Different Levels Of Significance Research Articles

The impact of transport and foreign direct investment on energy consumption: recent evidence from high, middle and low income countries

This paper investigates the impact of various macroeconomic variables on energy use. Among these variables, we are interested in the specific impacts of transport and foreign direct investment in 68 countries over the period 2000-2014. In order to make the panel data analysis more homogeneous, we also investigate the interrelationships for a number of sub-panels which are constructed based on the income level of countries. In this way, we end up with three income panels; namely, high-income, middle-income and low-income panel. By applying the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) on a dynamic panel data model, the results indicate that the energy consumption is affected positively and significantly by the freight transport in all panels. However, the impact of foreign direct investment is positive and significant for the high-income and middle-income panels. For the low-income panel, the impact is positive and insignificant. Finally, the energy use is positively correlated with economic growth, population and capital stock with different levels of significance.

The Analysis of the Validity of Capital Asset Pricing Model: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange

The aim of this study was to find evidence for the implementation of capital asset pricing model (CAPM) on companies listed at Pakistan StockExchange before, during and after financial crisis. The data of 50 companies were collected ranging from various sectors of Pakistan stockexchange. Data were divided into 3 different groups: year 2005-2007, 2008-2010 and 2011-2013. Regression analysis was conducted for testingthe hypotheses by taking Pakistan stock exchange 100 index as independent variable and individual stocks return as dependent variable.Three different levels of significance have been used: significance at 1%, significance at 5%, and significance at 10%. The results suggested that inPakistan different business organizations due to narrow scope of business are relatively less diversified and have relatively high flexibility ofresponding unexpected and uncertain events, influencing overall market performance. Similarly, large number of companies, specifically duringperiod of financial crisis, are affected and influenced by numerous risk factors. It was concluded that fair prices of stock cannot be determinedwith the help of CAPM in Pakistan.

HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE AND FLEXIBILITY OF THE LOWER LIMBS: DOSE-EFFECT STUDY

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sports scientists have been studying the phenomenon involving different types of exercises and their influence on other activities. Stretching exercises have a negative influence on muscular strength and power output, as do high intensity or long duration cardiovascular training. Nevertheless, several studies have found the opposite to be true Nevertheless, few investigations have studied the opposite. Objective: To determine whether high intensity power exercise influences muscular flexibility in an acute manner. Methods: A sample of forty-three male and female young adults aged between 18 and 28 years, with a mean age of 22.88 + 3.04 years, who have practiced physical activity for at least six months. To determine flexibility, the sit-and-reach test was used. For the high intensity training, a 45º leg press was used. A 10-rep movement was performed at 85% of 1 RM, in both pre- and post-tests. Statistic analysis was conducted using the ANOVA and Scheffer's post-hoc tests, with a level of significance for differences of < 0.05. Results: Comparison of the pre- and post-tests proved to be statistically significant from the baseline from the fourth to the seventh repetitions. Conclusion: Strength exercises at 85% of 1RM seem to significantly increase range of motion in an acute manner, and the growth of this range of motion has a dose-effect response.

STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF RUPESTRIS DU LOT ROOTSTOCK ON SOME TECHNOLOGICAL TRAITS OF MUSCAT RUSENSKI AND SUPER RAN BOLGAR TABLE GRAPE CULTIVARS

The choice of rootstock is important not only for the power that it induces on the grafted variety of grapes, but also with respect to its effects on mineral nutrition, content of sugars, total acids and other technological traits. Two table vine varieties-Misket Rusenski and Super ran Bolgar were the objective of the study, grafted on two different SO4 rootstocks (which is widely used in practice and thus accepted control) and Rupestris du Lot (with common name Montikola). A total of 12 technological traits were reported for both varieties during the vegetation. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using Fisher (F) and Student (t) evaluation criteria. The results showed different levels of significance of the individual traits in both varieties using Rupestris du Lot rootstock compared to the control. Via Fisher's criterion it was found that 58 % of the traits showed significant differences in Montikola rootstock compared to the control, as the comparison was made based on variability of the traits, while when using the Student criterion for statistical evaluation, the percentage was only 33. The highest significance was reported in the influence of the rootstock on the traits: number of seeds in 100 berries and resistance of berry to pick up from the fruit stalk for cv. Misket Rusenski, determined via both criteria. Comparing the samples tested regarding variability, significant differences were reported of Rupestris du Lot rootstock for the traits: % of berries in grapes and % of mesocarp in berry mass for the same variety. Rupestris du Lot rootstock has significant influence on content of sugars, total acids and mass of 100 seeds in cv. Super ran Bolgar (by the criterion of Fisher) and traits: % of mesocarp of berry mass and % of skin of berry mass (found by the criterion of Student). These traits influence significantly on tasting qualities of grapes and technological qualities of wine. As a result of the analysis of both vines (Misket Rusenski and Super ran Bolgar) a high degree of variability of the values of some technological traits was determined, and it is recommended both criteria to be used for better statistical evaluation. Keyword: Rupestris du Lot rootstock, statistical evaluation, table vine varieties Misket Rusenski and Super ran Bolgar (Vitis vinifera L.), technological traits

Quantitative trait loci detection of Edwardsiella tarda resistance in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus using bulked segregant analysis

In recent years, Edwardsiella tarda has become one of the most deadly pathogens of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), causing serious annual losses in commercial production. In contrast to the rapid advances in the aquaculture of P. olivaceus, the study of E. tarda resistance-related markers has lagged behind, hindering the development of a disease-resistant strain. Thus, a marker-trait association analysis was initiated, combining bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. Based on 180 microsatellite loci across all chromosomes, 106 individuals from the F1333 (♀: F0768 ×♂: F0915) (Nomenclature rule: F+year+family number) were used to detect simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and QTLs associated with E. tarda resistance. After a genomic scan, three markers (Scaffold 404-21589, Scaffold 404-21594 and Scaffold 270-13812) from the same linkage group (LG)-1 exhibited a significant difference between DNA, pooled/bulked from the resistant and susceptible groups (P <0.001). Therefore, 106 individuals were genotyped using all the SSR markers in LG1 by single marker analysis. Two different analytical models were then employed to detect SSR markers with different levels of significance in LG1, where 17 and 18 SSR markers were identified, respectively. Each model found three resistance-related QTLs by composite interval mapping (CIM). These six QTLs, designated qE1–6, explained 16.0%–89.5% of the phenotypic variance. Two of the QTLs, qE-2 and qE-4, were located at the 66.7 cM region, which was considered a major candidate region for E. tarda resistance. This study will provide valuable data for further investigations of E. tarda resistance genes and facilitate the selective breeding of disease-resistant Japanese flounder in the future.

Multichannel Distribution and the Impact of ‘Footloose’ Consumers

At a recent conference, I addressed the need to shape and sharpen the debate on the appropriate competition regime for the age of on-line distribution. The world has changed. On-line sales and ‘platformisation’ have opened multiple new distribution dimensions that may require a fresh look on the application of competition rules. The scale and speed at which businesses and consumers can process information are unprecedented, and with that the impact of issues like information asymmetry and free-riding may take on a different level of significance. A lot of study has been devoted to the way internet shapes distribution both from the business and consumer perspectives. The potential effects of increased transparency, lower search costs, and network effects have been well described. However, in my opinion, the impact of the rapid evolution of the consumers’ role is underexposed in the debate on the appropriate competition regime. Consumer behaviour today is no longer comparable with the Grundig–Consten era. Nor is it comparable with the time of drafting the Block Exemption on Verticals, nor even the time the Block Exemption was revised in 2010. I believe that the debate would benefit from a clear consumer welfare perspective. What is driving business response to the opportunities and challenges that internet offers? Is the business response aimed at legitimately protecting investments that benefit consumers, or is it, in a harmful way, aimed at shielding itself from strong price competition? There are two developments which I find very interesting from an enforcement perspective. Firstly, the internet has revolutionised the way consumers search and compare when shopping. A good example is the development of personalised shopping comparison applications for mobile phones. With such an app, consumers can, while in a shop, scan a product’s barcode and get an instant overview of the price of the product in competing shops. Consumers can then decide on the spot where to buy. They can purchase in the shop if they like the offer. Or, they can immediately purchase at an on-line competitor through the app, and the goods might even be shipped before they leave the store. Or, they could try and negotiate better terms with the shop owner. Such applications have existed for some time. What is striking is the rapidity with which they are becoming mainstream. A prime-time commercial was recently aired on Dutch national television for such a ‘free’ comparative shopper app. The app ranked high in the App store and in Google play. With apps like this, consumers gain bargaining power. We know that this is essentially a good thing. However, we also know that there are consequences for producers and distributors. To what degree will retailers be prepared to invest in services for products that require presales services? Or, for luxury products, where a shop experience is deemed essential? With today’s technology, high smartphone penetration and ubiquitous broadband connections, it is extremely easy for competing on-line shops to lure consumers away with even a slightly lower price. Consumers are becoming footloose, instantly and on a large scale. As a result, the possibilities for competing retailers to free-ride on shop investments are growing at an unprecedented pace. We cannot ignore the potentially negative impact on investments that may result. Secondly, Platformisation, a term used by Hederstrom and Peeperkoorn in a recent article in this Journal, describes the phenomenon that platforms are becoming more and more essential for on-line trade. I think that the importance of consumer data for many on-line platforms brings legitimate concerns. While competition and privacy interests may coincide, they may at times also conflict. For example, on-line platforms may have an incentive to reserve consumer data for their own use. Competitors may face an unsurmountable barrier if certain data are really crucial to their business but are

Income Inequality: Do Different Inequality Measures Show Different Impacts on Economic Growth, at the State Level? An Analysis of the State of New Jersey

&lt;p&gt;This paper investigates whether the use of different inequality measures is instrumental in determining impact on economic growth at the State level. We find that different measures show different levels of significance with respect to economic health. We study New Jersey income distribution and shares from 1964 to 2014, using graphs and statistics. The dual analyses approach and the use of different inequality measures enabled conclusions to be reached, that only one view and one inequality measure would have made difficult, if not misleading. New Jersey Real GDP/Capita (RGC) was going up, whether or not the inequality measure was getting better. Inequality had little or no effect on the direction of the RGC. Economic Growth is not a good measure of the effects of inequality.&lt;/p&gt;

Disclosure Attributes Impact of Corporate Governance Auditing Quality and Voluntary Disclosures on the Financial Performance of Banks Listed in the Egyptian Stock Exchange Market

Banks in Egypt have unique characteristics that makes its micro economic role vital in the macro economy throughout their financial performance impact on the investors’ decisions in the capital exchange market. The research investigates assesses, and discusses the appropriate disclosure attributes of banks, and disclosure attributes impact of corporate governance, audit quality, along with the voluntary disclosure attributes on the financial performance of the Islamic and non-Islamic banks in the Egyptian exchange market through an empirical research applied on banks listed in the stock exchange market. The corporate governance disclosure attributes presented by the research included Audit committee dimensions: Audit committee size, AC autonomy, AC meetings, Board size, Board independence, Managerial ownership, and other prominent variables. The audit quality disclosure attributes addressed by the research divided into two subcategories, Auditing firms determinates and Audit process determinates. The attributes used to measure the level of voluntary disclosure includes, Internet reporting, brief history of the bank, directors skills and experiences, environment protection programs and other variables. The financial performance of banks are measured through the price earnings ratio, return on total assets, total asset growth, net profit growth and EPS ratio calculated based on the annals of the annual reports of the selected banks. The research uses the secondary data from the annual reports of the banks, and the disclosure books brought from the websites of the banks or purchased through Egypt for Information Dissemination Company. The research will cover a period starting from 2004 until 2014 (according to the availability of the data and the date of registration of the banks in the stock market) along 12 banks listed in the Egyptian stock market. The sample of the 12 banks included 3 Islamic banks and 9 non-Islamic banks The research results supported the hypothesis of the research that the corporate governance, audit quality and voluntary disclosure have an impact on the financial performance of the Islamic and the non-lslamic banks with different level of significance. The empirical study of this research has been conducted using the SPSS package along with other statistical techniques to verify the hypotheses. The results of the research may have some important implications for enhancing the disclosure attributes of the Islamic banks and non-lslamic banks, which will lead to better financial performance for both categories of banks.

Patient-Reported Impact of Symptoms in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 (PRISM-2).

To determine the frequency and relative importance of the most life-affecting symptoms in myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) and to identify the factors that have the strongest association with these symptoms. We conducted a cross-sectional study of adult patients with DM2 from a National Registry of DM2 Patients to assess the prevalence and relative importance of 310 symptoms and 21 symptomatic themes. Participant responses were compared by age categories, sex, educational attainment, employment status, and duration of symptoms. The symptomatic themes with the highest prevalence in DM2 were the inability to do activities (94.4%), limitations with mobility or walking (89.2%), hip, thigh, or knee weakness (89.2%), fatigue (89.2%), and myotonia (82.6%). Participants identified the inability to do activities and fatigue as the symptomatic themes that have the greatest overall effect on their lives. Unemployment, a longer duration of symptoms, and less education were associated with a higher average prevalence of all symptomatic themes (p < 0.01). Unemployment, a longer duration of symptoms, sex, and increased age were associated with a higher average effect of all symptomatic themes among patients with DM2 (p < 0.01). The lives of patients with DM2 are affected by a variety of symptoms. These symptoms have different levels of significance and prevalence in this population and vary across DM2 subgroups in different demographic categories.

Gene set enrichment ensemble using fold change data only

In a number of biological studies, the raw gene expression data are not usually published due to different causes, such as data privacy and patent rights. Instead, significant gene lists with fold change values are usually provided in most studies. However, due to variations in data sources and profiling conditions, only a small number of common significant genes could be found among similar studies. Moreover, traditional gene set based analyses that consider these genes have not taken into account the fold change values, which may be important to distinguish between the different levels of significance of the genes. Human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) is a good representative of this category. hESC-CMs, with its role as a potentially unlimited source of human heart cells for regenerative medicine, have attracted the attentions of biological and medical researchers. Because of the difficulty of acquiring data and the resulting expenses, there are only a few related hESC-CM studies and few hESC-CM gene expression data are provided. In view of these challenges, we propose a new Gene Set Enrichment Ensemble (GSEE) approach to perform gene set based analysis on individual studies based on significant up-regulated gene lists with fold change data only. Our approach provides both explicit and implicit ways to utilize the fold change data, in order to make full use of scarce data. We validate our approach with hESC-CM data and fetal heart data, respectively. Experimental results on significant gene lists from different studies illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

Transcription profile of genes affected in response to pathological changes in drug-induced rat model of acute kidney injury

Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine the changes in the expression profile of certain genes in rat model of gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and to see whether time period and routes of administration affect their expression levels. Methods: Rat AKI model was established with gentamicin injection using two different routes of administration and two different time periods. The models were evaluated through histopathological observations. Renal specific genes were selected on the basis of their role during kidney injury. These genes were analyzed through reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR. Results: Marked disorganization of normal structure of proximal and distal tubules was observed in all the gentamicin-treated groups. Many tubules showed loss of brush border and presence of intratubular protein casts. Changes in gene expression levels were observed for kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), osteopontin, bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), stem cell factor (SCF) and IL-7 receptor with different levels of significance in the renal injury groups studied depending on the time period and route of administration. Conclusion: Gene expression seems to be dependent partly on the type of injury, route of administration and time period after induction of injury. An improved mechanistic understanding of gene regulation pathways in AKI may provide basis for potential therapeutic development.

English

This study investigated the determinants of technical, allocative and economic efficiencies among small-scale onion farmers in North Wollo zone of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 200 respondents randomly selected from designated locations in the study area. A stochastic production frontier function was fitted to the sample households. The findings revealed that land related factors such as land distance, ownership, and fragmentation explained much of the technical inefficiencies in addition to other socio-economic characteristics of farm households (age, market access, training access, years of experience in onion production, farm income, responsibility and field visit) were found to be significant at different levels of significance for technical efficiency. The variables that explained allocative efficiency were plot distance, market access, sources of irrigation water, extension visit, farm income and field visit. Major determinants for economic efficiency were age of the household, plot distance, fertility, source of irrigation water, extension visit, experience in onion production, land fragmentation and farm income. It is therefore suggested that any development intervention program through irrigation should consider the aforementioned socioeconomic characteristics and determinants of efficiency for success. Tenure insecurity and land fragmentation also play significant role for farmers to adopt the available technologies and maximize production on irrigated farms. Likewise, it has shown positive effect on production inefficiency, calling for the need to think about policies targeting land consolidation at least with in farms, improving institutional services (extension, market, training, attitude change on credit utilization), soil management options and increased investment in irrigation services could jointly contribute to the improvement in efficiency of onion farmers in the study area. &nbsp; Key words: Efficiency, inefficiency, irrigation, Amhara region, Kobo, Ethiopia.

Extravasation of Cytostatic Drugs - Prevention and Best Practices

Extravasation is the leakage of a drug (intended primarily for intravenous administration) into tissues surrounding the vascular system. The damage to surrounding varies depending on the nature and volume of extravasation. Cytostatic extravasation is associated with poor outcomes for patients. This paper summarizes the types of risk associated with cytostatic extravasation, and the preventative measures that can be used when such an event occurs. We also provide information on potential treatments. However, justification for their use has only been substantiated in papers with different levels of significance and these papers are not available in all countries. We summarize current international recommendations for actions to be taken in the event of extravasation.

Driving Innovative Thinking in the New Zealand Construction Industry

This paper examines the relationship between innovation and productivity improvement in the construction industry. It is argued that this relationship is not well understood due to lack of in-depth understanding of innovation in construction. To overcome this obstacle, the authors present a multi-dimensional innovation classification system which aims at better defining and classifying what is meant by innovation in construction. The use of this classification system is demonstrated by applying it to a database of 500 innovations reported by the construction alliance, the Stronger Christchurch Infrastructure Rebuild Team. The results clearly demonstrate the diversity of types, degree of novelty and performance improvement benefits among construction innovations. Such diversity means that the impact of the reported innovations on productivity and performance are of different levels of significance. The classification system developed in this study can be used by construction organisations and alliances in the future to develop more detailed methods of calculating innovation performance indicators, based on the innovation type, novelty and benefits factors. By using this system, they can also put in place mechanisms to influence the types of innovation developed in their projects with the aim of maximising their productivity performance.

Traer a la presencia y dialogar con el lugar

This article addresses the need to study in depth the concept of place, which should be deeply rooted in architecture. However, this notion is more and more overlooked. Thus, we try to identify the different levels of significance and meanings that are closely related to architecture to find the signs that allow us to bring the concept of place into presence. “Bring into presence” means to be shown without denying the movement and natural evolution that architecture, as a sign of culture, produces. It is also the basis for the meaningful ties that the architectural work has with that pre-existing material and and that the architect uses to pose a necessary dialogue that would be meaningless without its connection with the recognition, value and activation of those ties through an allowing to appear. Keywords: bringing into presence, collective place, dialogical place, personal place.

DETERMINANT OF CAPITAL RATIO: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS ON STATE-OWNED BANKS IN INDONESIA

Capital has an important role in maintaining safety of banks and in order to create a sound banking system. Banks are required to have a sufficient amount of capital, both to support its business expansion as well as a buffer to prevent any unexpected loss that banks might face and absorb losses arising from a variety of risks. Eventhough consists of four banks, State owned banks in Indonesia are catalystor for the banking industry in Indonesia. The failure of state-owned banks can affect the stability of Indonesian banking system. This study aims to study and analyze determinants of capital ratio of state-owned banks. Several variables have been used in previous studies to be used a proxy. The study applied panel data regression model. The capital ratio of state-owned banks is affected by asset growth (LNSIZE), equity to total liabilities ratio (EQTL), non performing loan (NPL), interest rate risk (IRR), and operational cost to operational revenue ratio (BOPO) on a different level of significance. Keywords: Capital structure, state-owned commercial banks, panel data JEL Classification: C23; G21; G32

Screening of diverse germplasms for genetic studies of drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativaL.)

Twenty different rice lines were analyzed based on various genotypic and phenotypic seedling traits. Correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to study these traits. The mean value of the root shoot traits of each genotype was analyzed at different levels of significance. The highest correlation was found in root length, shoot length (r = 0.856, r = 0.896) and shoot length and root number (r = 0.825, r = 0.818) in stress and normal condition respectively. The principal component exhibited more than one eigenvalue considered to be more important due to variation. The principal components (PC1 and PC2) having more than one eigenvalue for various traits were considered very important due to variation. The PC1 and PC2 for root length and shoot length same for both conditions showed variability of 76.2% and 78.5%, respectively. Different SSR markers were used to study the genetic diversity and screening of the rice genotypes for developing new breeding lines. The mean number of alleles per l...

Primary implant stability in augmented sinuslift-sites after completed bone regeneration: a randomized controlled clinical study comparing four subantrally inserted biomaterials.

Implant-Insertion-Torque-Value (ITV) proved to be a significant clinical parameter to predict long term implant success-rates and to decide upon immediate loading. The study evaluated ITVs, when four different and commonly used biomaterials were used in sinuslift-procedures compared to natural subantral bone in two-stage-implant-procedures. The tHUCSL-INTRALIFT-method was chosen for sinuslifting in 155 sinuslift-sites for its minimal invasive transcrestal approach and scalable augmentation volume. Four different biomaterials were inserted randomly (easy-graft CRYSTAL n = 38, easy-graft CLASSIC n = 41, NanoBone n = 42, BioOss n = 34), 2 ccm in each case. After a mean healing period of 8,92 months uniform tapered screw Q2-implants were inserted and Drill-Torque-Values (DTV) and ITV were recorded and compared to a group of 36 subantral sites without need of sinuslifting. DTV/ITV were processed for statistics by ANOVA-tests. Mean DTV/ITV obtained in Ncm were: Control Group 10,2/22,2, Bio-Oss 12,7/26,2, NanoBone 17,5/33,3, easy-graft CLASSIC 20,3/45,9, easy-graft CRYSTAL 23,8/56,6 Ncm, significance-level of differences throughout p < 0,05. Within the limits of this study the results suggest self-hardening solid-block-like bone-graft-materials to achieve significantly better DTV/ITV than loose granulate biomaterials for its suspected improvement of vascularization and mineralization of the subantral scaffold by full immobilization of the augmentation site towards pressure changes in the human sinus at normal breathing.

Barriers To Biological Fieldwork: What Really Prevents Teaching Out of Doors?

This paper considers a range of factors that may contribute to an unwillingness or inability of teachers to participate in the teaching of biology through fieldwork. Through a synthesis of the views of both pre-service teachers in training and primary school teachers in practice we explore the relative importance of a wide range of potential barriers and potential responses to them in the context of the wider literature. We conclude that although fieldwork may be impeded by the interaction of a wide range of individual barriers, including an individual’s predisposition towards the outdoors, it is possible to group interacting barriers into two main areas: school culture and teacher confidence. It is also apparent that barriers may assume different levels of significance when considered in general terms rather than when applied to a particular context and that the significance of barriers may change through time. Encouragingly, we have also shown that in-service teachers have a willingness to overcome these barriers.

Appraisal of Child Care Arrangements in Ekiti State Nigeria: Parents’ Perceptual Analysis

Purpose: This study identifies different kinds and combinations of child care arrangements and empirically examines parents’ perception on various child care arrangements in Ekiti State. It also determines if there is any relationship between the parents’ demographic variables and their perception on different kinds of child care arrangements. Methodology: Structured questionnaire tagged “Assessment of Parental Child Care Arrangement (APCA)” was administered on a sample of working parents within these categories: Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) Members of preschool children, Community Primary Health Care Centres workers and parents working in public and private institutions in Ado Ekiti, the capital city of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and chi-square. Findings: It was found that crèche/day care centres and nanny/baby sitters are the most practised childcare arrangements. While the majority of the sampled parents have a high positive impression on the use of crèche/daycare centres, they also have a high negative impression on nanny/baby sitters. It was further found that the parents’ demographic variables have different levels of significance with the parents’ perceptions. Practical Implication: It will help stakeholders in early childhood education to know the perceptions of working parents on the use of different kinds of child care arrangements in such an environment. The significance of the study to major stakeholders in the field of early childhood education is further reinforced with how the study has carried along the parents’ decision making on the use of child care arrangement that will cater for their children total needs. Originality: The findings from this study are assumed to help parents make informed decision about an appropriate child care arrangement relevant to the ideology of universal basic education (UBE). The relationship between parents’ demographics and the childcare arrangement adopted provides a good ground for policy makers on early childhood development programme. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n3p99