Significant Decrease In Group Research Articles

Comparison of salpingectomy and tubal detorsion procedures after experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat fallopian tube model: biochemical and histopathological evaluation

To compare salpingectomy and detorsion procedures and investigate the biochemical and histopathological changes in fallopian tubes in the experimentally isolated fallopian tube torsion model in rats. Experimental study. Experimental surgery laboratory in a training and research hospital ANIMAL(S): Twenty-seven Sprague-Dawley rats in the reproductive period INTERVENTION(S): Group 1: Control group (n=6); Group 2: bilateral total salpingectomy group after 4 hours of tubal ischemia (n=7); Group 3: 4 hours of bilateral tubal ischemia plus one week of reperfusion (n=7); Group 4: 4-hour period of bilateral tubal ischemia plus 30-days of reperfusion (n=7). A 22-gauge catheter was administered before and after surgery using methylene blue through the uterine horn of the rat to evaluate tubal patency. Preoperative and postoperative serum AMH levels; histopathologic examination of rat tuba uterine and histopathologic damage scores; antioxidant compounds (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase); and oxidative stress end product levels (malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine). While a significant difference was observed in tissue SOD (p<0.001), GPx (p=0.002), MDA (p=0.001), and 8 OHdG (p<0.001) values, no significant difference was observed between the groups in serum samples (p>0.05). Tissue SOD and tissue GPx levels in group 2 significantly decreased, and a significant increase was observed in tissue MDA and 8-OHdG values in group 2. Among the histopathological parameters, epithelial changes (p<0.001), vascular congestion (p = 0.001), and the total fallopian tube mean damage score of 4 (p = 0.003) showed a significant decrease in group 4. When the methylene blue transitions before and after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury were compared, the value of the methylene blue transition after I/R injury in groups 2 (p = 0.008), 3 (p = 0.025), and 4 (p = 0.014) decreased significantly. When serum AMH levels are analyzed, the postoperative AMH value significantly increases in group 2 (p = 0.028). This study reveals that biochemical and histopathological improvement is observed in the fallopian tube tissues gradually when the detorsion procedure is performed for the necrotized tubal tissue instead of salpingectomy. Although there is a restoration in epithelial integrity after reperfusion, tubal passage remains absent.

Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Cyperus esculentus (Tiger Nut) Tubers on Blood Glucose Level and Lipid Profile in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Male Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus is expected to increase to 5.3% by 2030. This study aimed to determine the effects of ethanolic extract of Cyperus esculentus tubers on alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus and lipid profile in male Wistar rats. A total of 25 Wistar rats were used for the study. Diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan 100 mg/kg and rats with blood glucose levels 200 mg/kg and above were considered diabetic. The rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5), group 1, normal control, group II, negative (diabetic) control, and Group III and Group IV were diabetic rats treated with 400mg/Kg and 800mg/Kg body weight of the ethanolic extract of Cyperus esculentus tubers and group V were diabetic rats treated with 10mg/Kg body weight Metformin. All treatments lasted for 28 days and Blood glucose levels were checked at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. At the end of the treatment period, the rats were sacrificed and the blood samples collected were used to determine serum insulin level and lipid profile. The result obtained revealed a statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in blood glucose levels in groups III, IV, IV, and V as compared to the diabetic untreated group. The results of serum total cholesterol revealed a significant decrease in group I and group IV. However, high-density lipoprotein shows a significant decrease in group V as compared to the diabetic untreated group. There was also a statistically significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in groups I, III, and IV when compared with the diabetic untreated group. There was also a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in serum insulin level in the normal control group and the group treated with 800mg/kg of extract. This study revealed the potential benefits of the ethanolic extract of Cyperus esculentus tubers in reducing blood glucose levels and its effects in reversing hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes mellitus.

The Implications of Cytochrome P450 2D6/CYP2D6 Polymorphism in the Therapeutic Response of Atypical Antipsychotics in Adolescents with Psychosis-A Prospective Study.

The plasma level of antipsychotics and their metabolites depends on the activity of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system in the liver. This research aims to test the individual response variability to atypical antipsychotic drugs, depending on the activity of the CYP2D6 enzyme. In a prospective, noninterventional study, we included 56 adolescents, 51.79% male, diagnosed with schizophrenia. The patients underwent DNA sampling for genotyping SNP by RT-PCR and CYP* allelic variants using Applied Bio-systems™ TaqMan® Assays Foster City, CA, USA). and clinical and paraclinical assessments. The effectiveness of the therapy was evaluated with the PANSS scores at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after the initiation of an atypical antipsychotic treatment. Based on the genotyping results, the patients were divided into slow metabolizers (Group 1), extensive metabolizers (Group 2), and intermediate metabolizers (Group 3). The PANSS score showed a significant decrease in Group 2, compared to Group 3 after 3 (p = 0.02), 6 (p = 0.0009), and 12 months (p < 0.0001). The patients in Group 1 showed high PANSS scores, and those in Group 2 had fewer adverse reactions than the other groups. Assessing the CYP2D6 polymorphism may be useful in clinical pediatric psychiatric practice towards improving clinical results and patients' quality of life.

Comparative study between lidocaine, magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine in alleviation of pain induced by intravenous injection of propofol

Background Propofol is the most widely used intravenous anaesthetic agent for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. Pain on injection of propofol is a common problem. Propofol injection pain, despite various interventions, still occurs during the anaesthesia induction and causes intense discomfort and anxiety in patients. Objective Compare the efficacy of lidocaine, magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine drugs in reduction of pain of propofol. Also, study the effects of these drugs on cardiovascular system. Subjective This prospective controlled randomized double-blind study was carried out on 90 adult patients ASA status I or II, haemodynemically stable and Scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia by propofol intravenous induction. Results The pain level during administration showed a significant decrease in group D (dexmedetomidine) less than both group L and M and there was no significant effect of the three drugs on haemodynamic parameters. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine is an effective and safe way to reduce the intensity and incidence of propofol injection pain. Magnesium and lidocaine pretreatment are equally effective in attenuating propofol-induced pain with some priority of magnesium sulphate more than lidocaine. There were no significant effects of the drugs on haemodynamics parameters

Effects of ketamine on penile tissues in an experimental priapism model in rats.

This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological and biochemical effects of ketamine on penile tissues following ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by priapism. Twenty-four male rats were randomized into three groups. Group 1 served as the control group. Group 2 underwent the priapism model to induce ischemia-reperfusion injury. Group 3, the treatment group, experienced a similar ischemia-reperfusion model as Group 2; additionally, 50 mg/kg of ketamine was administered intraperitoneally just before reperfusion. Blood biochemical analyses and penile histopathological evaluations were performed. In Group 3, significant improvements were observed in all histopathological scores, including desquamation, edema, inflammation, and vasocongestion compared to Group 2 (p<0.001). Blood biochemical analyses showed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were recorded as 10 in Group 2, with a significant decrease in Group 3 (p=0.013). Similarly, proinflammatory cytokine levels, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were found to be suppressed in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p=0.003, p=0.022, and p=0.028, respectively). Antioxidant enzyme activities, such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were higher in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p=0.016 and p=0.024, respec-tively). Ketamine is an effective anesthetic agent in alleviating the effects of penile ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Time to Surgery Affects Wound Healing of Ankle Fractures

Category: Trauma; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Ankle fractures are very common. Most unstable ankle fractures require surgical intervention in order to obtain better clinical outcomes. However, there is still conflicting evidence about the implications of time to surgery on post- operative wound complications. Purpose of study: To investigate if early or delayed surgery results in difference in wound complications in patients who underwent surgical intervention for ankle fracture. Methods: A retrospective review of 238 ankle fracture cases treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) from October 28, 2016, through May 12, 2022 was completed at our institution. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on the time to surgery. In group 1, surgery was within a week. In group 2, surgery was in 2nd week. In group 3, surgery was in 3rd week. In group 4, surgery was after 3 weeks. Wound complications including minor wound complication and wound infection were investigated. The other factors including BMI, smoking, diabetes, etc. were investigated as well to avoid confounding bias. Since most of patients accepted surgery either in first 4 days (early surgery group) or between 10 to 20 days (delayed surgery group) in this series of patients. We also analyzed those two time points. Data was analyzed using STATA. Results: 238 patients with ankle fracture were analyzed. 36, 96, 71 and 35 patients were included in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. For BMI, smoking, and diabetes, no significant difference among 4 groups. The rate of minor wound complications in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 13.8%, 12.5%, 8.5% and 0%. The rate of wound infection in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 5.6%, 3.1%, 1.4% and 0%. For minor wound complication, there was significant decrease in group 4, as compared with group 1 and group 2 (p &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, in term of early vs delayed surgery, both infection rate (13.3% vs 2.8%) and minor wound complication rate (33.3% vs 10.8%) significantly decreased in the delayed surgery group (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Delayed ORIF of ankle fracture resulted in decreased both minor wound complication rate and infection rate.

The Effect of Cold Application to the Lateral Neck Area on Peripheral Vascular Access Pain: A Randomised Controlled Study.

Various types of vagus nerve stimulation are employed in the treatment of a range of conditions, including depression, anxiety, epilepsy, headache, tinnitus, atrial fibrillation, schizophrenia, and musculoskeletal pain. The objective of this study was to apply vagal stimulation to the neck area using standardised cold, and then analyse the level of vascular access discomfort experienced by individuals who underwent venous cannulation from the dorsal side of the hand prior to anaesthesia. A total of 180 patients, aged 18-75, who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery, were categorised into three distinct groups: the Sham group (Group S), the Control group (Group K), and the Cold group (Group M), with each group consisting of 60 individuals. Bilateral cold application to the lateral side of the neck was performed prior to the commencement of vascular access in Group M patients, followed by the subsequent opening of vascular access. The alterations in heart rate among patients was assessed subsequent to the application of cold and following the establishment of vascular access. The participants were instructed to assess their level of vascular access pain on a numerical pain scale (NRS) ranging from 0 to 10. A statistically significant difference (p = 0.035) was seen when comparing the pain ratings of patients during vascular access. The study revealed that the NRS values exhibited a statistically significant decrease in Group M compared to both Group K (p = 0.038) and Group S (p = 0.048). Group M had a higher prevalence of individuals experiencing mild pain compared to other groups, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.029). In Group M, the average heart rate following vagal stimulation exhibited a statistically significant decrease compared to the average heart rate observed at the beginning of the study (p < 0.05). Upon comparing the original heart rate measurements with the heart rate values following vascular access, it was observed that there was an elevation in heart rate for both Group S and Group K. Conversely, Group M exhibited a decrease in heart rate after vascular access when compared to the initial heart rate values. In the present investigation, it was discovered that the application of cold to the neck region resulted in a drop in heart rate among the patients, which persisted throughout the process of vascular access. Furthermore, the level of pain experienced by these individuals was reduced during vascular access procedures.

The Effect of Prolonged Consumption of Aqueous Extract of Raphia Hookeri Pulp Fruit on Selected Immune Parameters on Male Wistar Rats

This research aims to ascertain the effect of oral administration of a aqueous fruit extract of Raphia Hookeri on selected immune parameters in male wistar rats. The fruits were obtained from Emoh community in Abua/Odual L.GA, Rivers State, A total of 28 apparently healthy male rats weighing between 137-190g were divided into four groups, 7 rats in each group. Group 1 served as the control were given feed and water, group 2 given 500mg/kg, group 3 given 1000mg/kg, group 4 given 2000mg/kg of the extract for 28 days and blood samples collected. Laboratory test done and statistical analysisexpressed as mean± SEM using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS version 24).The result for IgA when compared the treated groups and control, there was slight variation in values but the result is not significant at P&lt;0.05, there were marginal variation in IgE, when compared the treated groups with the control, the result showed no significant difference, there was a significant decrease in group 2 for IgM, also a slight variation in group 3 and 4 when compared with the control not statistically significant at P&lt;0.05.Very plausible to state that there is no proportional effect of the aqueous extract on Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin E (IgE). There was a significant decrease in Immunoglobulin in (IgM) level noticed in group2 and no significant difference in groups 3 and 4.The findings of the study has proven that prolonged consumption of Raphia Hookeri fruit extract boost immunity via immunoglobulins in male wistar rats.

Ultrasound Guided Modefied Pectoral Nerve Block (PECII) versus Serratus Anterior Plane Block (SAPB) for Postoperative Analgesia in Modified Radical Mastectomy

Abstract Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in both the developed and less developed world. In 2012, it represented about 12 percent of all new cancer cases and 25 percent of all cancers in women. A procedure called Modified radical mastectomy is now a standard surgical treatment for early stage breast cancers. These procedures cause significant acute pain and may progress to chronic pain states in 25–60% of cases. Objective to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound guided Modefied pectoral nerve block (PEC II) versus Serratus Anterior plane block (SAPB) as a postoperative Analgesia in MRM. Regarding the time of the first analgesic dose and the total amount of analgesia consumed during the first 24 hrs inaddition to the pain score and incidence of complications. Patients and Methods After obtaining approval from the medical ethical committee in Ain Shams University, this study was conducted in Ain Shams University Hospitals. It included 70 female patients undergoing MRM were divided randomly into two groups, each group consisted of 35 patients; Group I patients received Modified PECS, Group II patients received Serratus Anterior Plane Block (SAPB). The two groups were compared regarding analgesic outcome by using the numeric rating score system, time for first for analgesic need and total consumption of opioid in the 1st 24 postoperative hours. Demographic data and post-operative hemodynamics were also assessed. Results The results of our study showed that there was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding demographic data. Also, there was a statistically significant decrease in Mean blood pressure (mmHg) in Group II compared with Group I from 1 hr. to 6 hrs postoperative. However, a statistically significant decrease in group II compared to group I regarding postoperative heart rate (beat/min) from 1 hr. to 6 hrs. Conclusion SAPB block was more effective in reducing postoperative pain scores for 1-6 hours and lower total 24-h postoperative opioid and analgesic consumption after MRM under general anesthesia, compared to Modefied PECS block.

Cannabidiol Oil and Prednisolone Treatment Altered Hematologic Indices, Serum Urea, Creatinine and Cellular Architecture of Kidney on Cadmium Induced Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats

This study investigated the impact of CBD oil and prednisolone on hematologic indices, urea, and creatinine among cadmium-induced toxicity in male rats. Forty male rats weighing 150g to 200g were assigned into 8 groups (1-8) with five rats each. Group 1 served as control, Group 2-8 received 1mg/kg body weight of prednisolone; 1.5mg/kg bw of cadmium; 1mg/kg bw of prednisolone + 0.2mg/kg bw of CBD-oil; 0.2mg/kg bw of CBD-oil + 2mg/kg bw of cadmium; 3mg/kg bw of Pred + 2mg/kg of cadmium; 0.1mg/kg bw of CBD-oil and 0.2mg/kg bw of CBD-oil respectively. The administration was done using gavage for 14 days. The present results revealed that PCV, haemoglobin, and RBC count of the treated groups were decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) comparedto the control. TWBC count significantly increased in treated groups than in control. Platelet count significantly increased in groups treated with pred+ cd, CBD-oil (0.1ml), and CBD-oil (0.2ml) than control. Neutrophil count was significantly reduced in groups treated with CBD oil (0.1ml) than in control and other groups. Lymphocyte count significantly increased in groups treated with cadmium+ CBD oil and CBD oil (0.1ml) than in other groups. Eosinophil count significantly decreased in groups treated with prednisolone and pred +CBD oil than control. Monocyte count significantly increased in groups treated with cadmium, pred +cadmium, and CBD oil (0.1ml) than in control. There was a significant decrease in groups treated with pred +CBD-oil, cadmium + CBD-oil, and CBD-oil (0.2ml) than control. Serum urea significantly decreased in the group treated with pred + CBD oil than control. Serum creatinine significantly increased in groups treated with cadmium + CBD oil and CBD oil (0.2ml) compared to the control and prednisolone groups. Histology of the kidney revealed mesangial expansion, hypertrophy of renal corpuscle, hemorrhage, and lymphocyte infiltration in groups treated with pred+ CBD oil and CBD oil (0.1ml) compared to the control. We conclude that CBD oil, prednisolone, and cadmium administration at different doses induced biochemical alterations, altered hematologic indices, and cytoarchitecture of the kidney. Therefore, if these results apply to humans, combined use of CBD oil and prednisolone should be supplemented with blood tonics, especially in chronic kidney disease.

Different protocols in treatment of placental retention in dairy cows and their influences on reproductive performance.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of α-chymotrypsin on placental separation as a treatment protocol for retained placenta (RP) in dairy cows and its effect on reproductive performance after placental shedding. The study was conducted on 64 crossbred cows that suffered from retained placenta. Cows were divided into four equal groups: group I (n = 16) treated with prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α); group II (n = 16) treated with PGF2α in combination with α-chemotrypsin; group III (n = 16) treated with α-chemotrypsin only and group IV (n = 16) treated by manual removal of the RP. Cows were under observation after treatment till placental shedding. Placental samples were taken from the non-responsive cows after the course of treatment and examined to observe the histopathological changes in each group. Results revealed that the time of placental dropping showed a significant decrease in group II compared to other groups. Histopathological examination of group II shows that collagen was found as fewer fibres in scattered areas and necrosis appeared as numerous areas widespread in the foetal villi. A few inflammatory cells were infiltrated in the placental tissue and the vascular changes appear as mild vasculitis and mild oedema. Cows in group II have rapid uterine involution, decreased risk of post-partum metritis and improved reproductive performance. It is concluded that PGF2α in combination with α- chemotrypsin is the recommended treatment for RP in dairy cows. This recommendation is warranted, as this treatment was successful in achieving rapid placental shedding, rapid uterine involution, a decreased risk of post-partum metritis and improved reproductive performance.

Effect of melatonin on hematological indices in cyclophosphamide induced hematotoxicity in mice

Background: Cyclophosphamide use is often limited by associated hematotoxicity. This study investigated the effects of melatonin on haematological indices in cyclophosphamide-induced hematotoxicity in mice. Methods: Ninety mice weighing between 20-25 gm were randomly divided equally into nine groups (A-I). Group A (saline control) received 2 ml/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) normal saline with 10 ml/kg distilled water orally, groups B, C and D (melatonin control) received i.p. normal saline with melatonin at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg orally, respectively. Group E (cyclophosphamide control) received 150 mg/kg/day i.p. cyclophosphamide with 10 ml/kg distilled water orally, while group F received 150 mg/kg/day cyclophosphamide with standard drug, (erythropoietin control) at 100 IU/kg. Group G, H and I (treatment groups) received 150 mg/kg/day cyclophosphamide with melatonin at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day orally. Cyclophosphamide was administered on days 1 and 2 only, oral administrations occur once daily for 14 days. On day 15, animals were sacrificed and blood collected by cardiac puncture for assessment of haematological parameters; white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC) and platelets (PLT). Results: The results showed a significant increase in WBC in groups C D, G and H (melatonin control; 10 mg/kg. 20 mg/kg and melatonin treatment; 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) and a significant (p=0.001) decrease in group E (cyclophosphamide control) compared to A (saline control). RBC increased significantly in groups B and D (melatonin control; 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) and significantly decreased in group E (cyclophosphamide control) compared to group A (saline control). Compared to group E (cyclophosphamide control), RBC increased significantly in groups F-I (erythropoietin standard, melatonin treatment). PLT increased significantly in groups B, C, (melatonin control; 5mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) G, H and I (melatonin treatment) compared with groups A (saline control) and E (cyclophosphamide control) (p=0.001). Conclusions: Melatonin has potential to attenuate cyclophosphamide-induced hematotoxicity in mice.

The impact of Annona muricata and metformin on semen quality and hormonal profile in Arsenic trioxide-induced testicular dysfunction in male Wistar rat

Male Infertility has been an issue of significant concern affecting an appraised 20-30% of couples worldwide. The study aims to access the hormonal and semen profile following metformin and ethanolic leave extract of Annona muricata (ELAM) on arsenic-induced toxicity in Male Wistar rats. Thirty-male Wistar rats were used in the study, weighing 150-170 grams, and were divided into six groups of five rats each. Group A received 50 mg/kg of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) only. Group B received feed and water ad libitum. Groups C and D received 50mg/kg of As2O3 and were immediately treated with 30 mg/kg of metformin and 500 mg/kg of ELAM. Group E received 500mg/kg of ELAM and treated immediately with As2O3, and group F received 30 mg/kg of metformin and treated immediately with As2O3. Data obtained were subjected to ANOVA followed by post Hoc LSD using SPSS version 25. Semen quality, Testosterone, FSH, LH levels, and gonadal-somatic index were analysed. Values were presented as Mean±SEM and considered significant at p&lt;0.05. The gonadal-somatic index revealed a significant decrease in group D, while groups B, C, E, and F had no significant decrease compared to A. As2O3 treated rats showed impaired sperm motility, morphology, and total sperm count significantly in groups A to B, while groups C, D, E, and F improved sperm motility, morphology, and total sperm count. Testosterone, LH, and FSH showed a significant decline in group A compared to B, except for LH. Groups C, D, E, and F showed a significant increase in testosterone and LH, except group C in FSH. The study concluded that MET and ELAM improved semen quality and hormonal profile, which could be used in the reversing and prevention of male infecundity linked to arsenic trioxide toxicity caused by oxidative stress.

Evaluation of Acute Effects of Cadmium Toxicity on Serum Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin in Male Albino Wistar Rats Treated with Ethanol leaf Extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis and Mangifera indica

Acute impacts of heavy metal exposure on serum total protein (TP), albumin (AL) and globulin (GL) in male albino Wistar rats treated with ethanol leaf extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis and Mangifera indica were evaluated. Twenty-five (25) animals (125-250 g) were randomly assigned five groups of five rats each. Groups 1-4 were orally administered with cadmium chloride (30 %) below its LD50, (267 mg/kg) each for three times at 2 days interval before treatment with the plant extracts. Groups 1 and 2 were later treated with 300 mg/kg of T. bangwensis and M. indica respectively. Group 3 was treated with 300 mg/kg combined extracts of the two plants at 50:50 dosage ratio while group 4 and 5 were not treated with the plant extracts and served as positive and normal control respectively. Animals in each group were allowed free access to commercial rat mash and water throughput two weeks of treatment which was done daily via oral route. After the fourteen (14) days experimentation, the results revealed a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in serum total protein in group 2 and 3 when compared to group 1. No significant difference (P&gt;0.05) was observed in group 1 compared to the positive and normal controls. Group 2 showed significant increase (P&lt;0.05) when compared to groups 3 and 5. Group 3 showed significant increase (P&lt;0.05) when compared to groups 4 and 5, but with no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) in group 4 compared to group 5. Serum albumin level showed significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in group 1 when compared to group 2 and 3, but with no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) compared to groups 4 and 5. Significant decrease in group 2 (P&lt;0.05) when compared to group 4. Group 4 compared to group 5. Significant increase in serum albumin was revealed in group 4 when compared to group 5. Serum globulin recorded significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in group 1 compared to group 2 and 3, but with no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) compared to group 4 and 5. Group 2 showed significant increase (P&lt;0.05) when compared to groups 4 and 5. Group 3 recorded significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in serum globulin when compared to Group 4, but with no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) compared to group 5. The implications of these results are that human should not be exposed to heavy metals to avid toxicity, also if exposed the extracts used could be administered to ameliorate.

Hypoxia signaling in the equine small intestine: Expression and distribution of hypoxia inducible factors during experimental ischemia.

Hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) are widely researched in human medicine for their role in different disease processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and distribution of HIF in experimental small intestinal ischemia in the horse. In 14 horses under general anesthesia, segmental jejunal ischemia with 90% reduction in blood flow was induced. The horses were randomly divided into two groups of seven horses, one subjected to ischemic postconditioning (IPoC) by delayed reperfusion, and a control group (group C) undergoing undelayed reperfusion. Intestinal samples were taken pre-ischemia, after ischemia and after reperfusion. Following immunohistochemical staining for HIF1α and -2α, the immunoreactivity pattern in the small intestine was evaluated by light microscopy, and the mucosal enterocyte and muscularis staining were semi-quantitatively scored. Additionally, mucosal HIF1α protein levels were determined by an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and mRNA levels of HIF1α and its target genes by a two-step real-time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. Statistical comparison was performed between the groups and time points using parametric and non-parametric tests (p < 0.05). All cell types exhibited cytoplasmic and nuclear immunoreactivity for HIF1α. After reperfusion, the cytoplasmic staining of the crypt and villus enterocytes as well as the villus nuclear staining significantly increased, whereas the perinuclear granules in the crypts decreased. The protein levels showed a significant decrease in group C at reperfusion, with lower HIF1α levels in group C compared to group IPoC during ischemia and reperfusion. No other group differences could be detected. In the HIF2α stained slides, mild to moderate cytoplasmic staining yet no nuclear immunoreactivity of the enterocytes was observed, and no significant changes over time were noted. the changes in HIF1α immunoreactivity pattern and expression over time suggest that this transcription factor plays a role in the intestinal response to ischemia in horses. However, the current study could not identify an effect of IPoC on HIF distribution or expression.

Assessment of Potassium Bromate, Calcium Sulfate and Synergistic Toxic Effects in Male Mice

Food additives are the basis of the modern food industry, and play an important role in improving the color, smell, and taste of food, altering its nutritional structure, perfecting its processing conditions, and extending its shelf life. Twenty four adult male Swiss albino mice were used in our experiment : Group (1) mice were Intraperitoneally injected of normal saline 0.5 ml (as control). Group (2) mice were intraperitoneally injected of well dispersed Potassium Bromate 320 mg/kg of body weight for two months (twice weekly). Group (3) mice were faded Calcium sulfate as chew of food 0.03% w/w for two months (daily intake). Group (4) mice were intraperitoneally injected of well dispersed Potassium Bromate 320 mg/kg of body weight for two months (twice weekly) and also given Calcium sulfate as chew of food 0.03% W/W for two months (daily intake). After the end of project protocol the mice had been sacrificed and blood collocated and this parameters was evaluated white blood cells (WBC) , red blood cells (RBC) ,platelet (PLT),hematocrit (HCT), and hemoglobin concentration (Hgb). The result showed there is highly significant decrease for WBC for the (group 2 and group 4) , Red blood cell count show that there is highly significant decrease of (group 2 and4), In contrast the result for Hemoglobin concentration show there were highly significant increase in group 2 and 4 by comparing with control group , also highly significant increase for Hct percentage for the (group 2 and 4) by comparing with control group and group 3. Finally platelets count result show that there is highly significant decrease in group 2 and group 4. From current study We can conclude that there are different harmfully effects of KBrO3 and the synergistic effect with CaSo4 on the animal model and according to that on human due to the daily uptake of this compounds in our life style ,according to the hematological indices (WBC),(RBC), (Hgb), (Hct), and finally (PLT). Thus the using of KBrO3 and CaSo4 should be limited and used specific documented concentration to reduce its unfavorable effects

Lung Ultrasound Is Useful for Evaluating Lung Damage in COVID-19 Patients Treated with Bamlanivimab and Etesevimab: A Single-Center Pilot Study

Background and Objectives: COVID-19 induces massive systemic inflammation. Researchers have spent much time and effort finding an excellent and rapid image tool to evaluate COVID-19 patients. Since the pandemic's beginning, lung ultrasound (LUS) has been identified for this purpose. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were used to treat mild patients and prevent respiratory disease worsening. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 15 Caucasian patients with mild COVID-19 who did not require home oxygen, treated with Bamlanivimab and Etesevimab (Group 1). A molecular nose-throat swab test confirmed the diagnosis. All were office patients, and nobody was affected by respiratory failure. They were admitted to receive the single-day infusion of mAb treatment in agreement with the Italian Drug Agency (AIFA) rules for approval. LUS was performed before the drug administration (T0) and after three months (T1). We compared LUS at T1 in other outpatients who came for follow-up and were overlapping at the time of diagnosis for admittance criteria to receive mAb (Group 2). Results: Our COVID-19 outpatients reported no hospitalization in a follow-up visit after recovery. All patients became SARS-CoV-2 negative within one month since T0. LUS score at T0 was 8.23 ± 6.46. At T1 we found a significant decrease in Group 1 LUS score (5.18 ± 4.74; p < 0.05). We also found a significant decrease in the LUS score of Group 1 T1 compared to Group2 T1 (5.18 ± 4.74 vs 7.82 ± 5.21; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Early treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 virus effectively achieves a better recovery from disease and reduces lung involvement after three months as evaluated with LUS. Despite extrapolation to the general population may be done with caution, based on our data this ultrasound method is also effective for evaluating and following lung involvement in COVID-19 patients.

Diagnostic value of ultrasonographic assessment of fetal thymus gland size in pregnancies associated with the preterm prelabor rupture of membranes

Background: Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) is responsible for approximately one third of preterm deliveries. Prenatal sonographic (US) assessment of the fetal thymus has become available. This research was done to investigate the role of ultrasonographic assessment of fetal thymus size in pregnancy associated with preterm premature rupture of membrane and its relationship with fetal outcome.Methods: This prospective controlled observational study was carried out on 60 cases with maternal age from 18 to 40 years old, gestational age between 24 and 36 weeks, singleton pregnancy and associated with PROM. Cases were subdivided into two groups Group A: 30 cases with PROM, Group B: 30 normal at the same gestational age. All cases were subjected to history taking, obstetric history, maternal medical history, investigation studies and ultrasound study. Results: The amniotic fluid index had a significant decrease in group A compared with B, and the gestational diabetes mellitus had a significant increase in group A compared with B. The small fetal thymus size had a significant increase in group A compared with B (p =0.013). The Puerperal endomyometritis had a significant increase in group A (30%) compared with B (0%). The Apgar score at 5 mins (p<0.001) and Apgar score (p= 0.042) at 10 mins were significantly decreased in group A compared with B.Conclusions: In pregnancy associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes, small fetal thymus might be associated with histologic chorioamnionitis, higher rate of perinatal mortality and short‐ and long‐term neonatal morbidity however many cases remained clinically silent.

Hyperbaric oxygen mitigates KIM-1 and inflammatory cytokine levels in kidney transplantation

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) administration applied during cold ischemic time to organs removed from donors before kidney transplantation. A total of 24 rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 was the control group, Group 2 received 60 minutes of HBO2 at 2.5 atmospheres absolute, and Group 3 received 120 minutes of 2.5 ATA HBO2. The renal artery was entered with a polyethylene catheter and perfused with a standard organ preservation solution. Falcon tubes containing organs obtained from rats in Groups 2 and 3 were placed in a box supported by ice blocks. The temperature was kept constant at 4 °C and the box was placed in a pressure tank with 2.5 ATA HBO2. HBO2 was applied for 60 and 120 minutes, respectively. Organ samples were harvested at the end of 24 hours for histopathological evaluation, immunohistochemical analysis of TNF-α and IL-18, TUNEL analysis for apoptosis, and gene expression levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and caspase-3. In histopathological examinations, hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed and samples were evaluated for tubular necrosis and vacuolization criteria. Group 2 and Group 3 had significant decreases compared to Group 1 in this regard. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for TNF-α, IL-18, and apoptosis levels; significant decreases were found in Groups 2 and 3. There were significant decreases in Groups 2 and 3 for KIM-1 and caspase-3 gene expression levels compared to Group 1, as well. Thus, it was demonstrated that during the cold ischemic period before kidney transplantation, HBO2 administration to organs removed from donors can reduce apoptotic cell numbers, inflammatory cytokine release, and histopathological damage to the organs as well as decreasing the expression of the KIM-1 gene, which is an indicator of kidney damage.

Hyperbaric oxygen administration mitigates the expression of kidney injury molecule-1, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic markers during cold ischemic time in kidney transplantation

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) administration applied during cold ischemic time to organs removed from donors before kidney transplantation. A total of 24 rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 was the control group, Group 2 received 60 minutes of HBO2 at 2.5 atmospheres absolute, and Group 3 received 120 minutes of 2.5 ATA HBO2. The renal artery was entered with a polyethylene catheter and perfused with a standard organ preservation solution. Falcon tubes containing organs obtained from rats in Groups 2 and 3 were placed in a box supported by ice blocks. The temperature was kept constant at 4 °C and the box was placed in a pressure tank with 2.5 ATA HBO2. HBO2 was applied for 60 and 120 minutes, respectively. Organ samples were harvested at the end of 24 hours for histopathological evaluation, immunohistochemical analysis of TNF-α and IL-18, TUNEL analysis for apoptosis, and gene expression levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and caspase-3. In histopathological examinations, hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed and samples were evaluated for tubular necrosis and vacuolization criteria. Group 2 and Group 3 had significant decreases compared to Group 1 in this regard. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for TNF-α, IL-18, and apoptosis levels; significant decreases were found in Groups 2 and 3. There were significant decreases in Groups 2 and 3 for KIM-1 and caspase-3 gene expression levels compared to Group 1, as well. Thus, it was demonstrated that during the cold ischemic time before kidney transplantation, HBO2 administration to organs removed from donors can reduce apoptotic cell numbers, inflammatory cytokine release, and histopathological damage to the organs as well as decreasing the expression of the KIM-1 gene, which is an indicator of kidney damage.