Significant Decrease In Glucose Research Articles

Thymoquinone attenuates cypermethrin induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice

Cypermethrin (Cyp) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide mainly used to control household pests. Because of the widespread use of pesticides for domestic and industrial applications, evaluation of their toxic effects is of major concern to public health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of thymoquinone (TQ), an antioxidant agent, against Cyp-induced oxidative stress in mice. Thirty Swiss Albino male mice were divided into five equal groups: the animals in the control group (vehicle treated) were given corn oil with a standard rodent diet, and the animals in the experimental groups were orally given 10mg/kg/day Cyp alone, and with TQ at three different doses (5, 10 and 20mg/kg/day) for 28days. Cyp resulted in significant increase in serum urea, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, lipid peroxidation and significant decrease in glucose, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in a dose dependent manner. However, supplementation of TQ resulted in reversal of Cyp-induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, TQ exhibited protective action against the Cyp-induced necrosis, degeneration, and loss of striation in hearts, necrosis of hepatic cells, with degeneration, dilatation of sinusoids and dissociated remark cordons in livers, sloughing off epithelial cell, shrinkage of glomeruli, and necrosis of renal tubules in kidneys of mice. During the experimental period, there were significant decreases between initial body weights and final body weights of Cyp treated mice. In conclusion, TQ is effective in protecting mice against Cyp-induced oxidative stress and enhances the antioxidant defence mechanism and regenerate of tissues in Swiss albino mice.

And antihyperglycemia effects of resvertrol and its derivative on alloxan diabetic rabbits

Background and objective:Resveratrol is a non flavonoid polyphenol ( Vitis vinifera) posses three phenolic hydroxyl group and shown to its biological effects. The derivations of resveratrol associated with the available oral hypoglycermic agents for treatment of diabetes mellutes type 2.. Materials and methods: The study has also employed an in vivo evaluation of resveratrol and its derivative in female rabbits at concentrations ( 1 mg / kg) given orally for 42 days after inducing diabetes mellitus type 2 by alloxan (100mg/1kg body weight). The serum was isolated from heart blood for the biochemical tests, including Glucose, Total protein Albumin and Insulin. At day 42 the animal was killed and the liver and pancreas were kept in 10% formalin for preparation of histopathological sections. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in Glucose, total protein , Creatinine of serum blood levels on treated rabbits p > 0.05, However resveratrol and its derivative treated rabbits showed statistically significant increase in Insulin blood serum levels p > 0.05. Examination of the liver tissue confirmed potential histopathological effects for resveratrol , while derivative has normal appearance in a dose dependent manner. Examination of the pancreas tissue confirmed potential histopathological effects for resveratrol, and its derivatives has normal appearance in a dose dependent manner. The derivatives compound showed a significant differences than the other compounds extract regarding the serum activity of Insulin and hisopathological changes especially in pancreas.

Lipid metabolism and other metabolic changes in vervet monkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Human African trypanosomiasis is associated with metabolic changes which have not been well characterized. Chlorocebus aethiops were experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and late-stage disease induced at 28 days post-infection. Ear prick blood for glucose determination and blood samples were obtained at weekly intervals for 56 days. Analysis was carried out using dry chemistry analysis. In early infection, there was a significant increase in creatine kinase, while during early and transitional stage of infection there was a significant decrease in glucose and high-density lipoprotein and an increase in triglyceride levels. In the late stage, there was a significant increase in both total cholesterol and LDL levels. Further investigations should focus on levels of total cholesterol during the follow-up period in curatively treated vervet monkeys. Apart from their importance in disease staging, the changes in lipids levels may also affect the pharmacokinetics of some trypanocides.

Global untargeted metabolic profiling of human sweat from exercising men and women

Methods Healthy men and women ages 19-30 who self-reported 150-450 minutes of aerobic exercise per week were recruited at two different laboratories (n= 48; n= 40). All participants were provided with the same three meals and beverages to consume in the 24 hours before each exercise session. Participants consumed one test beverage, while exercising, during each visit including water, a caloric sports beverage and a non-caloric sports beverage at volumes equal to sweat loss during a previous trial. Participants cycled on an ergometer for 60 min at an intensity that elicited a heart rate between 60-65% of heart rate reserve. A sweat collection patch was placed on the lower back and sweat collected at three timepoints including between 10-20 min, 30-40 min, and 50-60 min of exercise. Sweat was frozen on dry ice, stored at -80°C until analysis. Sweat from 21 males (lab 1), 14 females (lab 1), and 13 females (lab 2) was analyzed. Selected samples were matched for age, BMI, and total sweat loss from the previous trial. Sweat was prepared and analyzed using GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. Data analyses were performed usingtwo-way ANOVAs with repeated measures and ANOVA contrasts on natural log-transformed data and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Sweat contained 260 compounds including 143 identified metabolites and technical replicates showed 14% median relative standard deviation. Identified compounds included amino acids, peptides, nucleotides, carbohydrates, xenobiotics, and cellular protectants.Previously identified compounds present in sweat included betaine, lactate, pyruvate, urea, caffeine,several amino acids, and others. Extended periods of exercise resulted in a 2-fold decrease in several metabolites associated with energy metabolism, such as lactate and pyruvate. Exercise reduced glucose levels ~30% at 40 and 60 minutes (p<0.05) in subjects drinking water while no significant decrease in glucose was observed when subjects drank the full calorie sports drink. Prolonged exercise caused a significant decrease (≥ 30%) of several amino acids reflecting the importance of acid-base balance and ammonia detoxification in muscle during exercise. A principal component analysis showed sweat composition from females was similar between the two sites. Prolonged exercise elicited a decrease in the sweat concentration of many metabolites at the end of exercise compared to sweat collected between 10-20min.

Effects of Improving Glycemic Control with Insulin on Leptin, Adiponectin, Ghrelin and Neuropeptidey Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Pilot Study

Objective:Insulin therapy is associated with weight gain in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several peptides are implicated in appetite control. We evaluated the effects of insulin-induced improved glycaemic control on leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels and patient characteristics. Method:Consecutive T2DM patients (n = 90) were divided into 2 groups: Group A: 45 insulin-naïve uncontrolled (glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; HbA1c >7%) patients on oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) who converted to insulin monotherapy. Group B: 45 well-controlled (HbA1c <7%) patients on OHAs. Both groups were monitored at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Males and females were analyzed separately because some hormone levels differ between genders. Results:In both genders, insulin therapy (Group A) was associated with significant (p = 0.003 to <0.001) increases in weight, body mass index and leptin levels and significant decreases in glucose, HbA1c and NPY levels. In male insulin-treated patients a significant increase in adiponectin levels (p = 0.008) was observed. There were significant correlations (p = 0.016 to <0.001) between leptin levels, waist circumference and body fat in all patient groups, except group B males. Conclusion:Changes in leptin, adiponectin and NPY levels may occur after insulin-induced improved glycaemic control. These changes may be influenced by gender, weight, body fat and HbA1c.

Effect of recombinant interleukin-10 on some haematological and biochemical parameters in a rat endotoxaemic model

Recombinant interleukin-10 (rIL10) has been found to suppress the synthesis of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tissue factor and to improve survival from experimental sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of rIL-10 on lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-) induced haematological and biochemical disturbances in rats. In the present study, 40 rats were used and divided equally into four groups. Group 1 (control group, C) was treated with 0.9% saline. Group 2: LPS was injected intravenously (1.6 mg/100 g), Group 3 received rIL10 treatment (125 μg/kg) 2 min before 0.9% saline injection, Group 4 received rIL10 treatment 2 min before endotoxin treatment. When compared with the controls, platelet count, leukocyte count (with a marked neutrophilia and lymphopenia) and fibrinogen were decreased, while activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) were prolonged in the endotoxaemic rats. In addition, LPS caused statistically significant increases in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities as well as creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, while it caused a statistically significant decrease in glucose, total protein and albumin levels as compared to the control group. On the other hand, rIL10 significantly suppressed disturbances in the haematological and biochemical parameters associated with endotoxaemia. As a result, rIL10 may be efficacious in preventing haematological disorders, tissue damage and changes in lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism in endotoxaemia.

Effect of protein and chromium intake on some nutritional and biochemical status in diabetic rats

ABSTRACT The present study was designed to investigate the effects of protein and chromium intake on some nutritional and biological status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. This study was conducted on forty -nine Sprague –Dawley adult male rats, weighting 190 ±15 g were classified into control and six treated groups with drug, chromium, high protein, low protein, high protein with chromium and low protein with chromium groups for ten weeks. The obtained results revealed that the drug, chromium, high protein, high protein with chromium and low protein with chromium groups rat group had a significant higher values of body weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, insulin, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, GPX, SOD and globulin and a significant lower value in ALT, AST, AP,γGT ,creatinine and urea when compared with control group but a significant decrease in the value of glucose and MDA compared with drug group . The high protein and high protein with chromium rat groups showed a significant increase in the value of total protein but high protein with chromium and low protein with chromium rat groups showed significant decrease in the value of albumin/ globulin ratio when compared with control group or with drug rat group. The chromium, high protein, high protein with chromium and low protein with chromium rat groups showed significant decrease in the value of total bilirubin while the chromium, low protein and low protein with chromium rat groups showed significant decrease in the value of uric acid when compared with control group. The low protein rat group showed a non significant difference in final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio, insulin, packed cell volume, SOD , MDA, ALT, AST, AP , γGT, total bilirubin and creatinine and a significant decrease in glucose and GPX but a significant increase in heamoglobin and globulin when compared with control group but showed a significant decrease in weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, insulin, packed cell volume, GPX, SOD and a significant increase in glucose, MDA, ALT, AST, AP ,γGT and creatinine when compared with drug group. Key wards :( protein - chromium - diabetic rat).

Effect of thiamine administration on metabolic profile, cytokines and inflammatory markers in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes

To evaluate the effect of thiamine administration on metabolic profile, cytokines and inflammatory markers in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot-scale clinical trial was carried out in 24 patients with T2DM. Twelve subjects received thiamine orally (150mg), once daily during a fasting state for 1month. An additional 12 patients (control group) were given placebo for the same period of time. Before and after the intervention, fasting glucose, A1C, creatinine, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin and adiponectin levels were estimated. Wilcoxon's signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analyses. There were significant decreases in glucose (6.7±1.0mmol/l vs. 6.0±1.0mmol/l, p=0.024) before and after the intervention, respectively, and leptin concentrations (32.9±13.3ng/ml vs. 26.9±12.8ng/ml, p=0.027) before and after the intervention, respectively, with thiamine administration. There were no changes with the rest of the measurements. Thiamine administration for 1month decreased glucose and leptin concentrations in drug-naïve patients with T2DM.

Bioactivity of a flavanol‐rich lychee fruit extract in adipocytes and its effects on oxidant defense and indices of metabolic syndrome in animal models

Many polyphenolic compounds are poorly digested, and have low bioavailability due to their long chain lengths and chemical composition. A processed, flavanol-rich lychee fruit extract (FRLFE) that is higher in flavanol monomers, dimer and trimers than its unprocessed counterpart, was tested in a variety of models. First, mature visceral adipocytes were treated with 0, 3, 10 or 30 microg/mL FRLFE (day 6-8). Compared with the controls, the treated cells had lower triglyceride concentrations, less lipid accumulation and a smaller lipid droplet size. Adiponectin release was significantly greater in cells receiving 3 or 10 microg/mL FRLFE than in the controls. Second, rats given a single dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg FRLFE had significant increases in plasma (-)-epicatechin, 3'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin, and (+)-catechin levels, peak values were at approximately 2 h and appreciable concentrations were still detected at 6 h. Rats supplemented daily for 1 week with 50 or 100 mg/kg FRLFE had significantly elevated metabolite concentrations. In response to an oxidative stress, erythrocyte membrane integrity was significantly improved in the 100 mg/kg FRLFE group. Third, 7-month-old mice fed a 200 mg/kg FRLFE diet for 10 months showed a significant decrease in glucose, triglyceride and lipid peroxide levels compared with mice fed a control diet. Collectively, these results support the concept that the flavanols present in FRLFE are well absorbed and bioactive.

Ketosis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): clinical findings and the associated oxidative stress level

As little is known about the oxidant/antioxidant status in buffalo with ketosis, the present study was delineated to assess the oxidative stress level associated with clinical ketosis in water buffalo. A total of 91 parturient buffalo at smallholder farms were studied (61 suspected to be ketotic and 30 healthy). Clinical and biochemical investigations were carried out for each buffalo. Based on clinical findings and the level of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), buffalo were allocated into ketotic (42), subclinical cases (19). Clinically, there was an association between clinical ketosis and anorexia (p<0.001), constipation (p<0.001), decreased milk yield (p<0.001), ruminal stasis (p<0.001), and loss of body condition (p<0.01). Biochemically, in clinical ketosis compared with subclinical and control cases, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) of BHB, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), L-alanine aminotransferase (ALT). However, there was a significant decrease of glucose, phosphorus, magnesium,total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. There was a positive correlation between BHB and MDA (r=0.433), BHB and NO (r=0.37), MDA and NO (r=0.515), and Glucose and phosphorus(r=0.521). However, there was a negative correlation between BHB and glucose (r= -0.341) and HDL and NO (r= -0.379). The result of the present study indicates that hyperketonemia in buffalo is associated with an increase of oxidative stress levels. Further studies need to be done on the efficacy of antioxidants as an ancillary treatment to relief the oxidative stress caused by ketosis.

Rapid weight loss followed by recovery time does not affect judo-related performance

In this study, we investigated the effects of rapid weight loss followed by a 4-h recovery on judo-related performance. Seven weight-cycler athletes were assigned to a weight loss group (5% body weight reduction by self-selected regime) and seven non-weight-cyclers to a control group (no weight reduction). Body composition, performance, glucose, and lactate were assessed before and after weight reduction (5–7 days apart; control group kept weight stable). The weight loss group had 4 h to re-feed and rehydrate after the weigh-in. Food intake was recorded during the weight loss period and recovery after the weigh-in. Performance was evaluated through a specific judo exercise, followed by a 5-min judo combat and by three bouts of the Wingate test. Both groups significantly improved performance after the weight loss period. No interaction effects were observed. The energy and macronutrient intake of the weight loss group were significantly lower than for the control group. The weight loss group consumed large amounts of food and carbohydrate during the 4-h recovery period. No changes were observed in lactate concentration, but a significant decrease in glucose during rest was observed in the weight loss group. In conclusion, rapid weight loss did not affect judo-related performance in experienced weight-cyclers when the athletes had 4 h to recover. These results should not be extrapolated to inexperienced weight-cyclers.

Some Immunohormonal Changes in Experimentally Pregnant Toxemic Goats

Pregnancy toxemia was induced in nine pregnant goat does with twins by the stress of fasting with access to water in late pregnancy to investigate the effect of pregnancy toxemia on immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG), cortisol, insulin, thyroid, and growth hormones and their correlations with the plasma levels of glucose and β-Hydroxybutyrate. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after induction of pregnancy toxemia. The result revealed that experimental animals developed neurological findings with convulsions and acetone odor from the mouth with recumbency after 72 hours. Laboratory findings showed a significant increase in β-Hydroxybutyrate, cortisol, and insulin while there were significant decreases in glucose, thyroid, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG). Plasma glucose concentrations had significant negative correlations with β-hydroxybutyrate, cortisol, and insulin while the correlations were significantly positive with immunoglobulins and thyroid hormone. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration was significantly positively correlated with cortisol and negatively correlated with immunoglobulins, insulin, and thyroid hormone. From this study we can conclude that pregnancy toxemia might affect humoral immune responses as well as insulin, cortisol, and thyroid hormones. Moreover, insulin might have a compensatory role to increase suppressive effect on ketogenesis in experimentally pregnant toxemic goats.

Beneficial effects of thymoquinone on hepatic key enzymes in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic rats

Aims The present study was designed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic potential of thymoquinone (TQ), major constituent of Nigella sativa seeds on the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetic rats. Main methods Diabetes was induced in experimental rats weighing 180–220 g, by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of STZ (45 mg/kg b.w), 15 min after the i.p administration of NA (110 mg/kg b.w). Diabetic rats were administered TQ intragastrically at 20, 40, 80 mg/kg b.w for 45 days. The levels of plasma glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1C) and hemoglobin (Hb) were measured. The activities of hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase were assayed in liver homogenates. Key findings Oral administration of TQ for 45 days, dose dependently improved the glycemic status in STZ-NA induced diabetic rats. The levels of insulin, Hb increased with significant decrease in glucose and HbA 1C levels. The altered activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes were restored to near normal. No significant changes were noticed in normal rats treated with TQ. Significance These results show that TQ at 80 mg/kg b.w is associated with beneficial changes in hepatic enzyme activities and thereby exerts potential antihyperglycemic effects.

Desmopresssin and Hemodilution: Implications in Doping

Blood doping improves physical performance in sport. This is the reason why the antidoping authorities subject athletes to blood tests. Plasma volume expanders are prohibited agents used to reduce an artificial increase in hematological values using different illegal practices. The aim of our study was to test whether desmopressin (DDAVP)-induced hemodilution would alter the concentration of hematological parameters used to detect blood doping in sports. This was an intra-subject crossover study. Venous blood samples were obtained from eight physically active males on two occasions. On the first occasion the subjects ingested 1.5 L of mineral water and 4.3 microg/kg of DDAVP. On the second occasion the subjects ingested 1.5 L of mineral water. The samples were analyzed for hematocrit, hemoglobin, reticulocytes, OFF Hr-Score, glucose, albumin, creatinine and total proteins. After treatment with DDAVP we found a significant decrease in the hematocrit, hemoglobin and in the OFF Hr-Score values. We also found a significant decrease in glucose, albumin, creatinine and total proteins concentration; however, in this case, all the values were significantly below the physiological levels. Treatment with DDAVP has a very effective hemodilution effect. We consider that this substance should be included in the WADA's prohibited list.

Role of lipoic acid on insulin resistance and leptin in experimentally diabetic rats

Objective We aimed to examine the changes in serum insulin and leptin levels in induced type 1 diabetes mellitus in relationship to glycemic state and lipid profiles and to clarify the role of lipoic acid (LA). Methods Ninety-six male rats were equally divided into the following: a control group (normal, nondiabetic), a diabetic group induced by subcutaneous injection of alloxan (non-LA-treated), and an LA-treated diabetic group (for 4 weeks). Body weight, serum lipid profile, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and leptin were measured. Results This study showed a significant increase in serum triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol, glucose levels, and HOMA-IR and a significant decrease in body weight gain, insulin, and leptin levels in the diabetic group compared to the control group. LA treatment induced a significant decrease in glucose, TG, and total cholesterol levels and significantly increased serum insulin and leptin levels in comparison with the diabetic group. Conclusion Induced diabetes resulted in insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hypoleptinemia, while LA ameliorates these changes and improves insulin sensitivity.

Impact of an acoustic stimulus on the motility and blood parameters of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)

The physiological responses of fish to underwater noise are poorly understood and further information is needed to evaluate any possible negative effects of sound exposure. We exposed European sea bass and gilthead sea bream to a 0.1-1 kHz linear sweep (150 dB(rms) re 1 microPa). This band frequency is perceptible by many species of fish and is mainly produced by vessel traffic. We assessed the noise-induced motility reaction (analysing the movements) and the haematological responses (measuring blood glucose and lactate, and haematocrit levels). The noise exposure produced a significant increase in motility as well as an increase in lactate and haematocrit levels in sea bream and sea bass. A significant decrease of glucose was only observed in sea bream. A linear correlation between blood parameters and motility in fish exposed to the noise was observed. The acoustic stimulus produced intense muscle activity.

Chromium dinicocysteinate supplementation decreases blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, CRP, MCP‐1 and lipid peroxidation, and increases adiponectin and vitamin C levels in Zucker Type 2 diabetic fatty rats

Trivalent chromium (Cr3+) supplementation is widely used by the general public to improve normal protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. The present study examined the effect of oral supplementation with chromium nicotinate (CDN), chromium dinicocysteinate (CDNC), or L‐cysteine (LC) on fasting levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1), C‐reactive protein (CRP), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), adiponectin, vitamin C, and lipid peroxidation (LP) in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Control buffer, CDN or CDNC (400 μg Cr/kg BW), and LC (0.93 mg/kg BW) was administered by gavage daily for 8 wks. Blood was collected by heart puncture using light anesthesia. With increasing age, ZDF rats had elevated blood levels of glucose, HbA1, CRP, MCP‐1 and decreased levels of adiponectin and vitamin C. Compared to control, CDNC supplementation showed a significant decrease in glucose, HbA1, CRP, MCP‐1 and LP. Compared to controls, only CDNC supplementation caused a significant increase in levels of adiponectin and vitamin C. There was no change in blood markers of liver and kidney function tests in CDNC supplemented group. This study demonstrates that chromium dinicocysteinate supplementation can lower the risk of glycemia and vascular inflammation in ZDF rats. Research was supported by InterHealth, Benicia, CA.

CMyc increases cell number through uncoupling of cell division from cell size in CHO cells

BackgroundOver the past decades, the increase in maximal cell numbers for the production of mammalian derived biologics has been in a large part due to the development of optimal feeding strategies. Engineering of the cell line is one of probable approaches for increasing cell numbers in bioreactor.ResultsWe have demonstrated that the over-expression of the c-myc gene in immortalised CHO cells can increase proliferation rate and maximal cell density in batch culture compared to the control. The changes were attributed to a rapid transition into S-phase from a shortened duration of G1 phase and to the uncoupling of cell size from cell proliferation. To achieve the >70% increase in maximal cell density without additional supply of nutrients the cells underwent an overall reduction of 14% in size as well as a significant decrease in glucose and amino acid consumption rate. Consequently, the total biomass accumulation did not show a significant change from the control. The amount of hSEAP-hFc activity of the over expressing c-myc cell line was found to be within 0.7% of the control.ConclusionIt is shown that the manipulation of cell cycle kinetics and indirectly cell metabolism gives higher cell densities in CHO batch cultures. The unaltered apoptotic rate supported the proposition that the increase in cell number was a result of enhance cell cycle kinetics and cellular metabolism rather than increasing viability. Production of hSEAP-hFc from a constitutive c-myc over-expressing cell line did not increase with the increase in cell number.

Changes in serum glucose, sodium, and tonicity in cats treated for diabetic ketosis

AbstractObjective – To examine serum sodium, glucose, and tonicity in cats with diabetic ketosis.Design – Retrospective study.Setting – A university‐based referral hospital.Animals – Cats admitted to the ICU during the period 1998 to 2002 with a diagnosis of diabetic ketosis.Interventions – None. Routine clinical management of diabetes and associated conditions.Measurements – Serum biochemistry assessments.Main Results – Abnormalities of glucose, sodium and serum tonicity (ST) were common in the study group. Serum sodium but not glucose correlated closely with ST. A subset of cats treated with intravenous insulin and an isotonic sodium‐containing solution for 72 hours showed a significant decrease in glucose from admission values at 48 and 72 hours (but not at 24 hours). Serum sodium, potassium, and ST were not significantly different from admission values at any time over the 72‐hour period. However, the relative contribution of individual osmolytes varied over the course of treatment. Although glucose decreased &gt;120% from admission values over the 72‐hour treatment period, the approximately 5% rise in serum sodium that occurred offset the osmotic effect of falling glucose and the overall ST change was &lt;3%.Conclusions – The incidence of osmotic‐mediated neurologic complications during treatment of cats with diabetic ketosis is low in part because the minimal fluctuation in ST during treatment likely prevents the development of osmotic gradients between serum and central nervous system tissues. The use of isotonic sodium‐containing fluids in the treatment of feline diabetes acts to minimize large osmotic shifts by adding sodium to the serum compartment as the glucose concentration falls.

Is There a Difference in Metabolic Outcome Between Different Enteral Formulas?

Despite appropriate enteral nutrition, many elderly patients do not reach a good metabolic outcome. Two nutrition formulas are commonly used in Israel with no evidence-based medicine to indicate preference of one over the other. We describe a 2-month observational study of patients fed by 1 of the 2 formulas. The first (Osmolite, Abbott Company, Abbott Park, IL) is without fiber, and the second (Easy Fiber, Easyline Company Givataim, Israel) in addition to containing fiber is also richer in protein, vitamins, and minerals. The formula was selected by the primary care physician before enrollment in the study and was not influenced by the investigators. Routine blood tests as well as body weight were monitored at the start of enteral feeding and during the 2 months following as part of the regular follow-up. Fifty-seven patients were fed with the regular formula and 77 with the enriched one. No statistically significant differences were noted between the groups during the follow-up period, in body weight, cholesterol levels, total lymphocyte count, renal function tests, or electrolyte balance. However, in the enriched formula group there was a significant decrease in glucose (p < .05), and increase in albumin (p < .05) and hemoglobin (p = .01) levels. Enteral feeding with enriched formula appears to improve albumin and hemoglobin levels as well as diabetic control, thus it may be more appropriate than the nonfiber diet for use in long-term care patients.