Significant Antibacterial Effect Research Articles

Transcriptomic profiling of lipopolysaccharide-challenged bovine mammary epithelial cells treated with forsythoside A

Mastitis is usually caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria that seriously impact the health and milk-production ability of dairy cows, with consequent, economically detrimental effects on the dairy industry. Forsythoside A (FTA), isolated from the fruit and leaves of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae), has been reported to have significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. However, it is not clear whether FTA exerts a protective effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bovine mastitis and its potential gene signature. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was performed to analyze the differences between the mRNA and enrichment pathway of bovine mammary epithelial cells of the control, LPS, and LPS + FTA groups. The results showed that there were 139 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (p-value < 0.05, |log2FoldChange| > 1, FPKM > 1) in the LPS group compared with the control group, including 121 up-regulated genes and 18 down-regulated genes, which were mainly enriched in the cellular response to lipopolysaccharide, cytokine activity, protein binding, and IL-17 signaling pathway based on Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, respectively. Compared with the control group and LPS + FTA group, there were 349 DEGs, including 322 up-regulated genes and 27 down-regulated genes. They were mainly enriched in protein localization to organelles, centrosomes, binding, and the IL-17 signaling pathway, based on GO and KEGG analysis. Compared to the LPS group, the LPS + FTA group had 272 DEGs, including 259 up-regulated genes and 13 down-regulated genes, which were mainly enriched in RNA processing, IL-6 receptor binding, and the lysosome pathway, based on GO and KEGG analyses. It can be seen that LPS stimulation induced the expression of inflammation-related genes, IL-17 and IL-6, whereas FTA treatment promoted the expression of the spliceosome-, lysosome-, and oxidative stress-related genes HSP70, HSPA8, and PARP2. The study utilized RNA-sequencing analysis of FTA against LPS-challenged bovine mammary epithelial cells to explore key mRNA findings that may be strongly associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, and provides a theoretical reference for further elucidation of molecular mechanisms of bovine mastitis and therapeutic effects of FTA against bovine mastitis.

4-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl)aminobenzoic acid and its complexes: Synthesis, crystal structures, theoretical calculations and in vitro and in silico antibacterial properties

The current study outlines the syntheses of a new ligand 4-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl)aminobenzoic acid (1) and its cobalt and nickel complexes [tetramethanolbis(4-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl)aminobenzoato)cobalt(II) (2) and tetramethanolbis(4-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl)aminobenzoato)nickel(II) (3). Their structures were established using FT-IR, elemental analysis, and UV–Vis, and also their molecular and crystal structures were clarified by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. They belong to the monoclinic system P21/n (for 1) and C 2/c (for 2 and 3) space groups with a = 12.2557 (5) Å, b = 5.8164 (3) Å, c = 17.7583 (6) Å, β = 94.202 (3)°, Z = 4 and V = 1262.48 (9) Å3 (for 1), a = 32.9005 (8) Å, b = 6.8552 (3) Å, c = 15.5507 (5) Å, β = 109.183 (3)°, Z = 4 and V = 3312.6 (2) Å3 (for 2) and a = 32.9604 (6) Å, b = 6.8265 (2) Å, c = 15.5949 (4) Å, β = 109.382 (3)°, Z = 4 and V = 3310.06 (14) Å3 (for 3). In the crystal structures of the ligand (1) and its complexes (2 and 3), the N–H···O, O–H···O, and C–H···O hydrogen bonds link the molecules, enclosing R22(8), R22(22) and R22(26) ring motifs, into three-dimensional architectures. The weak C–H···π interaction (in 1) and the π…π interactions between the five-membered rings of the neighboring molecules with centroid to centroid distances of 3.8302 (10) Å (in 2) and 3.8441 (11) Å (in 3) further consolidate the crystal packings. Hirshfeld surface analyses further revealed the prevailing significance of π…π and H-bonding contacts. It indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packings are from H…H (50.9%), H…O/O…H (22.8%), and H…C/C…H (14.7%) (for 2), and from H…H (50.9%), H…O/O…H (22.5%) and H…C/C…H (14.9%) (for 3). Hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals contacts are the dominant interactions in the crystal packings. Moreover, the optimized molecular structures, using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) level, were compared with the experimentally determined ones. The HOMO–LUMO energy gaps were determined and the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces were calculated at the B3LYP/6–31 G level to predict sites for electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks. The antibacterial effects of the synthesized compounds on B. subtillis and S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and P. multocida were investigated using the agar well diffusion method. According to the results obtained, the inhibitory properties of these compounds, which were found to have significant effects on K. pneumoniae in vitro conditions, were also investigated in silico with the help of Molecular Docking studies. The compounds were found to have a significant antibacterial effect on K. pneumoniae bacteria.

Determination of Chemical Composition and Investigation of Biological Activities of Ocimum basilicum L.

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Ocimum basilicum L., as well as to evaluate the antibacterial, antidiabetic, dermatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, and the EOs and aqueous extracts of O. basilicum. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against bacterial strains, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, using the well diffusion and microdilution methods, whereas the antidiabetic activity was assessed in vitro using two enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. On the other hand, the dermatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities were studied by testing tyrosinase and lipoxygenase inhibition activity, respectively. The results showed that the chemical composition of O. basilicum EO (OBEO) is dominated by methyl chavicol (86%) and trans-anethol (8%). OBEO exhibited significant antibacterial effects against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, demonstrated by considerable diameters of the inhibition zones and lower MIC and MBC values. In addition, OBEO exhibited significant inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 50.51 ± 0.32 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 39.84 ± 1.2 μg/mL). Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity, OBEO significantly inhibited lipoxygenase activity (IC50 = 18.28 ± 0.03 μg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 = 24.8 ± 0.01 μg/mL). Moreover, tyrosinase was considerably inhibited by OBEO (IC50 = 68.58 ± 0.03 μg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 = 118.37 ± 0.05 μg/mL). The toxicological investigations revealed the safety of O. basilicum in acute and chronic toxicity. The finding of in silico analysis showed that methyl chavicol and trans-anethole (main compounds of OBEO) validate the pharmacokinetics of these compounds and decipher some antibacterial targets.

An antibacterial conjugate of carbon nanohorns for NIR-light mediated peri-implantitis treatment.

This study developed a novel antibacterial conjugate based on carbon nanohorns for peri-implantisis, an inflammatory disease around dental implants, which may result in failing implants by bone loss around them. The conjugate demonstrates much better photodurability than commonly used indocyanine green and a significant antibacterial effect under NIR illumination.

In Vitro Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Activities of Extracts from Different Parts of 7 Zingiberaceae Plants

This study aimed to explore the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of extracts from different parts of plants in the Zingiberaceae family. The inhibitory rate, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of leaf and stem, and root and rhizome extracts from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, Alpinia oxyphylla Miq × Alpinia henryi K. Schumann, Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata, Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt, Amomum villosum Lour, Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith and Alpinia oxyphylla Miq were determined using the fungus cake method and double dilution method. The seven Zingiberaceae plants exhibited characteristic antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. At a 1.5 mg mL−1, A. zerumbet root and rhizome extracts exhibited strong inhibitory activity against S. aureus and E. coli, with 83.23% and 79.62%, respectively. In addition, A. zerumbet leaf and stem extracts had an inhibitory rate of 90.85% against P. aeruginosa. At the same concentration, the leaf and stem, root and rhizome extracts of A. katsumadai had the best antibacterial effect against F. oxysporum, with inhibition rates of 84.46% and 84.73%, respectively. Moreover, A. katsumadai and A. zerumbet leaf and stem extracts had the most significant antibacterial effect against S. aureus, with a MIC of 0.063 mg mL−1 . Thus, both A. katsumadai and A. zerumbet extracts had significant antibacterial activity. In addition, by comparing the inhibitory effect of extracts from different parts, it was found that the inhibitory rate and average inhibitory rate of extracts from leaf and stem were higher than those from root and rhizome. The chemical constituents of A. katsumadai and A. zerumbet, determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), revealed that citric acid (CA), alpinetin, and pinocembrin (PNCB) were the functional constituents yielding the antibacterial activity. Overall, A. katsumadai and A. zerumbet have the potential to be developed as new plant fungicides and bactericides.

Antibacterial activity and improvement of the oxidative stability of soybean oil by 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate from white mustard seeds

4-Hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (4-HBITC) is one of the most important secondary metabolite products in white mustard seeds. The antibacterial activity and inhibition of lipid oxidation of 4-HBITC were investigated. The results indicated that 4-HBITC had a significant antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium, and its effect on gram-positive bacteria was superior to that on gram-negative bacteria. The combination of 4-HBITC with citric acid or ascorbic acid had a better antibacterial effect than adding them alone. The antibacterial mechanism of 4-HBITC to affect the metabolic activity rather than the integrity or the permeability of cell membranes was identified. In addition, white mustard seed extract which contains 4-HBITC was found to extend the oxidative stability of soybean oil, and this effect was also improved after the combination of 4-HBITC with citric acid. These results indicated that 4-HBITC and white mustard seed extract have potential for application as a natural preservatives in food and for improving the oxidative stability of edible oils.

Ароматичні рослини як джерело біологічно активних речовин інсектицидної, фунгіцидної та бактерицидної дії

The antioxidant action is inherent in the plant in its natural state and it is a manifestation of its reaction to the influence of biotic and abiotic factors affecting the plant disease process. The basis of these processes are natural mono- and diterpene compounds of plants, and more specifically essential oils of aromatic substances. They are somewhat inferior to synthetic analogues, but are much less dangerous. In general, almost all plant compounds are primary antioxidants, they react with reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and stabilize their condition. The article presents the results of the assessment of the perspective of the essential oil of aromatic substances from plant raw materials against common diseases of insecticidal, fungicidal, and bactericidal action based on a comprehensive study (up to 100 types) of oil. It was established that thyme, rosemary, samosil, etc. have a significant bactericidal effect, almost at the level of the control - ambecillin. Such as mustard, rosemary, celery, etc. have an antifungal effect, some plants retain a significant insecticidal effect (common mosquito - catnip, sage; tick - fennel, mountain savory; mealybug - lofant hanus). The given results indicate the prospects of further joint use of both synthetic and natural preparations based on essential oils. Key words: diseases, synthetic drugs, essential oil, expediency of processing.

Determination and comparison of antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius on periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study.

People globally are turning to herbal products to reconnect with nature. Cost efficacy and minimal side effects are the reasons for this changeover. This study assessed the effect of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius as an antimicrobial agent against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. To determine and compare the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. paeoniifolius on periodontal pathogens. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. paeoniifolius were tested against the standard strains of the selected bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were used. These tests assessed the lowest concentrations of test agent, either by showing a lack of turbidity or by no or few bacterial growth colonies, respectively. In this study, tetracycline hydrochloride was used as the control group. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. paeoniifolius showed antibacterial activity at various concentrations against the selected organisms. While assessing the MBC, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. paeoniifolius and tetracycline hydrochloride exhibited bactericidal activity against F. nucleatum at all concentrations. The ethanolic extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius and tetracycline hydrochloride showed bactericidal action, whereas the aqueous extract exhibited bacteriostatic action against P. gingivalis. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. paeoniifolius showed bacteriostatic action, whereas tetracycline hydrochloride showed bactericidal action against P. intermedia. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. paeoniifolius showed antibacterial activity against standard strains of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and F. nucleatum. The ethanolic extract showed a significant antibacterial effect against the selected microorganisms when compared to the aqueous extract of A. paeoniifolius.

Hydrogel nanocomposite based on alginate/zeolite for burn wound healing: In vitro and in vivo study.

The main objective of the current assay was to evaluate the antibacterial and regenerative effects of hydrogel nanocomposite containing pure natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) integrated with alginate (Alg) as wound healing/dressing biomaterials. The zeolites were size excluded, characterized by SEM, DLS, XRD, FTIR, and XRF, and then integrated into Alg hydrogel followed by calcium chloride crosslinking. The Alg and alginate zeolite (Alg/Zeo) hydrogel was characterized by swelling and weight loss tests, also the antibacterial, hemocompatibility, and cell viability tests were performed. In animal studies, the burn wound was induced on the back of rats and treated with the following groups: control, Alg hydrogel, and Alg/Zeo hydrogel. The results showed that the hydrodynamic diameter of zeolites was 367 ± 0.2 nm. Zeolites did not show any significant antibacterial effect, however, the hydrogel nanocomposite containing zeolite had proper swelling as well as hemocompatibility and no cytotoxicity was observed. Following the creation of a third-degree burn wound on the back of rats, the results indicated that the Alg hydrogel and Alg/Zeo nanocomposite accelerated the wound healing process compared with the control group. Re-epithelialization, granulation tissue thickness, collagenization, inflammatory cell recruitment, and angiogenesis level were not significantly different between Alg and Alg/Zeo nanocomposite. These findings revealed that although the incorporation of zeolites did not induce a significant beneficial effect in comparison with Alg hydrogel, using zeolite capacity in hydrogel for loading the antibiotics or other effective compounds can be considered a promising wound dressing.

Pepper-Mediated Green Synthesis of Selenium and Tellurium Nanoparticles with Antibacterial and Anticancer Potential.

The production of nanoparticles for biomedical applications (namely with antimicrobial and anticancer properties) has been significantly hampered using traditional physicochemical approaches, which often produce nanostructures with poor biocompatibility properties requiring post-synthesis functionalization to implement features that such biomedical applications require. As an alternative, green nanotechnology and the synthesis of environmentally friendly nanomaterials have been gaining attention over the last few decades, using living organisms or biomolecules derived from them, as the main raw materials to produce cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and ready-to-be-used nanomaterials. In this article and building upon previous knowledge, we have designed and implemented the synthesis of selenium and tellurium nanoparticles using extracts from fresh jalapeño and habanero peppers. After characterization, in this study, the nanoparticles were tested for both their antimicrobial and anticancer features against isolates of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and skin cancer cell lines, respectively. The nanosystems produced nanoparticles via a fast, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method showing different antimicrobial profiles between elements. While selenium nanoparticles lacked an antimicrobial effect at the concentrations tested, those made of tellurium produced a significant antibacterial effect even at the lowest concentration tested. These effects were correlated when the nanoparticles were tested for their cytocompatibility and anticancer properties. While selenium nanoparticles were biocompatible and had a dose-dependent anticancer effect, tellurium-based nanoparticles lacked such biocompatibility while exerting a powerful anti-cancer effect. Further, this study demonstrated a suitable mechanism of action for killing bacteria and cancer cells involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In summary, this study introduces a new green nanomedicine synthesis approach to create novel selenium and tellurium nanoparticles with attractive properties for numerous biomedical applications.

Designing Functionally Substituted Pyridine-Carbohydrazides for Potent Antibacterial and Devouring Antifungal Effect on Multidrug Resistant (MDR) Strains.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and the gradual depletion of available antibiotics have exacerbated the need for novel antimicrobial agents with minimal toxicity. Herein, we report functionally substituted pyridine carbohydrazide with remarkable antimicrobial effect on multi-drug resistant strains. In the series, compound 6 had potent activity against four MDR strains of Candida spp., with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values being in the range of 16-24 µg/mL and percentage inhibition up to 92.57%, which was exceptional when compared to broad-spectrum antifungal drug fluconazole (MIC = 20 µg/mL, 81.88% inhibition). Substitution of the octyl chain in 6 with a shorter butyl chain resulted in a significant anti-bacterial effect of 4 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), the MIC value being 2-fold superior to the standard combination of ampicillin/cloxacillin. Time-kill kinetics assays were used to discern the efficacy and pharmacodynamics of the potent compounds. Further, hemolysis tests confirmed that both compounds had better safety profiles than the standard drugs. Besides, molecular docking simulations were used to further explore their mode of interaction with target proteins. Overall results suggest that these compounds have the potential to become promising antimicrobial drugs against MDR strains.

Niosomes-loaded selenium nanoparticles as a new approach for enhanced antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer activities

Targeted drug delivery and increasing the biological activity of drugs is one of the recent challenges of pharmaceutical researchers. Niosomes are one of the new targeted drug delivery systems that enhances the biological properties of drugs. In this study, for the first time, the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), and its loading into niosome was carried out to increase the anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activity of SeNPs. Different formulations of noisome-loaded SeNPs were prepared, and the physical and chemical characteristics of the prepared niosomes were investigated. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of synthesized niosomes loaded SeNPs and free SeNPs against standard pathogenic bacterial strains were studied, and also its anticancer activity was investigated against breast cancer cell lines. The expression level of apoptotic genes in breast cancer cell lines treated with niosome-loaded SeNPs and free SeNPs was measured. Also, to evaluate the biocompatibility of the synthesized niosomes, their cytotoxicity effects against the human foreskin fibroblasts normal cell line (HFF) were studied using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The results illustrated that the optimal formulation had an average size of 177.9 nm, a spherical shape, and an encapsulation efficiency of 37.58%. Also, the results revealed that the release rate of SeNPs from niosome-loaded SeNPs and free SeNPs was 61.26% and 100%, respectively, in 72 h. Also, our findings demonstrated that the niosome-loaded SeNPs have significant antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer effects compared to the free SeNPs. In addition, niosome-loaded SeNPs can upregulate the expression level of Bax, cas3, and cas9 apoptosis genes while the expression of the Bcl2 gene is down-regulated in all studied cell lines, significantly. Also, the results of the MTT test indicated that the free niosome has no significant cytotoxic effects against the HFF cell line which represents the biocompatibility of the synthesized niosomes. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that niosomes-loaded SeNPs have significant anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, and anti-cancer effects, which can be used as a suitable drug delivery system.

A new filterless indoor air purifier for particulate matter and bioaerosol based on heterogeneous condensation

Using an indoor air purifier is an important solution for improving indoor air quality and protecting people from the harmful effects of air pollution on their health. The filter air purifiers can remove particulate matter including bioaerosols, but their filter media can cause secondary pollution. To fulfill this need, a new filterless indoor air purifier, the Cloud-Air-Purifying (CAP) air purifier, is presented in this study. Using heterogeneous condensation and supergravity technology, the CAP air purifier grows and collects fine particles, while rapidly disinfecting bioaerosols with chemical disinfection and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Furthermore, the purifying performance of the CAP air purifier was tested in a simulated cabin. The results showed the clean air delivery rate (CADR) of the CAP air purifier was approximately 150 m3/h, and the effective coefficient was 0.93. The CAP air purifier was highly efficient in purifying fine particulate matter, 93% for PM10 and 91% for particle size of 0.5–1 μm in 60 min, which was 13–58 times more than natural decay. The reason for the efficient removal of fine particles is that they can condense and grow in water vapor supersaturated environment and be collected in a supergravity field. Moreover, the CAP air purifier has significant bactericidal effects on bioaerosols. It achieved a disinfection efficiency of 99.99997% by decreasing bioaerosols from 108 CFU/m3 to less than 30 CFU/m3 in only 20 min when particle purification in combination with UV disinfection and disinfectant (ClO2). Furthermore, ClO2 release concentrations, noise, and power consumption were investigated for application purposes, with results showing that they were within acceptable limits. The study presents an innovative idea and design for preventing airborne microorganisms and particulate matter through heterogeneous condensation technology.

Antibacterial Effect of Er:YAG Laser Irradiation Applied by a New Side-Firing Spiral Tip on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm in the Tooth Root Canal—An Ex Vivo Study

This study evaluates the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effect of erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser treatment on a tooth root model infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Background: New treatment options are required to overcome endodontic infection in periapical tissue. Studies using Er:YAG during endodontic treatment yielded promising results regarding anti-biofilm/antimicrobial effects. Methods: The root canals of 80 teeth were incubated with E. faecalis for 4 weeks, allowing biofilm formation in the root canals, then divided into one control group and seven treatment groups that were exposed to Er:YAG laser using a side-firing spiral Endo tip, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% EDTA solutions alone or combined. The number of bacteria in each sample was determined by counting the number of colony-forming units (CFU) and was statistically compared. Results: Er:YAG laser, NaOCl and EDTA treatments alone caused a 76.0 ± 5.7%, 98.0 ± 0.6% and 69.0 ± 9.1% reduction, respectively, in CFU. Combining the laser treatment with NaOCl, EDTA or both, caused a further reduction in the bacterial load by 99.77 ± 0.14%, 93.4 ± 1.6% and 99.95 ± 0.04%, respectively. Conclusions: Er:YAG laser treatment showed significant antibacterial effect on the experimental groups, while combination with NaOCl and EDTA provided the most efficient conditions for achieving antibacterial effect against E. faecalis, in the tooth root model.

Cannabinoid-like meroterpenoids from Peperomia incana

Ten previously undescribed metabolites were isolated from Peperomia incana (Haw.) A. Dietr. (Piperaceae), among which four contained a chromene moiety, two were identified as meroterpene lactones, and four were cannabinoid-like compounds. While the chemical structures of the compounds were assigned based on HRESIMS and 1D and 2D-NMR spectra analyses, the relative and absolute configurations were assigned from NOE correlations and a combination of ECD data and X-ray single crystal analyses, respectively. In a cytotoxic assay against a panel of seven human cancer cell lines (A549, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, DU 145, 5637, Hep G2, and MIA PaCa-2, which represent non-small cell lung cancer, as well as breast, cervical, prostate, bladder, liver, and pancreas carcinomas, respectively) most of the isolated compounds showed promising cytotoxic activities. The incanachromenes B, and incanabinoids A and C exhibited the highest cytotoxicity toward all tested cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 5.0–10.0 μM, whereas incanolides A, B, and incanabinoid B showed the lowest cytotoxic activity. In addition, incanachromene C and incanabinoid C produced a significant antibacterial effect toward planktonic cells and biofilms of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.

Anti-Infective Secondary Metabolites of the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya Morphotype between 1979 and 2022.

Cyanobacteria ascribed to the genus Lyngbya (Family Oscillatoriaceae) represent a potential therapeutic gold mine of chemically and biologically diverse natural products that exhibit a wide array of biological properties. Phylogenetic analyses have established the Lyngbya 'morpho-type' as a highly polyphyletic group and have resulted in taxonomic revision and description of an additional six new cyanobacterial genera in the same family to date. Among the most prolific marine cyanobacterial producers of biologically active compounds are the species Moorena producens (previously L. majuscula, then Moorea producens), M. bouillonii (previously L. bouillonii), and L. confervoides. Over the years, compounding evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies in support of the significant pharmaceutical potential of 'Lyngbya'-derived natural products has made the Lyngbya morphotype a significant target for biomedical research and novel drug leads development. This comprehensive review covers compounds with reported anti-infective activities through 2022 from the Lyngbya morphotype, including new genera arising from recent phylogenetic re-classification. So far, 72 anti-infective secondary metabolites have been isolated from various Dapis, Lyngbya, Moorea, and Okeania species. These compounds showed significant antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal, antiviral and molluscicidal effects. Herein, a comprehensive literature review covering the natural source, chemical structure, and biological/pharmacological properties will be presented.

Low cost production of bacterial cellulose through statistical optimization and developing its composites for multipurpose applications

The current investigation reports the enhanced bacterial cellulose (BC) productivity from previously isolated bacteria, Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii strain ZKE7 using different raw sources. Optimization by Plackett–Burman and central composite designs revealed improved BC production of 31.7 g/L BC (In-situ) with 7.54-fold enhancement. Different BC composites were synthesized using optimized In-situ BC that showed excellent water retention capability, moisture content, water release rate, porosity, thickness and protein adsorption. In vitro drug (methylene blue dye and ceftriaxone) release profile of the composites (BC-Cu and BC-CMC) suggested a sustained drug delivery and indicated a non-Fickian diffusion behavior based on Peppas model. The quick catalytic activity of BC-Cu in fast reduction of 4-nitrophenol was demonstrated spectrophotometrically with decline in the characteristic absorbance peak of 4-nitrophenol. In-situ BC and composites exhibited antimicrobial properties with differential activity against different pathogens. Significant antibacterial and inhibitory effect was evidenced against Bacillus cereus. Only In-situ BC showed a pronounced antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In-situ BC and composites were characterized by various analytical techniques including FTIR, SEM-EDS, TGA and DSC. The current study reveals enhanced BC yield with the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by BC-Cu composite and antimicrobial property suggests its employability in drug delivery systems and environmental applications.

Copper oxide nanoparticles using Mentha spicata leaves as antibacterial, antibiofilm, free radical scavenging agent and efficient photocatalyst to degrade methylene blue dyes

In this findings, CuO NPs were made by an easy, eco-friendly, and economical approach using the leaf extract of M. spicata . The prepared Ms-CuO NPs exhibited characteristic absorbance peak at 320 nm with a band gap of 3.87 eV. XRD revealed the presence of crystalline particle with size of 11.28 nm as determined by the Scherrer equation. FTIR revealed the role of various functional molecules in the bio-reduction of copper salts to copper ions (Cu 2+ ). The spherical shaped particles with the mean size of 36 nm were visualized through TEM microscopic image. EDX analysis also confirmed the elemental signals of Cu (91.58%) and O (8.42%) respectively. The biosynthesized Ms-CuO NPs displayed a significant inhibition of Gram-positive Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus at all tested concentrations. The inhibition size against S. pyogenes and S. aureus was 27.5 ± 0.5 mm and 26.2 ± 0.2 mm at 100 µg mL −1 respectively. On the other hand, the inhibition against K. pneumoniae and E. coli was 17.4 ± 0.6 mm and 18.2 ± 0.1 mm at 100 µg mL −1 respectively. Moreover, a significant inhibition of H 2 O 2 (84%) at 100 µg mL −1 demonstrates the free radical scavenging activity of Ms-CuO NPs. Furthermore, the Ms-CuO NPs have shown excellent degradation potential for industrial dyes i.e., Methylene blue (MB) and was noticed by the gradual decrease in the absorbance (at 460 nm) within 7 h of reaction. The percentage of MB dye degraded was 34% at 1 h which was substantially increased to 98% after 7 h. This study suggests that the Ms-CuO NPs may serve as a promising bactericidal, antibiofilm and antioxidant agent. Also, Ms-CuO NPs could be effectively used in the purification of water bodies contaminated with harmful industrial dyes to reduce toxicity. • M. spicata leaf extract based CuO NPs were synthesized and characterized. • Ms-CuO NPs have shown significant antibacterial and antibiofilm effects. • Ms-CuO NPs have shown H 2 O 2 radical scavenging activity. • Ms-CuO NPs efficiently degraded the methylene blue dye.

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by Dictyota dichotoma endophytic fungi and its photocatalytic degradation of fast green dye and antibacterial applications

• Seaweed was collected from Ramanathapuram coastal area and the endophytic fungus was isolated. • ZnO nanoparticle was synthesized by utilizing extra cellular products of fungal endophytes is not yet predicted. • ZnO NPs show the high efficacy of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. • Excellent photocatalytic dye degradation was observed in the ZnO NPs treated samples. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles has received considerable importance because of their ecofriendly, cost effective and wide applications in biological fields. Aim of this study is to synthesis zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) using extra cellular product from isolated marine ( Dictyota dichotoma ) endophytic fungi Aspergillus sp (Accession number - MZ467123) . The properties of synthesized ZnO NPs have been characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). The UV photoluminescence study exhibited the absorbance peak at the resonance of 270 nm which confirms the presence of ZnO NPs in the aqueous solution. The perfect sphere shape with ∼80–100 µm in size of ZnO NPs has been observed under FESEM and confirmed the presence of elemental composition of nanoparticles by EDX. The synthesized nanoparticles showed potential dye degradation efficiency (∼90%) under photo illumination. In addition, ZnO NPs have shown significant antibacterial effects in terms of zone of inhibition and antibiofilm activity against pathogenic bacteria. Fig. Schematic representation of ZnO NPs synthesis, characterization and its biological activities.

Potential utilization of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as food ingredients and traditional medicine

Portulaca oleracea (PO) is a type of wild plant that has long been used as food and traditional medicine. This study aims to examine the use of PO as a food ingredient and traditional medicine and its bioactivity. The research method is a literature study on various online scientific sources from Google scholar using the keywords PO and uses PO. The information obtained is synthesized so that it can explain the use of PO in a comprehensive manner. Purslane is a nutritious vegetable with high antioxidant properties and has been recognized as the richest source of a-linolenic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, ascorbic acid, glutathione, a-tocopherol and b-carotene. Ethnobotanically PO is used for the treatment of various diseases such as skin diseases, fever, dysentery, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, kidney, liver and spleen disease. The bioactivities PO is analgesic, antibacterial, skeletal muscle relaxant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor. The compounds portulacerebroside B, portulacerebroside C, portulacerebroside D and portulaceramide A showed significant antibacterial effects on enteropathogenic bacteria in vitro. PO has the potential to be developed as a nutraceutical, especially to treat digestive tract disorders.