Signature Block Research Articles

Error in Signature Block

Error in Signature Block

Using Shape and Layout Information to Find Signatures, Text, and Graphics

The decomposition of a page image into text and various types of nontext elements is a challenging problem important in document analysis problems such as optical character recognition, storage and retrieval, and identification of the sender and recipient of a FAX. A fast classifier based on a skeletonization of the image attempts to classify groups of related line segments as text, ruling lines, signatures, other line art, or miscellaneous items. Then everything classified as text is processed by Baird's language-free layout analysis system so that a postprocessor can use the geometric layout to refine decisions about what is text and what is nontext. This could then be further processed to identify complex objects such as tables, signature blocks, and line drawings. In order to recognize signatures and to separate them from ruling lines and components of line drawings, line segments from skeletonization need to be strung together by a curve-fitting process. After long, fairly straight lines are found and set aside, a more lenient criterion strings together pairs of segments to form the groups on which to run the fast classifier.

The Early and Current English Business Letters

Updated English business correspondence requires a modern and unsophisticated method of expression ranging from the layout to the contents of the letter. It has to be accurate, concise, neat and easy to read. To the reader, the most significance of the contents has to be understandable. The out-of-date style of writing in the 20(superscript th) century is full of long wordiness and too much courteousness. Sometimes it is too vague, ambiguous, and hard to understand. There are a lot of expressions to which the writer should pay attention besides the said obsolete expressions, e.g., the use of inside address, salutation, complimentary close, signature block, initials, carbon (circulated) copy, enclosure, postscript, and layout.

Integrating geometrical and linguistic analysis for email signature block parsing

The signature block is a common structured component found in email messages. Accurate identification and analysis of signature blocks is important in many multimedia messaging and information retrieval applications such as email text-to-speech rendering, automatic construction of personal address databases, and interactive message retrieval. It is also a very challenging task, because signature blocks often appear in complex two-dimensional layouts which are guided only by loose conventions. Traditional text analysis methods designed to deal with sequential text cannot handle two-dimensional structures, while the highly unconstrained nature of signature blocks makes the application of two-dimensional grammars very difficult. In this article, we describe an algorithm for signature block analysis which combines two-dimensional structural segmentation with one-dimensional grammatical constraints. The information obtained from both layout and linguistic analysis is integrated in the form of weighted finite-state transducers. The algorithm is currently implemented as a component in a preprocessing system for email text-to-speech rendering.

Dynamic allocation of Signature Files on Parallel devices

Signature file is one of the efficient access methods for retrieval of text database. In a large database server, parallel device is utilized to achieve concurrent access. Efficient allocation of signature file on parallel device minimizes the query response time and is important in the design of large databases. In this paper, we investigate the design of parallel signature file. We propose a new dynamic allocation technique to distribute the signature file on parallel device. It is an improvement of previous approach of Fragmented Signature File. While Fragmented Signature File uses Quick Filter to distribute the partitioned frame signature file, the proposed Parallel Signature File uses a declustering technique. The proposed Parallel Signature File has some advantages. First, the qualified frame signature blocks are distributed more uniformly than Fragmented Signature Files. Second, the proposed scheme can also be used in dynamic environment. Performance analysis shows that performance of the proposed approach outperforms that of Fragmented Signature File and is not far from theoretical optimal response time.

Characterization of Yeast Protein Deg1 as Pseudouridine Synthase (Pus3) Catalyzing the Formation of Ψ38 and Ψ39 in tRNA Anticodon Loop

The enzymatic activity of yeast gene product Deg1 was identified using both disrupted yeast strain and cloned recombinant protein expressed in yeast and in Escherichia coli. The results show that the DEG1-disrupted yeast strain lacks synthase activity for the formation of pseudouridines psi 38 and psi 39 in tRNA whereas the other activities, specific for psi formation at positions 13, 27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 36, and 55 in tRNA, remain unaffected. Also, the His6-tagged recombinant yeast Deg1p expressed in E. coli as well as a protein fusion with protein A in yeast display the enzymatic activity only toward psi 38 and psi 39 formation in different tRNA substrates. Therefore, Deg1p is the third tRNA:pseudouridine synthase (Pus3p) characterized so far in yeast. Disruption of the DEG1 gene is not lethal but reduces considerably the yeast growth rate, especially at an elevated temperature (37 degrees C). Deg1p localizes both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. Identification of the pseudouridine residues present (or absent) in selected naturally occurring cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs from DEG1-disrupted strain points out a common origin of psi 38- and psi 39-synthesizing activity in both of these two cellular compartments. The sensitivity of Pus3p (Deg1p) activity to overall three-dimensional tRNA architecture and to a few individual mutations in tRNA was also studied. The results indicate the existence of subtle differences in the tRNA recognition by yeast Pus3p and by its homologous tRNA:pseudouridine synthase truA from E. coli (initially called hisT or PSU-I gene product).

Key-spoofing attacks on nested signature blocks

For a given signature block and any other data, there exists a key which produces the same signature block. The threat that this poses to schemes which use nested signature blocks as pointers to other tokens is identified, using a theft-proof capability mechanism as an illustration. A modification to public key certificates is then proposed to eliminate this threat.

Deixis and the Format of the Business Letter

The format of the business letter reflects the necessary adjustments that writers must make to communicate successfully in the written medium. The heading, inside address, salutation, complimentary close, and signature block establish contextual anchoring for the reader to understand the many deictic references within the body of the letter. By seeing the practical nature of the components of the business letter, students no longer view the format as arbitrary and ad hoc.