Significant Bivariate Correlations Research Articles

Insight into the neural basis of why we feel how we feel during exercise

Event Abstract Back to Event Insight into the neural basis of why we feel how we feel during exercise Gavin D. Tempest1*, Gaynor Parfitt1 and Panteleimon Ekkekakis2 1 University of South Australia, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Australia 2 Iowa State University, Department of Kinesiology, United States Aims: To examine the influence of frontal cortex activation, amygdala activity and perception (tolerance) of the intensity of exercise upon affective (pleasure-displeasure) responses to exercise. Method: Changes in cerebral oxygenation (O2Hb), deoxygenation (HHb), blood volume (tHb) and saturation (HbDiff) were measured using near infrared spectroscopy. Amplitude of the eye blink response (to indicate amygdala activity) was recorded using acoustic startle methods. Affective responses were reported using the Feeling Scale. Measures were taken during exercise at intensities standardised to metabolic processes: 80% of ventilatory threshold (below VT), at VT and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Tolerance of the intensity of exercise was measured using a questionnaire prior to exercise. Results: A series of ANOVAs revealed significant (p < .05) Hemisphere (right, left) by Intensity (below VT, VT, RCP) interactions for O2Hb and HbDiff, and Intensity main effects for HHb, tHb, amplitude and affective responses. At VT, O2Hb and tHb were greater and HHb and HbDiff were stable in both hemispheres than below VT. At RCP, O2Hb and HbDiff were greater in the left than right hemisphere and HHb and tHb were greater in both hemispheres than VT. Amplitude and affective responses declined as the intensity increased. Significant (p < .05) bivariate correlations revealed that at VT, O2Hb (right, left) was associated with amplitude (r = .46 and .55, respectively). At RCP, O2Hb in the right hemisphere (r = -.51) and amplitude (r = -.51) were inversely associated with affective responses and amplitude was inversely associated with tolerance (r = -.50). Conclusions: During exercise at physiologically challenging intensities (above VT), frontal cortex activation and amygdala activity are associated with affective responses and amygdala activity is associated with an individual’s perception (tolerance) of exercise. These findings provide a novel insight into the neural basis of why we feel how we feel during exercise. Keywords: affective responses, frontal cortex, Amygdala, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), acoustic startle reflex, physical activity Conference: ASP2013 - 23rd Annual meeting of the Australasian Society for Psychophysiology, Wollongong, Australia, 20 Nov - 22 Nov, 2013. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Emotion Citation: Tempest GD, Parfitt G and Ekkekakis P (2013). Insight into the neural basis of why we feel how we feel during exercise. Conference Abstract: ASP2013 - 23rd Annual meeting of the Australasian Society for Psychophysiology. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2013.213.00047 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 05 Nov 2013; Published Online: 05 Nov 2013. * Correspondence: Mr. Gavin D Tempest, University of South Australia, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia, gdtempest@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Gavin D Tempest Gaynor Parfitt Panteleimon Ekkekakis Google Gavin D Tempest Gaynor Parfitt Panteleimon Ekkekakis Google Scholar Gavin D Tempest Gaynor Parfitt Panteleimon Ekkekakis PubMed Gavin D Tempest Gaynor Parfitt Panteleimon Ekkekakis Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Comparision of HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitude of nursing and college of education students in Kumasi

The purpose of the study was to compare HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes of nurses and teachers in training. A questionnaire was administered to a cross section of 200 nurses and teachers in training at Kumasi. Respondents were asked to provide information on HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes. The data obtained were presented and analysed using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 16.0. Study results indicated that the majority of the respondents had a high level of HIV/AIDS knowledge, acceptance and positive attitude towards HIV/AIDS issues and patients. Nurses in training had higher HIV/AIDS mean knowledge score ((x=14.55) than teachers in training (x= 14.23). However, independent samples t-test analysis showed insignificant difference between knowledge scores of nurses and teachers in training (t (198=.95, significance level=0.05, sig. (2-tailed)=.33). Also, the nurses in training had higher HIV/AIDS mean attitude score (x= 14.54) than teachers in training (x=14.34). However, independent sample t-test showed insignificant difference between attitude scores of nurses and teachers in training (t (198) =.60, significance level = 0.05, sig (2-tailed) =.54). There was no statistically significant bivariate correlation between knowledge and attitude scores of respondents (r(198)=0.01, significance level=0.05,sig.(2-tailed)=.89). The study recommends that future HIV/AIDS prevention strategies and campaigns in schools and colleges should focus not only on HIV/AIDS knowledge but also on developing and maintaining safe sexual behavior and positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS issues and patients.

Family factors affecting on withdrawal of life‐sustaining treatment in Korea

The purpose of this study was to identify the family factors affecting on withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in Korea on the basis of Olson's Circumplex Model. A descriptive study was conducted with 364 Korean adults who had experienced a family member with cancer being hospitalized at least 1 month prior in Korea. Data were analysed by using the Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regressions with SPSS/WIN 15.0 program. The mean score of The mean score of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment appeared low. Significant bivariate correlations were found among withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, family cohesion and family communication. Family factors predicting withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment were family cohesion and family communication. This study demonstrated that balanced families with optimal family cohesion and communication are predicted to easily accept withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment for their family member at the terminal stage in Korea.

Rac1 Is a Possible Link Between Obesity and Oxidative Stress in Chinese Overweight Adolescents

Enhanced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity in the monocytes occurred in metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes and obese patients in adults. However, whether NADPH oxidase is involved in the oxidative stress of overweight adolescents without comorbidities is still unclear. This study aimed to identify whether and how NADPH oxidase plays a crucial role in overweight adolescents. The study was performed in 93 overweight adolescents and 31 normal weight controls. Moreover, 87 overweight adolescents were enrolled in weight-loss program. Demographics characteristics, anthropometrics, composition and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Oxidative stress indexes including the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma and the expression of NADPH oxidase in the monocytes were examined. Overweight adolescents showed a higher oxidative stress state, as indicated by decreased SOD activity and elevated MDA level (P < 0.01). Furthermore, increased NADPH oxidase activity in the monocytes was accompanied by Rac1 upregulation. A significant positive bivariate correlation was found between Rac1 expression and MDA (r = 0.289). There also was a significant positive bivariate correlation between Rac1 expression and obesity-related indexes including BMI (r = 0.227) and percentage of trunk fat (r = 0.233). Data from weight-loss program reinforced the results. Partial correlation analysis indicated that obesity-induced oxidative stress and Rac1 expression is a consequence of aberrant glucose-lipid metabolism in overweight adolescents. In conclusion, we provided novel data showing that NADPH oxidase in the monocytes was highly activated by enhancing Rac1 expression in Chinese overweight adolescents and Rac1 may act as a link between obesity and oxidative stress in overweight adolescents.

The Effects of Perceived External Prestige on Positive Psychological States in Quick Service Restaurants

Through this study the authors sought to examine how perceived external prestige—a variable which examines how an employee believes others view his or her work—effects the outcomes of psychological capital and psychological empowerment at the individual, or employee, level. Results showed that significant bivariate correlations exist between perceived external prestige and psychological capital as well as psychological empowerment. Further they show that the effect of a manager's customer orientation was moderately significant when moderating the relationships between perceived external prestige and psychological capital as well as psychological empowerment. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Night eating patterns and chronotypes: A correlation with binge eating behaviors

This cross-sectional study examined the association between the morningness/eveningness dimension and eating patterns. The sample consists of 100 subjects who were screened at a nutrition clinic and was composed of 77% women; mean age was 39.5 (±11.7) years; and 66% were overweight. Significant bivariate correlations were found between the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) total score and the Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ). The NEQ and BES were also significantly correlated. Body mass index (BMI) was correlated with the NEQ and BES, but it was not a confounding variable as no associations were found between the MEQ and BMI. To control for potential multicollinearity effects among variables, we also used multivariate regression analysis in which the values of the correlation coefficients were adjusted. Only the BES remained statistically associated with the MEQ. In conclusion, these results suggest that the study of chronotype may be an important issue to be considered when characterizing disordered eating. This study serves as an impetus for examining circadian intake patterns in more detail between those with binge eating disorder (BED) and night eating syndrome (NES) to help discern these important nosological questions.

Association of Multimodal Treatment-Induced Improvements in Stress, Exercise Volume, Nutrition, and Weight with Improved Blood Pressure in Severely Obese Women

Research suggests that obesity, physical inactivity, anxiety (psychological tension), and a poor diet are associated with high blood pressure (BP). Although medication is the treatment of choice, behavioral methods might also improve BP in individuals with both prehypertension and hypertension. Severely obese women from the southeast USA (N = 155; M(age) = 45 years; M(body mass index) (BMI) = 41 kg/m(2)) that fulfilled criteria for either prehypertension (n = 96) or hypertension (n = 59) volunteered for a Young Men's Christian Association-based exercise and nutrition support treatment that also included instruction in stress-management methods. Significant (p values of ≤0.001) within-group improvements over 26 weeks in tension, overall mood, exercise volume, fruit and vegetable consumption, BMI, and systolic and diastolic BP were found. There were significant (p values of <0.05) bivariate correlations between improvements in tension, overall mood, volume of exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, BMI, and systolic and diastolic BP improvements. Multiple regression analyses, separately entering changes in tension and overall mood along with changes in volume of exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, and BMI, explained 19 and 20 % of the variances in systolic BP, respectively, (p values of <0.001) and 8 % of the variances, each (p values of ≤0.02), in diastolic BP. In each multiple regression equation, improvements in the psychological factors of tension and overall mood demonstrated the greatest independent contribution to the variances accounted for in BP improvements. The ability of nonpharmaceutical, behavioral methods to improve BP in women with prehypertension and hypertension was suggested, with changes in the psychological factors of tension and overall mood appearing to be especially salient. Practical applications of findings were suggested.

Patterns of Self-Reported Alcohol Use, Depressive Symptoms, and Body Mass Index in a Family Sample: The Buffering Effects of Parentification

Although the impact of parentification on children and adolescents’ psychological health and outcomes has long been studied and well documented, little is known about the impact of parentification on children and adolescents’ physical health and medical outcomes. Moreover, the potential buffering effects of parentification have been examined very rarely. The data in the current study were collected from an understudied, high-priority adolescent population ( N = 51 rural adolescent–parent dyads). The authors examined the bivariate relations between parent health (alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and body mass index [BMI]), adolescent health (alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and BMI), and parentification. The effect size of the significant bivariate correlations ranged from small to large ( r = .29 to r = .62). Parentification was positively associated with parent BMI and adolescent depressive symptoms. Parent alcohol use was strongly associated with adolescent alcohol use. Regression analyses were performed to determine if parentification moderates the relation between parental health and adolescent health. Parentification was found to function as a buffer of the relation between parent alcohol use and adolescent alcohol use. Parentification did not function as a moderator of the relation between parent depressive symptoms and adolescent depressive symptoms nor in the relationship between parent BMI and adolescent BMI. However, parentification did moderate the association between parent alcohol use and adolescent depressive symptoms.

The significance of offending behavior for predicting sexual recidivism among sex offenders of various age groups

Based on a sample of 682 male sex offenders, this study investigated variables of the offending behavior for predicting sexual recidivism in different age groups. The sex offenders were allocated into four age groups. For each group, those characteristics of offending behavior showing a significant bivariate correlation with sexual recidivism were extracted. Using logistic regression, we then analyzed their incremental validity above and beyond a previously developed Crime Scene Behavior Risk (CBR)-Score, which measures the risk of sexual recidivism without taking into account the offenders' age (Dahle, Biedermann, Gallasch-Nemitz, & Janka, 2010). Age-specific offending behavior variables with incremental validity were combined with the general CBR-Score into age-specific scores and examined for their predictive accuracy. We also analyzed the extent in which these age-specific scores showed incremental validity above and beyond the Static-99 (Hanson & Thornton, 1999).For three of the four age groups, age-specific Crime Scene Behavior Risk-Scores could be determined which were incrementally valid above and beyond the Static-99. Predictive accuracy varied between AUC=.74 and AUC=.90 (r=.28 to r=.49) depending on age group. The results are discussed within context of recent findings on the latent dimensions of actuarial risk assessment variables.

Predictors of atrial emptying function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Background Atrial function is an integral part of cardiac function that is often neglected. Previous studies have shown that the left atrium (LA) is dilated and its contractile capacity is reduced in HCM patients. Whether this is related to pathophysiological aspects of HCM such as the degree of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis or diastolic dysfunction remains to be established. Methods 56 patients with HCM (44M/12F, mean age 55±14 years) and 50 normal controls (35M/15F, mean age 52 ±11 years) underwent CMR (Siemens Avanto 1.5T). HCM patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF<55%), known coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and moderate or severe valve disease were excluded. The imaging protocol included standard long and short-axis SSFP cines and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging. In addition to standard LV measurements (volumes, ejection fraction, mass), atrial volumes (max, min volume indexed for BSA) were measured using biplane-length-area method in 2 orthogonal planes (HLA and VLA SSFP retro-gated cine sequences). Diastolic function parameters (peak flow rate, time-topeak-flow, deceleration time) were assessed using manual tracing of endocardial border across all temporal phases of the short axis stack and corrected for end-diastolic volume and RR interval respectively. Ventricular fibrosis was calculated using a full-width at half-maximum algorithm and expressed as LV mass percentage. Results Maximum LA volume was increased (63.3±16.6 vs 50.8 ±14.5 ml/m2; p<0.001) and LA ejection fraction (LAEF) was significantly reduced (54.1±11.2% vs 63.9±4.8%; p<0.001) in HCM patients compared to normal controls, respectively (Figure). HCM patients had increased ejection fraction (76±6 vs 71±5%, p<0.001) and mass index (88±24 vs 57±12 g/m2, p<0.001) compared to normals. The average amount of fibrosis in HCM patients was 11 ±7%. Univariate and multivariate analysis for LAEF in HCM patients are summarised in table 1. Age, LV mass index, LV wall thickness, and myocardial fibrosis showed significant bivariate correlations with LAEF. To analyse the relation between LAEF and ventricular parameters we performed linear regression analysis. This showed that LAEF is predicted independently by 4 variables in a backward selection model (R2=0.415): age, LV mass index, extent of myocardial fibrosis, and the LV time to peak flow. Conclusions

Effects of exercise and nutritional intake on sleep architecture in adolescents

Few studies have evaluated the relationship between sleep architecture and body mass index (BMI), nutrition, and physical activity in children. This study determined the relationship between sleep architecture and diet and exercise. Three hundred nineteen Caucasian and Hispanic children aged 10 to 17 years participated in the follow-up assessment of the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea study. The children and parents completed several questionnaires on dietary habits, amount of physical activity, and sleep habits. Subjects also underwent a home polysomnogram to characterize their sleep. Significant bivariate correlations were noted between stage II sleep percentage and the following: BMI (r = 0.246, p < 0.01), estimated total recreational energy expenditure (r = 0.205, p < 0.01), vigorous activity (r = 0.130, p = 0.009), and total estimated activity (r = 0.148, p = 0.009). In girls, significant correlations were noted between stage II percentage sleep and BMI score (r = 0.279, p < 0.01). Also in girls, significant negative correlation was noted between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage and total fat intake (r = -0.168, p = 0.039). In boys, significant correlations were again seen between stage II percentage sleep and the following: BMI score (r = 0.218, p = 0.005), estimated total recreational energy expenditure (r = 0.265, p = 0.001), vigorous activity (r = 0.209, p = 0.008), and total estimated activity (r = 0.206, p = 0.010). When controlling for BMI percentile and age, significant bivariate correlation was also noted between REM sleep percentage and total fat intake (r = 0.176, p = 0.034) in boys. BMI and exercise were associated with increases in stage II sleep. In girls, total fat intake was associated with a reduction in REM sleep, while in boys (after controlling for BMI percentile and age), total fat intake correlated with REM sleep.

Importance of muscle light microscopic mitochondrial subsarcolemmal aggregates in the diagnosis of respiratory chain deficiency

The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationships between subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates and electron transport chain deficiencies in skeletal muscle with the objective of establishing an association between mitochondrial accumulation and electron transport chain complex deficiency. We conducted a large-scale, retrospective study to evaluate factors associated with subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates (percent) in pediatric patients who received muscle biopsies for suspected respiratory chain disorders. Patients were included if they had histochemical stains for assessment of mitochondrial pathology and had biochemical testing for muscle electron transport chain complex activities. Significant positive bivariate correlations (n = 337) were found between subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregate percentage and electron transport chain complexes II, IV, I + III, and II + III activities. Evaluation showed that a cutoff value of > 2% subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates had poor overall diagnostic accuracy (mean, 32%), compared with a < 5% cutoff (mean, 60%). To better evaluate the effects of subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates percentages, patients were stratified according to lower one-third (group 1, n = 120 plus ties) and upper one-third (group 2, n = 115 plus ties) of subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates values. Although only minor clinical and pathologic differences were observed, group 1 participants had significantly lower electron transport chain complex activities than group 2 for all enzymes except complex III. Logistic regression showed over 2-fold greater odds of deficiency for electron transport chain complexes I + III (P = .01) and II + III (P = .03) for group 1 participants compared with group 2. We conclude that, contrary to the previous > 2.0% subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates cutoff for respiratory chain disorder, patients with a low subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates percentage (≤4%) are significantly more likely to have electron transport chain complex deficiency than patients with increased subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates percentage (≥10%). This morphological approach for assessment of mitochondrial proliferation may assist clinicians to select further testing to rule out an electron transport chain complex deficiency in children by other methods, including direct biochemical testing of electron transport chain complex activities, measurement of muscle coenzyme Q10 content, or evaluation for a mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome.

A threshold model of social support, adjustment, and distress after breast cancer treatment.

This study examined a threshold model that proposes that social support exhibits a curvilinear association with adjustment and distress, such that support in excess of a critical threshold level has decreasing incremental benefits. Women diagnosed with a first occurrence of breast cancer (N = 154) completed survey measures of perceived support (Social Provisions Scale), quality of life (Functional Living Index--Cancer), adjustment (Psychological Adjustment to Illness Scale) and psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory) approximately 3 weeks after surgical treatment and 8-16 months later. Consistent with a threshold model, multiple regression analyses suggested a significant curvilinear relationship between social support and distress at Time 1 and Time 2 and between social support and adjustment at Time 2. Consistent with this model, the significant bivariate correlations between social support and outcomes were accounted for almost entirely by women in the lowest quartile of support. Social support among women in the highest 3 quartiles was unrelated or only marginally related to adjustment and distress.

Relationship between Kleine-Levin Syndrome and Upper Respiratory Infection in Taiwan

In Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS), new episodes of hypersomnia are often preceded by an acute flu-like syndrome or upper airway infection 3 to 5 days before onset. This study investigated the relationship between the occurrence of mild upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) in the general population and the occurrence and seasonality and hypersomnic episodes in KLS patients. This investigation was a longitudinal clinical study. Based on data obtained from the National Health Research Institutes between 2006 and 2007, the timing of hypersomnic episodes in 30 KLS patients were compared with calendar reports of URI events, and the results compared with age-matched general Taiwanese population. Clinical symptoms, physical examination, polysomnographic recording, SPECT study, and laboratory tests affirming KLS during both periods of hypersomnic attack and non-attack were collected. Every symptomatic episode was then followed up. The cross-correlation function (CCF) and bivariate correlations analysis were performed to see the relationship between KLS and URIs. A positive finding of CCF analysis and significant bivariate correlations were found between KLS episodes and URI in the general population (r = 0.456*). In onset of hypersomnia, significant correlations existed among "acute upper respiratory infections" (r = 0.446*), "acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis" (r = 0.462*), and "pharyngitis and nasopharyngitis" (r = 0.548*) subtypes of infections. A positive correlation between higher reports of symptomatic hypersomnia and URI also existed in a given season. A positive nonsignificant trend for "allergic rhinitis" (r = 0.400) was also found. The agent behind URI or its consequence (such as fever) is associated with increased incidence of KLS episodes and may explain periodic symptomatic recurrences.

Acute Physical Therapy and Length of Hospital Stay Following Lumbar Discectomy and Lumbar Fusion: A Retrospective Analysis

Purpose: Lumbar fusion and discectomy are commonly performed spinal surgical procedures. Factors associated with post-surgical length of hospital stay (LOS) have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors, including utilization of acute physical therapy intervention (APTI), that were associated with LOS following lumbar discectomy or fusion. Method: A retrospective medical record review was conducted for 100 patients who underwent lumbar discectomy or fusion between December 1, 2007 and December 1, 2009. We tested for correlations of APTI, patient and surgery characteristics with LOS. Results: Age, number of surgical levels, functional dependency and number of acute physical therapy visits all yielded significant bivariate correlation to LOS. The dichotomous variables, type of surgery, sex, and discharge placement level were related to significant differences in LOS. These variables were included in a linear regression model to test for unique contributions of variance of these factors to LOS. Follow-up analysis tested the unique contributions of APTI and functional dependency to variability in LOS. Conclusion: Increased LOS is associated with greater age, greater number of pathological levels, fusion, greater functional dependency, discharge status to a care facility, male sex, and more physical therapy visits. While this study design cannot distinguish the impact of APTI on LOS, it suggests factors that may guide identification of patients likely to have a longer LOS.

Osteoporosis Prevalence and Associated Factors in Patients With COPD: A Cross-Sectional Study

Osteoporosis is one of the systemic features of COPD. To determine the prevalence of osteoporosis in a sample of COPD out-patients, and investigate the correlation between T-score (a comparison of the patient's bone mineral density to that of a healthy 30-year-old of the same sex and ethnicity) and several factors suggested to be associated with osteoporosis. In a cross-sectional study, we conducted dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone mineral density scans of the hips and lumbar spine, and collected data on smoking and alcohol habits, menopausal status, comorbidities, inhaled and oral corticosteroid dose and duration of treatment, previous bone fractures, pulmonary function tests, calcium intake (via questionnaire on food frequency), vitamin D intake (via questionnaire on sunlight exposure), and physical activity (via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire). We evaluated 95 patients. Forty (42%) were osteoporotic, 40 (42%) were osteopenic, and 15 (16%) had normal bone mass. We found significant bivariate correlations between femoral-neck T-score and body mass index (r = 0.551, P < .001), and femoral-neck T-score and International Physical Activity Questionnaire total activity score (r = 0.378, P < .001). There was a significant inverse relationship between femoral-neck T-score and BODE (body mass index, air-flow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity) index (r = -0.246, P = .02). We also found significant correlations between T-score and FEV(1) (r = 0.251, P = .01), forced vital capacity (r = 0.229, P = .03), percent-of-predicted functional residual capacity (r = -0.415, P < .001), inspiratory capacity (r = 0.252, P = .01), ratio of inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity (r = 0.241, P = .02), and absolute and percent-of-predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (r = 0.366, P < .001, and r = 0.338, P = .003, respectively). We identified a high prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in out-patients with COPD. Patients with osteoporosis had more severe COPD than patients with normal bone mass.

Measuring Athlete Imagery Ability: The Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire

This research aimed to develop and provide initial validation of the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ). The SIAQ assesses athletes' ease of imaging different types of imagery content. Following an extensive pilot study, 375 athletes completed a 20-item SIAQ in Study 1. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor model assessing skill, strategy, goal, and affect imagery ability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) established this 4-factor structure in Study 2 (N = 363 athletes). In Study 3 (N = 438 athletes), additional items were added to create a fifth mastery imagery subscale that was confirmed through CFA. Study 4 (N = 220 athletes) compared the SIAQ to the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3. Significant bivariate correlations (p < .05) confirmed the SIAQ's concurrent validity but demonstrated differences in imagery ability of different content. Overall, the SIAQ demonstrates good factorial validity, internal and temporal reliability, invariance across gender, and an ability to distinguish among athletes of different competitive levels. Findings highlight the importance of separately assessing imagery ability of different content.

Three‐dimensional computed tomography in obstructive sleep apneics treated by maxillomandibular advancement

The goal of this study was to understand the changes to the head and neck musculoskeleton and the pharyngeal airway after surgery. We tested the correlation between the changes in the skeleton and pharyngeal airway and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Prospective, noncontrolled study. In a pilot study, 12 consecutive subjects (3 women, body mass index: 22.4 Kg/m(2) ± 2.7, AHI: 35.9/sec ± 18.0) with Class II dentoskeletal malocclusion and high mandibular plane underwent segmental maxillomandibular rotational advancement (SMMRA). Subjects underwent overnight polysomnography and three-dimensional computed tomography scanning of the head and neck before and 3 months after surgery. Linear, angular, and area measurements were obtained from skeletal images placed in the Frankfort horizontal position and from horizontal cross-sectional tomograms derived from the upright pharyngeal airway. Skeletal movements, dimensional changes of the airway, and correlations between measurements and AHI were calculated. A linear regression model was generated using significant bivariate correlations. The AHI was significantly reduced to 4.6/sec ± 4.1 with improvement in the nadir oxygen saturation from 83.0% ± 7.2 to 90.6% ± 3.6 after SMMRA. Following skeletal advancement, the hyoid bone was advanced and elevated by 7.5 mm ± 2.9 and 6.7 mm ± 5.5, respectively; the cervical spine was rotated forward by 4.6° ± 2.8; and the airway length was shortened by 6.8 mm ± 4.0 (all P < .01). Variable improvement of airway dimensions was noted at each horizontal level. A quadratic regression model was derived using the measurements of the Sella-Nasion-B point angle and AHI (Rsq = 0.557, sig = 0.000). Dimensions of pharyngeal airway were correlated with dimensions of craniofacial skeleton. Sella-Nasion-B point angle could be used as a guidance in achieving normalized AHI after surgery.

Acceptability of Behavioral Treatments for Insomnia

Behavioral treatments for insomnia are safe and efficacious but may not be embraced by patients in primary care. Understanding factors associated with acceptability can enhance successful use of these modalities. The objective of this study was to identify demographic and clinical/psychosocial correlates of behavioral insomnia treatment acceptability. This nonexperimental, inventory-based, cross-sectional study enrolled patients from a hospital-sponsored primary care clinic and 2 urban academic family practices. Participants (n = 236) were 18 years of age or older who had clinically significant insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index score ≥ 8) and were recruited consecutively at these sites. A study coordinator obtained informed consent then distributed survey materials. Participants received a $10 honorarium. The main outcome measure was the Acceptability Insomnia Treatment Acceptability Scale-Behavioral subscale (ITAS-B). Only acceptability of medications (r = 0.259) and dysfunctional beliefs (r = 0.234) scores had significant bivariate correlations with ITAS-B scores (P < .001). Medication acceptability, dysfunctional beliefs, and self-efficacy accounted for 12.45% of ITAS-B variance in linear regression. Screening for dysfunctional beliefs about sleep may identify patients with interest in behavioral approaches. Improving self-efficacy for sleep may improve acceptance of behavioral insomnia therapies. Interest in behavioral and medication treatments are not mutually exclusive. However, the modest variance reported here suggests other factors impact acceptance of behavioral treatments.

Aesthetics of implant‐supported single anterior maxillary crowns evaluated by objective indices and participants' perceptions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aesthetics of implant-supported single crowns in the anterior maxilla using objective indices and patients' perception. Fifty participants, former patients (mean age 31.3 years) at the Dental Hospital, University of Bergen, or at Haukeland University Hospital in Bergen, Norway, who had implant-supported single crowns replacing upper anterior teeth lost due to trauma or agenesis during 2006, were included. One year after placement of the crown, an evaluation was carried out using the Pink Aesthetic Score (PES), the Implant Crown Aesthetics Index (ICAI), a modified version of the ICAI (mod-ICAI), and the index of the Californian Dental Association (CDA). The participants rated their satisfaction with the crowns and adjacent soft tissue. The form of the crown was satisfactory for 88% and the colour for 84% of participants, while 72% were satisfied with the adjacent mucosa. A statistically significant bivariate correlation was found between the PES and the ICAI and mod-ICAI. A weaker association was found between the CDA and the ICAI, mod-ICAI and PES. A positive correlation was found between the mod-ICAI index and satisfaction with the form and colour of the crowns and with the sum of ratings of responses to the questions about the form and colour of the crowns and the form and colour of the adjacent mucosa (P<0.05). Although most participants were satisfied, objective evaluation showed that a good aesthetic outcome for single implants was related to the quantity of the peri-implant mucosa. The mod-ICAI index correlated with responses to questions about the form and colour of the mucosa. Other significant correlations were found between the participants' aesthetic perceptions and the ICAI and the mod-ICAI. The mod-ICAI combined best objective and subjective assessment of aesthetics related to implant-supported crowns.