Significant Amounts Of Carbon Dioxide Research Articles

Interpretation of Downhole Data and Development of a Conceptual Model for the Redondo Creek Area of the Baca Geothermal Field

Drilling records, downhole pressure and temperature surveys, and surface discharge measurements available from the Redondo Creek area wells are analyzed to define the thermodynamic state of the reservoir fluid and to determine the locations of permeable horizons. The reservoir fluid contains a significant amount of carbon dioxide. A two‐phase region is present within the reservoir; the extent of this region is profoundly influenced by the carbon dioxide content of reservoir fluid. Two permeable zones are delineated, i.e., one within the Bandelier Tuff and one near the interface between the Bandelier Tuff and the underlying Paliza Canyon Andesite. This paper also presents a conceptual model of the Baca Geothermal Field. Baca is a high‐temperature liquid‐dominated field of moderate to low permeability. It is suggested that the reservoir is charged by hot upwelling fluids at a point near Sulfur Creek. These fluids flow laterally towards Redondo Creek and thence to ultimate outflow down the Jemez River valley.

Thermal analysis of octadecanoic acid and some of its salts

Octadecanoic acid was investigated as a model compound for one of the functional groups known to occur in low-rank coals, viz. carboxylate groups. TG, DTG, TG—MS and high pressure DTA were used to elucidate the type of reactions occurring during pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis of octadecanoate salts. The decomposition temperature varied from about 300°C for the tin(II) salt to 500°C for the potassium salt, apparently because of the varying ionic bond strengths involved. Only those salts which decomposed to form metal oxides gave significant amounts of carbon dioxide during the organic decomposition reaction; the others gave mainly carbon monoxide.

Oil Shales and Carbon Dioxide

During retorting of oil shales in the western United States, carbonate minerals are calcined, releasing significant amounts of carbon dioxide. Residual organic matter in the shales may also be burned, adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The amount of carbon dioxide produced depends on the retort process and the grade and mineralogy of the shale. Preliminary calculations suggest that retorting of oil shales from the Green River Formation and burning of the product oil could release one and one-half to five times more carbon dioxide than burning of conventional oil to obtain the same amount of usable energy. The largest carbon dioxide releases are associated with retorting processes that operate at temperatures greater than about 600 degrees C.

The effluent analysis of several pyrrone and polyimide precursors during cyclization

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the degree of cyclization occuring in a series of four pyrrone and two polyimide prepolymers. These materials were heated from 25° to 400°C at 2°C/min in a helium atmosphere, and the effluent was sampled at regular intervals by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer technique. Quantitative analysis of this effluent indicated that the pyrrone polymers were less than 80% converted under these conditions while the polyimides were essentially fully converted. Significant amounts of carbon dioxide were found to be eliminated as the pyrrone polymers cured. This evolution was attributed to the loss of carbon dioxide from intermediate stages during cure and, in some cases, to the decarboxylation of unreacted groups. Support data obtained on model compounds are also presented.

Acylarylnitrosamines. Part 12. Decomposition of N-nitrosoacetanilide and p-nitro-N-nitrosoacetanilide in bromotrichloromethane. An answer to the long-standing problem of the mechanism of ‘anomalous’ dual halogen abstractions

Whereas phenyl radicals from dibenzoyl peroxide or phenylazotriphenylmethane abstract bromine almost exclusively, rather than chlorine, from bromotrichloromethane, decomposition at 50 °C of N-nitrosoacetanilide (NNA), also an established source of phenyl radicals, leads to both bromo- and chloro-benzene thus providing a further example of ‘anomalous’ halogen abstraction involving NNA and polyhalogenomethanes. Reaction at 20 °C leads to the precipitation of a mixture of benzenediazonium chloride and acetate, the bromide being absent, and to the formation of bromobenzene and little chlorobenzene. Heating this mixture of diazonium salts at 50 °C in bromotrichloromethane leads to mainly chlorobenzene and some phenyl acetate. Also formed in the reaction of NNA with bromotrichloromethane are significant amounts of carbon dioxide (23 mol per 100 mol NNA), acetic anhydride (14.5), and acetic acid (62). Reaction in the presence of the radical trap, 1,1-diphenylethene (1 mol. equiv.), leads to suppression of chlorobenzene, i.e. the reaction is restored to normality. Isolation of 9-phenylphenanthrene is evidence of competing formation of benzyne in this reaction. These results point to the occurrence of abstraction of bromine by phenyl radicals from bromotrichloromethane to give trichloromethyl, which is scavenged by phenyldiazo-oxyl (1) to give trichloromethylbenzenediazoate (2); this in turn gives the observed benzenediazonium chloride, and hence chlorobenzene, and phosgene. Reaction of phosgene with NNA leads to more diazonium chloride, carbon dioxide, and acetic anhydride. In support of this, silver benzenediazoate reacts with bromotrichloromethane to give benzenediazonium chloride. The reaction in the presence of 1,1-diphenylethene leads to an increase in yield of bromobenzene thus pointing to decomposition of phenyldiazo-oxyl, in this case, via electron transfer with the radical Ph2Ċ·CH2·CCl3, to give a phenyl radical. p-Nitro-N-nitrosoacetanilide also reacts with bromotrichloromethane via dual or ‘anomalous’ abstraction of halogen, superimposed on scrambling of aromatic substituents via nucleophilic displacement by chloride and acetate of the activated p-nitro-group in the p-nitrobenzenediazonium ion.Attention is drawn to the relevance of these results to other anomalous halogen abstraction reactions of NNA in chloroform and in carbon tetrachloride.

Actinometric Determination of the Dissociation of Carbon Dioxide by a Single Flash*

Significant amounts of carbon dioxide have been dissociated by a single flash of a xenon-filled quartz flash tube. For any one piece of quartz, the effectiveness of a discharge varied as expected with the various parameters. Considerable variation was found between any two pieces of quartz. The maximum output encountered was equivalent in the spectral region used to a blackbody of about 8000°K.

Thiorhodaceae. I. The effects of sodium thioglycolate on the photosynthetic and dark metabolism of purple sulphur bacteria.

Twenty-two pure cultures of purple sulphur bacteria were investigated for their ability to utilize organic sulphur compounds as hydrogen donors during photosynthesis. Of the 12 compounds tested, only sodium thioglycolate sustained growth of the organisms in the light.Carbon dioxide fixation by illuminated resting cells in the presence of endogenous sulphur or exogenous thiosulphate was inhibited by thioglycolate in proportion to its concentration. The fixation of carbon dioxide by illuminated sulphur-free resting cells harvested from thioglycolate media increased with the thioglycolate concentration to about 0.04 M, but was proportionally inhibited by higher concentrations.Non-illuminated suspensions of resting cells in the presence of endogenous sulphur or exogenous thiosulphate also assimilated carbon dioxide when thioglycolate was added. Inhibition of fixation appeared similar to that occurring in the light. Thioglycolate disappeared from the suspensions in proportion to the amount of bicarbonate assimilated. Thioglycolate-grown cells did not fix significant amounts of carbon dioxide under similar experimental conditions. Growth of the organisms was never demonstrated in non-illuminated thioglycolate media.