrotron jet model at 0.01 &lt; λEdd &lt; 0.1, and follow a combination of the standard thin disc and a jet model at λEdd &gt; 0.1.