Significant Amounts Of Aluminum Research Articles

Comparing Aluminum Concentrations in Adult and Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Solutions: Multichamber-Bag versus Compounded Parenteral Nutrition.

Aluminum contamination in parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions can lead to neurotoxicity, reduced bone mass, and liver toxicity, especially in pediatric patients. Ingredients commonly used in PN compounding, such as vitamins, trace elements, calcium, and phosphate salts, contain significant amounts of aluminum. This study aimed to compare aluminum concentrations in multichamber-bag (MCB) and compounded PN for adults and pediatrics. A prospective study assessed aluminum concentrations in various types of MCB and compared them with compounded PN formulations with similar compositions. The types of MCB included Lipoflex® (without electrolytes), Omegaflex®, Finomel®, Smofkabiven® (with and without electrolytes), Olimel®, Clinimix®, and Numeta®. Overall, 80 aluminum determinations were included: 36 for MCBs and 44 for compounded PN. MCBs showed significantly lower aluminum concentrations than compounded PN: 11.37 (SD 6.16) vs. 21.45 (8.08) µg/L, respectively. Similar results were observed for adult (n = 40) and pediatric (n = 40) PN formulations (12.97 (7.74) vs. 20.78 (10.28) µg/L, and 9.38 (2.23) vs. 22.01 (5.82) µg/L, respectively). Significant differences were also found between MCBs depending on the manufacturing company. These findings suggest that MCBs PN offer a safer option for reducing aluminum contamination in PN. Harmonizing regulations concerning aluminum concentrations in PN solutions could help mitigate differences between PN formulations.

Assessment of trace metal bioaccumulation on the shells of edible gastropod Chicoreus ramosus and Hemifusus pugilinus

The current study aimed to examine how some gastropods absorbed trace metals (Chicoreus ramosus and Hemifusus pugilinus). The existence of 17 elements, including aluminium, arsenic, boron, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, lithium, manganese, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, lead, and zinc (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn), was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of trace metals. According to the ICP-MS results, C. ramosus (Al: 1.97 ± 0.2µg/g, Fe: 1.93 ± 0.2µg/g, and As: 1.52 ± 0.4µg/g) and H. pugilinus (Al: 1.85 ± 0.7µg/g, Fe: 1.68 ± 0.6µg/g, and As: 1.37 ± 0.6µg/g) both had significant amounts of aluminium, iron, and arsenic, respectively. Zinc concentrations of 0.58 to 0.7μg/g (C. ramosus) and 0.67 to 0.2μg/g were recorded (H. pugilinus). The elemental composition of the surface of the sample was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) micrographs, which also showed the degree of trace metal absorption in the chosen gastropod species.

STUDY OF CONDITIONS FOR THE ASSOCIATED EXTRACTION OF VANADIUM AND GALLIUM DURING ALKALINE LEACHING OF RAW ALUNITE ORE

Alunite ore containing a significant amount of aluminum, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, and other valuable components (Ga – 0.003 wt%, V – 0.0315 wt.%) is the main raw material for the production of alumina and promising raw material for the production of gallium and vanadium. This paper studies the dynamics of the distribution of gallium and vanadium in the liquid phase during the dissolution of raw alunite in an alkaline solution are studied. The results have showed that alkali concentration, leaching temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio have a significant effect on the degree of extraction of these elements from solution. It has been found that when raw alunite ore is leached with a 5% NaOH solution (S:L=1:6) for 2 hours, the degree of extraction of Ga and V is, respectively, 50.2 and 59.23% of their total content in the rock

Aluminum accumulation in the wheat production chain: a review

The consumption of food containing significant amounts of aluminum has been the focus of discussions related to health. Aluminum is distributed in nature and may be naturally present in raw materials or added to food as a result of activities or modification processes along the food production chain. This exploratory and descriptive research identified possible sources of aluminum in food, in general, and particularly in the wheat chain and its derivatives, which comprise an important class in the food chain and ordinary consumption in many cultures. Even though total aluminum values have been found in food, in general, and particularly in wheat derivatives, information about their origins is still incipient. The total content of this metal in the food may be the result of a sum of sources. For wheat and its derivatives, the potential origins are among environmental factors, such as soil and water, and even operational procedures, such as the use of food additives and chemical compounds for the control of stored grain pests. Despite these considerations, the actual contributions of each source are still purely speculative, since although aluminum contents have been quantified in most studies, their sources were impartially explored and clarified.

Environmental impact assessment of sustainable methyl stearate (biodiesel) synthesis employing fly ash supported tin oxide catalyst

Management of Fly ash (FA), a thermal power plant waste, is a major global issue since a sizeable fraction of fly ash's annual generation is not effectively valorised. FA is a heterogeneous mix of crystalline and amorphous phases containing significant amounts of aluminium and silicon elements alongside high surface energy, making FA an economically suitable catalyst support framework. Accordingly, the development of a low-cost, recyclable fly ash-supported tin oxide solid acid catalyst has been investigated for esterification of stearic acid (SA) with methanol to produce methyl stearate (MS); which is regarded as biodiesel and is presently being blended with petro-diesel as a cleaner fuel substitute. The characterisations of the prepared SnO2-FA catalyst (SFC) have been performed through TGA, XRD, BET-BJH and FESEM-EDS analyses. The optimal process conditions (assessed through response surface methodology (RSM)) viz. 475.06 °C calcination temperature, 3.39:1 weight ratio of SnCl4.5H2O: FA and 73.16 °C esterification temperature rendered a significant 85.734% SA conversion. The optimal mesoporous SFC comprising SnO2 active phase possessed 11 m2/g specific surface area (much greater than that of the support material, FA: 0.60 m2/g); 0.0109 cc/g pore volume and 2.9 nm modal pore size. Important fuel properties of the optimally produced MS conformed to the ASTM biodiesel (B100) standards. The overall environmental sustainability of the process assessed through the openLCA platform (ecoinvent database 3.8) revealed lower environmental impacts of the developed process. The LCA study divulges the fossil depletion potential and the global warming potential of the overall process to be 4.34 kg oil Eq. and 4.03 kg CO2-Eq. respectively. The present study could establish a green and effective FA valorisation avenue through a sustainable methyl stearate (biodiesel) production process.

The Physical Characterization and Terminal Velocities of Aluminium, Iron and Plastic Bottle Caps in a Water Environment

Aluminium, iron and plastic are materials which are extensively used at both industry and individual levels. However, significant amounts of aluminium, iron and plastic end up in the environment. Specifically, bottle caps made of these materials are often thrown away, with or without bottles, and appear among the common plastic debris entering the world’s oceans and beaches. More than 20 million bottle caps and lids have been identified during beach-cleaning campaigns over the last 30 years. To recover bottle caps from the shores, conventional technologies can be used. In this paper, the physical properties of used metal and plastic bottle caps were examined and related to the settling and rising velocities of the caps, as well as their drag coefficients and hydrodynamic modes in water environments, with respect to gravity separation. The sample contained aluminium, iron, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP) bottle caps. The findings revealed that the density differences between the bottle caps resulted in the terminal settling velocities of aluminium and iron particles, which were significantly higher than the rising velocities of the plastic caps. The results allowed us to design a flowsheet for bottle cap recovery from beach coasts in order to reduce environmental impact and produce add-on plastic and metal products.

Mineralogical, Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Clay Raw Materials from Three Clay Deposits in Northern Cameroon

The characterization of clay raw materials of three clay deposits from Northern Cameroon was investigated. The three deposits, located in Gaschiga, Sekandé and Boulgou, are locally used as building materials, but no data are available on these materials and they are relatively unknown. Mineralogical, geochemical and physico-chemical characteristics were studied, using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and physico-chemical analyses. Mineralogically, quartz was the most abundant mineral in the studied raw materials. It is associated to abundant quantity of smectite, kaolinite and K-feldspars, and slightly abundant to traces of hematite and amphibole. Geochemically, those clayey soils are more siliceous (SiO2, 51% - 59%) with significant amount of aluminum (Al2O3, 15% - 19%) followed by iron oxides (Fe2O3, 3% - 10%). Other oxides (K2O, MgO, TiO2, Na2O, MnO, CaO and P2O5) are in relatively lower proportion. High level of silica content explains the sandy nature of these clays. The results of granulometric analysis show that the studied raw material contain sand (39% - 68%) as major grain size followed by clay particles (17% - 38%), silt (1% - 36%) and gravels (0% - 16%). The studied clayey soils were moderately plastic, with plasticity index values ranging from 13% to 30%, and are also characterized by very high liquidity limits of 34% - 63%.

Characterization and Processing of Iron Ore Slimes for Recovery of Iron Values

Intensive characterization studies of iron ore slime carried out by X-ray diffraction spectroscope (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and quantitative mineralogical evaluation by scanning electron microscope (QEMSCAN) are discussed. In slimes, mineral phases like hematite, goethite, gibbsite, kaolinite, and quartz are present in a complex and intricate way. SEM-EDS and QEMSCAN studies indicate that significant amounts of aluminum are associated with both ochreous and vitreous goethite. Hematite and goethite phases are contaminated with some amount of alumina and silica. The liberation of hematite in the coarser fraction (+500 µm) is only 20.6% compared to 40% in the finer fraction (−500 µm) size. A flow sheet, comprising of hydrocyclone and magnetic separation techniques, has been developed to produce an iron concentrate containing ∼63% Fe with 70.7% weight recovery from a feed sample containing 56.8% Fe, 5.1% SiO2, and 6.4% Al2O3.

Effects of electro-negativity on the stability of topologically close-packed phase in high entropy alloys

Topologically close-packed (TCP) phases with complex structures are often observed in high entropy alloys (HEAs). Currently, these TCP phases are garnering significant interest from both theoretical and experimental perspectives due to the ductility deterioration of the high strength HEAs. Alternatively, there are instances when TCP phases can actually benefit the mechanical performances of alloys, such as the wear resistance. Therefore, the stability of TCP phases should be taken into consideration in the alloy design. In this paper, the relationship between the TCP phase stability and the physicochemical/thermodynamic properties of alloying components in HEAs was systematically studied. The stability of TCP phases was found to correlate well with the electro-negativity difference (ΔX) for most of the reported HEAs. The stability of TCP phases is well delineated by the electro-negativity difference (ΔX): i.e., TCP phases are stable at ΔX > 0.133 except for some HEAs that contain a significant amount of aluminum.

Chemical Denudation in a Geoecosystem in Acid Immision Conditions / Denudacja Chemiczna W Geoekosystemie W Warunkach Kwaśnej Imisji

Abstract There is an analysis of the physico-chemical properties and the chemical composition of precipitation in a forest geoecosystem in acid immision conditions. The data used in the analysis was collected between 2000 and 2010. In that period, a drop in the immision scale of S-SO2 in the atmospheric air had been observed, which consequently was one of the reasons for a drop in the precipitation acidity. The conclusion was that rainwater, after penetrating treetops and trunks, undergoes a significant transformation whose intensity depends on species composition of the forest stand. Statistically relevant differences were found in coniferous stands, in which a substantial drop in pH was noted, in addition to an increase in the load of components accumulated in the soil in relation to atmospheric precipitation. The calculated indicators of the eco-chemical state of waters (Ma%) have revealed that throughfall waters in coniferous stands and fir and beech stemflow contain significant amounts of aluminium, manganese, iron and hydrogen ions in the sum of cations. Also the indicator of acid-neutralizing capacity (ANCaq) shows that these waters are more enriched with sulfate, nitrate and chloride ions than bulk precipitation. The recorded variation eventuates from processes related to dry and humid deposition, as well as ion-exchange processes occurring within the stand. The obtained results point to an intensification of chemical denudation within the trunks, triggering disadvantageous changes in both biotic and abiotic part of the ecosystem. The effects of the increased inflow of souring agents to the soil through stemflow are significant acidification of the top mineral soil horizon and an increase in the hydrolytic acidity.

Composition and structure of compounds based on copper-nickel alloys obtained by argon-arc surfacing of aluminum-nickel bronze

With the aim to prevent crack formation in a fusion zone under surfacing of copper-nickel alloy of high nickel content on aluminum-nickel bronze, we discuss the features of composition and structure of constituent metals caused by displacement of a significant amount of aluminum into the surfacing metal.

Crystal-chemistry of alteration products of vitrified wastes: Implications on the retention of polluting elements

Alteration products of vitrified wastes coming from the incineration of household refuse (MSW) are described. Two vitrified wastes containing 50% and 70% of fly ash and a synthetic stained-glass with a composition close to that of an ancient glass (medieval stained-glass) were altered under different pH conditions (1, 5.5 corresponding to demineralized water and 10) during 181 days. Under acidic condition, the alteration layer is made of an amorphous hydrated silica gel impoverished in most of the initial elements. A minor phase MPO 4 · nH 2O, where M represents Fe, Ti, Al, Ca and K cations, also constitutes the altered layer of the synthetic stained-glass. Under neutral and basic conditions, the altered layer is made of an amorphous hydrated silica gel and a crystallized calcium phosphate phase. The silica gel is depleted in alkalis and alkali-earth elements but contains significant amounts of aluminium, magnesium and transition elements, whereas the calcium phosphate is a hydroxylapatite-like phase with P–Si substitutions and a Ca/P ratio depending on the pH of the solution. This study shows: (i) the strong influence of pH conditions on the crystal-chemistry of alteration products and thus on the mechanisms of weathering resulting in different trapping of polluting elements, and (ii) that glass alteration does not necessary produce thermodynamically stable phases which has to be taken into account for the prediction of the long-term behavior.

Effect of sub-lethal concentrations of aluminium on the filtration activity of the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea L. at neutral pH.

Significant amounts of aluminium (Al) are commonly present in rivers and lakes, largely in particulate form in neutral waters. Freshwater bivalves, as filter feeders are therefore exposed to both particulate and dissolved metal and are potentially vulnerable to Al. The effect of Al on filtering behaviour of the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea L. was investigated during short (1 hour) and long-term (15 days) exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (250 and 500 microg l(-1)) at neutral pH. Water flow through the outflow siphon was monitored as an indicator of pumping capacity. Short-term (1 hour) exposure to 500 microg l(-1) added Al produced an irreversible decrease in the duration of filtering periods, presumably as an avoidance response to the toxicant. One-hour exposure 250 microg l(-1) Al had no detectable effect. When mussels were exposed to 250 or 500 microg l(-1) added Al for 15 days, siphon activity measured in days 11-15 of exposure was inhibited by 50% and 65%, respectively, compared to pre-exposure levels. Recovery occurred following transfer of mussels to uncontaminated water. Interaction between Al and freshwater bivalves at neutral pH may affect both the performance of the mussels and the chemical speciation of the metal in the natural environment.

Investigation of the Ability of Plants Found in Western Kentucky to Hyperaccumulate Lead and Aluminum from Soils

Hazardous waste sites are a major problem and of heightened concern for the world today. Many conventional and experimental technologies are available for soil remediation. Unfortunately, the costs associated with the majority of these methods are nearly equivalent to the benefits. Heavy metal contaminants are quite common and present increased difficulty in soil remediation. Currently, the method most frequently used for the remediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals is excavation. This process is both expensive and impractical. A method that offers significantly more benefits than conventional technology is the use of plants to accumulate heavy metals from the soil. It is less expensive and safer for humans and the environment. A group of native plants found in western Kentucky have been identified as potential phytoremediators, along with common garden plants, which have the ability to hyperaccumulate lead and/or aluminum. Lettuce, cantaloupe, and corn are capable of collecting significant amounts of aluminum. Cauliflower and tomato plants can accumulate both aluminum and lead. The hyperaccumulation of heavy metals by these plants could be used as one solution to a costly environmental cleanup problem.

Aas determination of aluminium levels in tea and other plants grown in the same locality

Abstract Total concentration of aluminium in leaves, stem, and roots of tea plant from various places was determined and compared to that in other plants grown in the same locality. Results showed that tea plant accumulated more aluminium than most other plants grown in the same locality with older leaves accumulating most of the aluminium in the range of 1350–2100μg/g. Grains were found to contain very little aluminium and in most cases it was not detectable. Leafy vegetables accumulated significant amounts of aluminium ranging from 200–650μg/g. Accumulation of aluminium in most plants was in the order of aluminium in leaves > aluminium in the roots > aluminium in stem.

Iron, copper and zinc metabolism of rats fed various levels and types of tea

The effects of tea and components in tea on mineral metabolism were investigated in a series of studies. In studies A and B weanling rats were fed diets containing various levels (0, 0.35, 1.17 or 3.50%) of a commercially prepared instant tea and diets containing 0 or 1.17% catechin. In study C anemic rats were fed diets containing 0 or 2.31% desiccated green or black tea infusions for 23 d. In study D rats were fed a diet containing 2.31% desiccated black tea infusions for 16 d, were fed the tea-containing diet in a single meal labeled with 59Fe or were given black tea infusions as their sole fluids. Rats fed diets containing 2.31% green or black tea or given fluid tea had elevated hematocrits but experienced minimal changes in tissue iron levels or in iron absorption; this is counter to conclusions from studies in which iron absorption was monitored indirectly. Ingestion of instant or black tea consistently elevated liver copper levels; this may be part of the mechanism by which hematological variables were affected. Although the green tea contained significant amounts of aluminum, rats fed the tea did not accumulate aluminum in their bones.

Iron, Copper and Zinc Metabolism of Rats Fed Various Levels and Types of Tea

The effects of tea and components in tea on mineral metabolism were investigated in a series of studies. In studies A and B weanling rats were fed diets containing various levels (0, 0.35, 1.17 or 3.50%) of a commercially prepared instant tea and diets containing 0 or 1.17% catechin. In study C anemic rats were fed diets containing 0 or 2.31% desiccated green or black tea infusions for 23 d. In study D rats were fed a diet containing 2.31% desiccated black tea infusions for 16 d, were fed the tea-containing diet in a single meal labeled with 59Fe or were given black tea infusions as their sole fluids. Rats fed diets containing 2.31% green or black tea or given fluid tea had elevated hematocrits but experienced minimal changes in tissue iron levels or in iron absorption; this is counter to conclusions from studies in which iron absorption was monitored indirectly. Ingestion of instant or black tea consistently elevated liver copper levels; this may be part of the mechanism by which hematological variables were affected. Although the green tea contained significant amounts of aluminum, rats fed the tea did not accumulate aluminum in their bones.

Spectrophotometric determination of aluminum(III) using the color reaction between o-hydroxyhydroquinonephthalein and aluminum(III) in the presence of a combination of surfactants, and its application.

The color reaction between o-hydroxyhydroquinonephthalein (Qnph) and aluminum (III) was examined in the presence of various surfactants alone or in combination (cationic, anionic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants) in weakly acidic media. A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric determination of aluminum (III) (0-2.0 μg of aluminum (III) in a final volume of 10 ml, at 555 nm) was developed by using the Qnph-aluminum (III) complex in a mixed micelle system of zephiramine (tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride) as a cationic surfactant and Brij 35 (poly (oxyethylene) dodecylether) as a nonionic surfactant. This proposed method (apparent molar absorptivity of 2.1×105 l·mol-1·cm-1) showed good reproducibility, and the influence of foreign ions was reduced to 1/4-1/10 of that in the previous method with Qnph alone in weakly basic media. The method was used for the determination of aluminum (III) in pharmaceutical preparations (aspirin aluminum). Further, since aluminum may leach out of aluminum packaging of the kind widely used for instant foods, this proposed method was applied to the assay of aluminum (III) in biological specimens (calf serum and human urine), and in leaching solution used on aluminum foil. The recovery was good, and it was found that the leaching solution contained significant amounts of aluminum (III).

Determination of Surface Oxide Compositions on Alloy 600 Using Nuclear Analytical Techniques

Abstract The surface composition of oxides formed on Alloy 600 in aqueous solutions similar to those in the primary side of pressurized water reactor (PWR) heat exchangers has been measured as a function of potential using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and proton inelastic scattering. Electropolished samples of Alloy 600 were exposed at several potentials to a solution of 0.18 M H3BO3 (2000 ppm B) with 0.21 mM LiOH (1.5 ppm Li) at 300 C for 450 h. The potentials relative to an internal hydrogen electrode ranged from 0 to 750 mV. RBS analysis showed little or no oxide formation on samples exposed at 0 mV. Above 0 mV the oxide layers formed increased with potential. The RBS also showed significant amounts of aluminum and silicon in the oxide, and the sum of the aluminum and silicon content appeared to maintain a fixed surface concentration independent of the oxide thickness. Boron and lithium concentrations were analyzed with proton inelastic scattering. No lithium above the minimum detectabl...