Redundant Signals Research Articles

A novel multi-sensors fusion framework based on Kalman Filter and neural network for AFS application

An adaptive front light system (AFS) is put forward by the Society of Automotive Engineers and Economic Commission for Europe as a means of enhancing vehicular lighting. Traditionally, AFS can be divided into three parts: (1) a leveling subsystem to make lighting parallel to the road surface; (2) a swiveling subsystem to change light distribution along with the angle of the steering wheel; (3) a dimming subsystem to reduce or intensify the lighting. In this paper, a new hybrid multi-sensor fusion framework combining Kalman Filter with neural network is proposed to adjust two stepper motors controlling the vehicles headlights pitch and yaw. Kalman Filter as the frontend is used to deal with redundant sensor signals that are collected from sensors in the different places. Fuzzy Neutral Network as the backend is used to generate adjustment of leveling and swiveling angle through the integration of different type signals. An adaptive parameter adjustment is accomplished by the proposed fusion framework with the varying filter coefficients. The simulation and experiment of leveling angle are conducted using the predefined experimental data. The evaluation results of leveling angle prove that the proposed algorithm can effectively filter out high-frequency perturbations and provide reliable outputs for stepper motor. The same results can be obtained for a swiveling subsystem. Consequently, the hybrid fusion framework is a feasible approach for AFS design to accomplish data processing and nonlinear mapping.

A Dynamic Reservation Scheme based on Online Charging System with Family Shared Plan

For simplifying the bills and controlling the data usage, Family Shared Plan (FSP) is now a popular plan of telecommunications. Based on 3GPP specifications, Online Charging System (OCS) has to determine Granted Unit (GU) and create reservations per session before the services are delivered by the serving network. However, fixed GUs can not be adapted to dynamic consumer behaviors, such as travel, watching FIFA World Cup all night or taking pleasure in a new online application. Obviously, short of GUs will make redundant signals of reservation, but excessive ones will cause scarcity of resource. Since how to determine GU is an open issue by telecommunications operators, we design a new scheme to periodically assign dynamical GUs for subscribers belong to same FSP, based on their data usage and shared monthly data allowance. Simulation results not only show that our algorithm can substantially reduce redundant signals more than 3 times, no matter what unpredictable behaviors they do, but also observe interrelation between logging time and cooldown timer in our scheme.

The sound of female shape: a redundant signal of vocal and facial attractiveness

There is more to female attractiveness than a pretty face. Human mate choice decisions are guided by different cues, which in combination may give a better estimate of a general condition. We hypothesized that such signal redundancy might be true for vocal and visual cues of human female attractiveness. To test this we used photographs of women's faces, recorded their voices and asked men to rate both types of stimuli on attractiveness. We found a significant relationship between males' ratings of female faces and voices. Moreover, low levels of fluctuating asymmetry of women's bodies and faces were associated with high ratings on facial and vocal attractiveness. Applying the Geometric Morphometric Methodology we performed a multivariate regression analysis of attractiveness ratings with landmark data obtained from women's faces. We found similar facial shape changes for ratings of facial and vocal attractiveness that are both negatively related to facial and body FA. Findings suggest that females with an attractive face also tend to have an attractive voice and that this redundant information is reflected in female facial shape.

Partial interchangeability of Fz3 and Fz6 in tissue polarity signaling for epithelial orientation and axon growth and guidance.

In mammals, a set of anatomically diverse polarity processes - including axon growth and guidance, hair follicle orientation, and stereociliary bundle orientation in inner ear sensory hair cells - appear to be mechanistically related, as judged by their dependence on vertebrate homologues of core tissue polarity/planar cell polarity (PCP) genes in Drosophila. To explore more deeply the mechanistic similarities between different polarity processes, we have determined the extent to which frizzled 3 (Fz3) can rescue the hair follicle and Merkel cell polarity defects in frizzled 6-null (Fz6(-/-)) mice, and, reciprocally, the extent to which Fz6 can rescue the axon growth and guidance defects in Fz3(-/-) mice. These experiments reveal full rescue of the Fz6(-/-) phenotype by Fz3 and partial rescue of the Fz3(-/-) phenotype by Fz6, implying that these two proteins are likely to act in a conserved manner in these two contexts. Stimulated by these observations, we searched for additional anatomical structures that exhibit macroscopic polarity and that might plausibly use Fz3 and/or Fz6 signaling. This search has revealed a hitherto unappreciated pattern of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue that depends, at least in part, on redundant signaling by Fz3 and Fz6. Taken together, these experiments provide compelling evidence for a close mechanistic relationship between multiple anatomically diverse polarity processes.

Tyrosine 251 at the C-terminus of neuronal glycoprotein M6a is critical for neurite outgrowth.

Neuronal glycoprotein M6a is involved in neuronal plasticity, promoting neurite and filopodia outgrowth and, likely, synaptogenesis. Polymorphisms in the human M6a gene GPM6A have recently been associated with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and claustrophobia. Nevertheless, the molecular bases underlying these observations remain unknown. We have previously documented that, to induce filopodia formation, M6a depends on the association of membrane lipid microdomains and the activation of Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases. Here, in silico analysis of the phosphorylation of tyrosine 251 (Y251) at the C-terminus of M6a showed that it could be a target of Src kinases. We examined whether phosphorylation of M6a at Y251 affects neurite and filopodia outgrowth and the targets involved in its signal propagation. This work provides evidence that the Src kinase family and the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), but not Ras, participate in M6a signal cascade leading to neurite/filopodia outgrowth in hippocampal neurons and murine neuroblastoma N2a cells. Phosphorylation of M6a at Y251 is essential only for neurite outgrowth by the PI3K/AKT-mediated pathway and, moreover, rescues the inhibition caused by selective Src inhibitor and external M6a monoclonal antibody treatment. Thus, we suggest that phosphorylation of M6a at Y251 is critical for a specific stage of neuronal development and triggers redundant signaling pathways leading to neurite extension.

SAR Imaging With Undersampled Data via Matrix Completion

High-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of a wide area of surveillance is a difficult large-data problem. In the past few years, researchers have applied compressive sensing (CS) to SAR, as it exploits redundancy in signals. To further extend the sparse problem from the vector to the matrix, a new theory called matrix completion (MC) has attracted much attention, which can complete a matrix from a small set of corrupted entries based on the assumption that the matrix is essentially of low rank. Inspired by this technique, a novel SAR imaging algorithm is proposed in this letter to deal with the undersampled data. After representing the data of a range cell as a matrix, the phase is compensated to keep the matrix holding the property of low rank. Subsequently, MC can be utilized to recover the full-aperture data in the new constructed matrix. Since the data are completely unsampled in the corresponding azimuth cells, the proposed method has effectively conquered the restriction of previous applications that each received channel must have a small number of samples. The final results in both simulation and real-data experiments show that the targets can be well focused even in the scenario of discarding a large percentage of the received pulses. Moreover, when compared with CS, the method is not required to design the complicated measurement matrix.

S1P-Dependent Trafficking of Intracellular Yersinia pestis through Lymph Nodes Establishes Buboes and Systemic Infection

Pathologically swollen lymph nodes (LNs), or buboes, characterize Yersinia pestis infection, yet how they form and function is unknown. We report that colonization of the draining LN (dLN) occurred due to trafficking of infected dendritic cells and monocytes in temporally distinct waves in response to redundant chemotactic signals, including through CCR7, CCR2, and sphingosine-1-phospate (S1P) receptors. Retention of multiple subsets of phagocytes within peripheral LNs using the S1P receptor agonist FTY720 or S1P1-specific agonist SEW2871 increased survival, reduced colonization of downstream LNs, and limited progression to transmission-associated septicemic or pneumonic disease states. Conditional deletion of S1P1 in mononuclear phagocytes abolished node-to-node trafficking of infected cells. Thus, Y.pestis-orchestrated LN remodeling promoted its dissemination via host cells through the lymphatic system but can be blocked by prevention of leukocyte egress from DLNs. These findings define a novel trafficking route of mononuclear phagocytes and identify S1P as a therapeutic target during infection.

Perturbation of the interaction between Gal4p and Gal80p of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL switch results in altered responses to galactose and glucose.

In S. cerevisiae, following the Whole Genome Duplication (WGD), GAL1-encoded galactokinase retained its signal transduction function but lost basal expression. On the other hand, its paralogue GAL3, lost kinase activity but retained its signalling function and basal expression, thus making it indispensable for the rapid induction of the S. cerevisiae GAL switch. However, a gal3Δ strain exhibits delayed growth kinetics due to the redundant signalling function of GAL1. The subfunctionalization between the paralogues GAL1 and GAL3 is due to expression divergence and is proposed to be due to the alteration in the Upstream Activating Sequences (UASG ). We demonstrate that the GAL switch becomes independent of GAL3 by altering the interaction between Gal4p and Gal80p without altering the configuration of UASG . In addition to the above, the altered switch of S. cerevisiae loses ultrasensitivity and stringent glucose repression. These changes caused an increase in fitness in the disaccharide melibiose at the expense of a decrease in fitness in galactose. The above altered features of the ScGAL switch are similar to the features of the GAL switch of K. lactis that diverged from S. cerevisiae before the WGD.

Regulation of feto-maternal barrier by matriptase- and PAR-2-mediated signaling is required for placental morphogenesis and mouse embryonic survival.

The development of eutherian mammalian embryos is critically dependent on the selective bi-directional transport of molecules across the placenta. Here, we uncover two independent and partially redundant protease signaling pathways that include the membrane-anchored serine proteases, matriptase and prostasin, and the G protein-coupled receptor PAR-2 that mediate the establishment of a functional feto-maternal barrier. Mice with a combined matriptase and PAR-2 deficiency do not survive to term and the survival of matriptase-deficient mice heterozygous for PAR-2 is severely diminished. Embryos with the combined loss of PAR-2 and matriptase or PAR-2 and the matriptase partner protease, prostasin, uniformly die on or before embryonic day 14.5. Despite the extensive co-localization of matriptase, prostasin, and PAR-2 in embryonic epithelia, the overall macroscopic and histological analysis of the double-deficient embryos did not reveal any obvious developmental abnormalities. In agreement with this, the conditional deletion of matriptase from the embryo proper did not affect the prenatal development or survival of PAR-2-deficient mice, indicating that the critical redundant functions of matriptase/prostasin and PAR-2 are limited to extraembryonic tissues. Indeed, placentas of the double-deficient animals showed decreased vascularization, and the ability of placental epithelium to establish a functional feto-maternal barrier was severely diminished. Interestingly, molecular analysis suggested that the barrier defect was associated with a selective deficiency in the expression of the tight junction protein, claudin-1. Our results reveal unexpected complementary roles of matriptase-prostasin- and PAR-2-dependent proteolytic signaling in the establishment of placental epithelial barrier function and overall embryonic survival.

Audio-tactile integration in congenitally and late deaf cochlear implant users.

Several studies conducted in mammals and humans have shown that multisensory processing may be impaired following congenital sensory loss and in particular if no experience is achieved within specific early developmental time windows known as sensitive periods. In this study we investigated whether basic multisensory abilities are impaired in hearing-restored individuals with deafness acquired at different stages of development. To this aim, we tested congenitally and late deaf cochlear implant (CI) recipients, age-matched with two groups of hearing controls, on an audio-tactile redundancy paradigm, in which reaction times to unimodal and crossmodal redundant signals were measured. Our results showed that both congenitally and late deaf CI recipients were able to integrate audio-tactile stimuli, suggesting that congenital and acquired deafness does not prevent the development and recovery of basic multisensory processing. However, we found that congenitally deaf CI recipients had a lower multisensory gain compared to their matched controls, which may be explained by their faster responses to tactile stimuli. We discuss this finding in the context of reorganisation of the sensory systems following sensory loss and the possibility that these changes cannot be “rewired” through auditory reafferentation.

Mobile Video Perception: New Insights and Adaptation Strategies

It is now a common knowledge for mobile users to notice that the video viewing experience for the same device and same content can be dramatically different. The main reason for such difference is the dynamic viewing environment of mobile device which may change from indoor to outdoor or from walking to riding in a traveling vehicle. In this paper, we report our recent study on how mobile video perception is different from conventional TV viewing experiences in the living room and on which adaption strategy we can take to generate video bitstreams that matches better with the dynamic viewing environment. We first identify several key factors that would impact the mobile video perception, including display size and viewing distance, surrounding luminance, and body movement. These factors will be evaluated by context-aware subjective tests specifically designed to quantify the correlations between these factors and the viewing experience. Based on such evaluation, we develop a mobile video quality assessment tool to measure the just noticeable distortion in a given viewing environment. With appropriate rate adaptation to viewing context parameters, we show that an environment-aware video bit-stream preparation is able to enhance mobile video experience by exploiting inherent video signal redundancy under a given viewing context. Such adaptation can also reduce the bitrate requirement by an average of 30%.

Phase IB trial of carboxyamidotriazole orotate (CTO) and temozolomide for recurrent malignant glioma (MG): A novel mechanism for modulation of multiple oncogenic pathways.

2071 Background: A possible mechanism of resistance to targeted therapeutics is the existence of redundant signaling pathways. CTO is an oral inhibitor of non-voltage-dependent calcium signaling re...

A Voting Optimized Strategy Based on ELM for Improving Classification of Motor Imagery BCI Data

This paper presents an approach to classifying electroencephalogram (EEG) signals for brain–computer interfaces (BCI). To eliminate redundancy in high-dimensional EEG signals and reduce the coupling among different classes of EEG signals, we use principle component analysis and linear discriminant analysis to extract features that represent the raw signals. Next, we introduce the voting-based extreme learning machine to classify the features. Experiments performed on real-world data from the 2003 BCI competition indicate that our classification method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in speed and accuracy.

WhatSAP — 2B4 sends mixed messages in the absence of SAP

2B4 (CD244), a member of the SLAM-related receptor family, has important immuno-regulatory functions including coactivating the cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion of NK cells. Immune modulation by 2B4 is dependent on the small intracellular signaling molecule SAP. In patients suffering from X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP1), SAP is nonfunctional, not only abolishing the activating function of 2B4, but rendering this receptor inhibitory. In this issue of European Journal of Immunology, Meazza et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 1526-1534.] demonstrate that 2B4-mediated inhibition in NK cells from XLP1 patients is selective. While the activation of NK cells via ITAM-based receptors is blocked by inhibitory 2B4, DNAM-1, and NKG2D-dependent NK-cell activation is not affected by SAP deficiency. These findings provide an important insight into the different defective NK-cell functions in XLP1 patients and demonstrate the differential integration of redundant receptor signaling pathways in NK cells.

Performance Measures of Tele-Protection System Based on Networked Microwave Radio Link

The purpose of paper is to compute reliability of Digital Tele-Protection System employing Digital Microwave Radio Link. In this paper, the whole Tele- Protection system is divided into six subsystems. The first subsystem is digital relaying equipment. Second subsystem is the tale-protection signaling equipment where the timing to sample line power currents is synchronized. Both relaying and Tele-Protection signaling equipments, are now assemble three-phase current data, sampled at 600 Hz for 50 Hz EHV systems and some control data into a 90 bit frame format at a transmission rate of 54 Kb/s. A frame consists of a frame synchronization field and some information fields including a cycle's redundancy check field. The third subsystem, Tele-Protection signed multiplexing equipment generates a super frame by multiplexing the seven, 54 Kb/s Tele-Protection signals into a 1.544 Mb/s stage using multi-point sampling technique to minimize the delay time variation and send them to the subsystem four, which is radio equipment, from here the data is transmitted with the help of the channel (subsystem 5) to the repeater station (subsystem 6). The subsystem six is used to remove the noise and to improve the power of the data. In this paper, we have taken standby digital relaying equipment and that can be online through an imperfect switching device. Also parallel redundant Tele-Protection signaling equipment is taken to improve system's overall performance.

Mean-field analysis of orientation selectivity in inhibition-dominated networks of spiking neurons

Mechanisms underlying the emergence of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex are highly debated. Here we study the contribution of inhibition-dominated random recurrent networks to orientation selectivity, and more generally to sensory processing. By simulating and analyzing large-scale networks of spiking neurons, we investigate tuning amplification and contrast invariance of orientation selectivity in these networks. In particular, we show how selective attenuation of the common mode and amplification of the modulation component take place in these networks. Selective attenuation of the baseline, which is governed by the exceptional eigenvalue of the connectivity matrix, removes the unspecific, redundant signal component and ensures the invariance of selectivity across different contrasts. Selective amplification of modulation, which is governed by the operating regime of the network and depends on the strength of coupling, amplifies the informative signal component and thus increases the signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we perform a mean-field analysis which accounts for this process.

Salience-based integration of redundant signals in visual pop-out search: Evidence from behavioral and electrophysiological measures

Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence is presented suggesting that, in visual search for feature singleton targets, multidimensional signals are integrated at a preselective stage of processing. Observers searched for a target that was consistently defined by the same features, but differed from the variable context either nonredundantly by one or redundantly by two dimensionally different features. The behavioral results showed reaction time redundancy gains and evidence of coactive processing, and the electrophysiological analyses revealed the latency of the N2pc component of the event-related potential (ERP) to be expedited by redundant relative to nonredundant displays, while the response-related lateralized readiness potential (LRP) remained unaffected. These findings suggest that target signal integration in singleton search paradigms occurs pre-attentively, that is, prior to focal-attentional target selection, with observers basing their responses on the detection of featureless saliency signals, even under conditions in which the target features remain constant and are known in advance. These results have implications for theories assuming top-down influences in feature detection.

Recalibration of the Multisensory Temporal Window of Integration

Recalibration of the Multisensory Temporal Window of Integration

Pivotal Role of mTORC2 and Involvement of Ribosomal Protein S6 in Cardioprotective Signaling

There is tight coupling between Akt activation and suppression of cell death. Full Akt activation requires mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), but the regulation of mTORC2 is unclear. To gain new insights into mechanisms of mTORC2/Akt signaling. The role of mTORC2 in cardioprotection was examined. In perfused mouse hearts, ischemic preconditioning increased mTORC2 activity, leading to phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473. The protective effect of ischemic preconditioning was lost by pretreatment with dual mTORC inhibitors but not with rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, which indicates the fundamental role of mTORC2 activation in cardioprotection. Next, the regulation and downstream targets of mTORC2/Akt signaling were explored. We have found that ischemic preconditioning and other Akt activators (insulin and opioids) result in phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (Rps6) at Ser235/236 in mouse hearts and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Rps6 interacts with components of mTORC2, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rps6 attenuates insulin-induced mTORC2 activation and Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation. On the other hand, Rps6 overexpression enhanced Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation, indicating that Rps6 activation amplifies mTORC2/Akt signaling. Disruption of the Rps6/mTORC2 pathway by knockdown of Rps6 or rictor abrogated insulin-induced cytoprotection against oxidative stress. Although rapamycin blocks Rps6-dependent mTORC2 activation, mTORC2 is still activated by an alternative signaling pathway, demonstrating the redundancy in cardioprotective signaling. Activation of mTORC2 plays a pivotal role in cardioprotection, and Rps6 is a convergence point of cardioprotective signaling, providing positive feedback regulation of mTORC2/Akt signaling.

An Interactive and Artistic Monitoring System for Machine Condition

Most machine health monitoring techniques are likely to suffer from ineffective selection of state features, and the increasing redundancy of raw signals. As a new strategy, an interactive and artistic monitoring approach is presented. Its basic concept is to transform raw signals into artistic graphs rather than obscure waveforms. The entire procedure includes three steps: signal acquisition, plotting artistic graphs and interactive diagnosis. In the case of numerical control machine tools, an interactive and artistic monitoring prototype system is developed based on the integration of the open-source Arduino platform and the open-source Processing language. Experimental results indicate that the artistic visualization of measured data facilitates the identifications of machine condition and the diagnosis of observed symptoms.