Signal-to-noise Power Ratio Research Articles

A cross‐cross‐correlation based method for joint coregistration of rotated multitemporal synthetic aperture radar images

AbstractCoregistration is among the most important and challenging tasks when dealing with multiple synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, especially when they are acquired at different time instants and characterised by low signal to noise power ratio (SNR) that contributes to their coherence reduction. However, even if some technological expedients could be implemented to maintain the same trajectory and to compensate for these inaccuracies during the acquisition campaign, multitemporal SAR images always need additional registration refinements after compression. Usually, to coregister a series of multitemporal SAR images, one of them is selected as the master, and the remainders are separately registered to it. Differently, in this study, a new strategy is developed to jointly coregister a stack of multitemporal SAR images. It is based on the exploitation of the cross‐correlations in turn computed from each couple of cross‐correlations (a.k.a. cross‐cross‐correlations) of the extracted patches. By doing so, the method is capable of exploiting also the respective misregistration information between the slaves during the estimation process. In this respect, this methodology is applied to enhance the registration capabilities of the constrained Least Squares (CLS) optimisation method, which instead does not account for the reciprocal information related to the slaves. Several tests are performed on multitemporal airborne‐measured SAR data. Obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of achieved root mean square error for images affected by respective rotations also in comparison with the CLS counterpart.

Application of the method of equivalent message encoding structures to simplify coding complexity

Formulation of the problem. Modern telecommunication technologies make it possible to transmit data over long distances with limitations in the form of low power consumption and low error rate using error correction codes. The use of such codes plays an important role and is necessary to detect and correct errors caused by signal distortion and noise in the communication channel. According to Shannon's channel coding theorem, the probability of error can be arbitrarily small or close to zero if the encoding rate of transmission R is less than or equal to the bandwidth of channel C. Assuming that the bandwidth C is achievable, we can calculate the minimum signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) to achieve zero error, or an arbitrarily small error called the Shannon limit, while maintaining R ≤ C. This article discusses a method of applying equivalent message encoding structures to construct low-density parity-checking (LDPC) codes. Low-density parity-checking (LDPC) codes are a class of linear block codes in which the complexity of iterative decoding increases linearly with increasing block length. Standard LDPC codes without modifications are considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which is expected to provide high encoding speed when transmitting messages with a short block length. The method of obtaining equivalent structures allows: to reduce the computational complexity of encoding and decoding; to provide the possibility of finding a new encoding scheme and evaluating its effectiveness. The validity of the method for obtaining equivalent message encoding structures is evaluated by modeling the bit error rate (BER) of LDPC codes. Purpose. to show the effectiveness of the use of equivalent structures for various methods of compression of transmitted information, to minimize the complexity of encoding, while maintaining energy efficiency, correcting ability and data transfer rate. Results. A method is considered for obtaining equivalent message element encoding structures that can be used to create more LDPC codes for data transmission applications with a short block length. The cascade principle of constructing an equivalent generator and a parity check matrix was analyzed, which also leads to minimizing the computational complexity of the encoder and decoder. An equivalent structure G can be obtained from cascading two (or more) matrices by modifying the second matrix so that it has a unit matrix with the size of the parity check length and a shift to the right by k bits. On the other hand, the equivalent structure H can be obtained by simply cascading directly the second matrix and shifting to the right by k bits. According to the simulation results, the proposed method is adequate, since LDPC codes have the same BER characteristics as codes based on the low density generator matrix (LDGM). During the simulation, it was concluded that the SPC codes (single parity check (single parity check (SPC)) are the most efficient codes (for a given block length), since SPC codes have the smallest interval up to the Shannon limit. Practical significance. The results presented in this article will give a new insight into the development of simple channel coding of LDPC codes of short block length with high encoding speed for future applications with lower power consumption.

Impact Analysis of Intercell Interference in Cellular Networks for Navigation Applications

This article studies the intercell interference (ICI) effects in cellular networks for navigation applications. This is achieved through the derivation of an analytical expression for a cellular navigation receiver postcorrelation signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) in the presence of multiple asynchronous cells. It reveals that in addition to the channel power, the cell loading rate and data modulation order for the interfering cells also play important roles in affecting the received signal quality of the desired cell. Furthermore, the time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation and positioning accuracy degradation due to the ICI is characterized by the Cramer–Rao and Ziv–Zakai lower bounds based on the derived postcorrelation SNR. Simulations are performed to verify the theoretical expressions and the results indicate that the ICI term can be treated as an additional Gaussian disturbance for characterizing the TOA estimation accuracy in cellular navigation receivers.

Grating index difference (GID) and order based distributed feedback laser effects on coarse wavelength division multiplexing optical fiber systems

Abstract The study has outlined grating index difference (GID) and grating order based distributed feedback laser effects on coarse wavelength division multiplexing optical fiber systems. Signal amplitude level (SPL), noise signal level are measured accurately based on various grating order of distributed feedback laser. Max. signal power (MSP), noise signal power (NSP) are also measured along the variations of frequency spectrum related to spectral wavelength and bit period time versus GID variations. The optimum signal power level and minimum noise power level, maximum SPL, minimum SPL are achieved with 0.1% GID and grating order of unity.

Wi-Fi-Based Fall Detection Using Spectrogram Image of Channel State Information

Wi-Fi channel state information (CSI)-based fall detection systems have a great potential compared with other alternatives since they are nonintrusive and nonspace limited. However, in the conventional work on Wi-Fi CSI-based fall detection, a phenomenon is commonly observed: the classification performance degrades when data in different environments are used for learning and testing. Nonetheless, when the signal-to-noise-power ratio (SNR) is small, the conventional methods cannot capture features of motion and cannot segment signals accurately. Therefore, there is a need to address these problems in order to build a robust fall detection system. In this article, we propose a spectrogram-image-based fall detection using Wi-Fi CSI. Unlike the conventional method, CSI is segmented with a certain sliding-time window, and then the classifier detects fall by using the spectrogram image generated from the segmented CSI. We use a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) optimized for binary classification of the spectrogram images of the fall and nonfall motions. We carried out experiments to evaluate the classification performance of our proposed method against the conventional one by using motion data in two different rooms for learning and testing. As a result, we confirmed that our proposed method outperforms the conventional one and reaches over 0.92 accuracy. In addition, compared with the conventional method, the fall detection performance of our method does not degrade even when using different environment data for learning and testing.

ICoRD: iterative correlation-based ROI detection method for the extraction of neural signals in calcium imaging

Objective. In vivo calcium imaging is a standard neuroimaging technique that allows selective observation of target neuronal activities. In calcium imaging, neuron activation signals provide key information for the investigation of neural circuits. For efficient extraction of the calcium signals of neurons, selective detection of the region of interest (ROI) pixels corresponding to the active subcellular region of the target neuron is essential. However, current ROI detection methods for calcium imaging data exhibit a relatively low signal extraction performance from neurons with a low signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR). This is problematic because a low SNR is unavoidable in many biological experiments. Approach. Therefore, we propose an iterative correlation-based ROI detection (ICoRD) method that robustly extracts the calcium signal of the target neuron from a calcium imaging series with severe noise. Main results. ICoRD extracts calcium signals closer to the ground-truth calcium signal than the conventional method from simulated calcium imaging data in all low SNR ranges. Additionally, this study confirmed that ICoRD robustly extracts activation signals against noise, even within in vivo environments. Significance. ICoRD showed reliable detection from neurons with a low SNR and sparse activation, which were not detected by conventional methods. ICoRD will facilitate our understanding of neural circuit activity by providing significantly improved ROI detection in noisy images.

QAM receiver based on light amplifiers measured with effective role of optical coherent duobinary transmitter

Abstract Effective role of optical duobinary transmitter with optical coherent quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) receiver based on light amplifiers measured is stimulated by using optisystem simulation software version 13. Signal, noise power levels are stimulated after long haul fiber optic range up to 350 km distance. Measured light amplifiers, optical duobinary transmitters and optical QAM receiver are employed to measure the peak signal amplitude power (SAP) and noise signal power for bit rate transmission with 100 Gb/s based 350 km length. Maximum signal power level margin is enhanced with high data rates transmission.

CNN-Based Joint SNR and Doppler Shift Classification Using Spectrogram Images for Adaptive Modulation and Coding

This paper proposes a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) based joint classification method to characterize the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) and Doppler shift using spectrogram images, in order to enable efficient adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) designs. It is necessary to maintain high communication performances even in stringent environments where transceivers move at high speed due to the diversification of wireless applications. To optimize the transmission rate in such dynamic environments, AMC scheme is known to be effective. AMC is generally designed based on feedback information (FBI) such as the SNR and Doppler shift acquired on the receiving side. Here, the challenge is an increase in calculation burden, processing delay and estimation accuracy of the FBI. We focused on the spectrogram which is composed of power values in the time and frequency domains. Its two-dimensional fluctuation represents the Doppler shift as well as noise values. In the proposed method, such key information for AMC can be simultaneously extracted from a single spectrogram via a trained CNN. Therefore it is expected to contribute to reducing the computational burden and speeding up the signal processing. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better performance than traditional methods.

ADAPTIVE REDUCED PATHS SUCCESSIVE CANCELLATION LIST DECODING FOR POLAR CODES

Adaptive Reduced Path Successive Cancellation List (ARP-SCL) decoding for polar codes is proposed in this paper. The aim here is to reduce the complexity of the conventional Successive Cancellation List (SCL) and a previously proposed Reduced Path SCL (RP-SCL) decoders. The complexity reduction is obtained at low and moderate signal to noise power ratio (SNR) regions. The operation of the proposed ARP-SCL decoder relied on the calculation of different optimum pruning parameters according to the operating SNR, while RP-SCL used single parameters set. Simulation tests are carried out to determine both the complexity and Bit Error Rate (BER) performances of the proposed ARP-SCL decoder in comparison with SCL and RP-SCL decoders. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and two fading channel models simulating indoor 5G environment using millimeter Wave (mmWave) with carrier frequency of 28GHz and having either 50 or 400 MHz bandwidths are used. The results revealed that the proposed ARP-SCL decoder reduced the average processed paths up to 46.88%. The largest complexity reductions are obtained in the case of fading channel having 400 MHz bandwidth at high SNR regions. In most test conditions, the mentioned reduction in complexity is achieved without greatly sacrificing the required BER.

Hybrid NRZ/RZ line coding scheme based hybrid FSO/FO dual channel communication systems

<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-52ae510c-7fff-0f9d-c23b-ec77d8fd1141" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This </span><span id="docs-internal-guid-22aadf85-7fff-c447-0533-2748148ff46b" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">study simulates the hybrid non return to zero (NRZ)/return to zero (RZ) line coding scheme based hybrid free space optics (FSO)/fiber optics (FO) dual channel communication systems. The max Q factor/Min BER are simulated after APD receiver based both erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and wide band traveling wave semiconductor optical amplifiers (WBTWSOAs) with 50 km fiber channel and 4 km FSO channel. Max SPAL/min noise SPAL, max signal power amplitude/min noise signal power variations with spectral frequency, and the total electrical power are demonstrated and clarified in this proposed study. This work emphasized that the fiber channel is reached up to 100 km reach and FSO channel can be also extended to 4 km reach with 40 Gbps.</span></p>

Wide band fiber systems and long transmission applications based on optimum optical fiber amplifiers lengths

Abstract Article clarified the optimum fiber amplifiers length for wide band fiber system applications. Optical suppressed carrier transceiver with various fiber amplifier lengths in long haul applications is simulated by using optisystem simulation program version 13. Max. Q coefficient and min. BER can be tested for various fiber amplifiers lengths from 5 to 30 m. The optimum performance efficiency is achieved with 5 m amplifier length which the max. Q coefficient is 62.5 and bits error rate is tended to zero. Peak power amplitude level, noise signal power level, noise signal amplitude level (NSAL) and peak signal amplitude level after channel with a 45 km length for optimum fiber optic amplifier length of 5 m are measured.

A Deep Learning-Based Low Overhead Beam Selection in mmWave Communications

Due to large amounts of available spectrum at high frequencies, millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has gained extensive research attention in 5G communications, whereas mmWave links suffer from severe free space attenuation. Codebook-based beamforming techniques with multiple antennas can effectively alleviate this challenge with low computational complexity and low hardware cost. However, small delay and high-speed communications with beamforming techniques require beam alignment with small overhead so as to establish the wireless link quickly. In this context, this paper proposes a deep learning-based low overhead analog beam selection scheme by virtue of the super-resolution technology. To be concrete, deep neural networks are employed to conduct beam quality estimation based on partial beam measurements. Our proposed scheme can cover all the directions of arriving signals with low overhead by utilizing codebooks with different beam widths. Furthermore, for the purpose of further reducing the overhead, we formulate the beam quality prediction model based on the past beam sweepings. With these beam quality estimation and prediction model, the beam that achieves large signal-to-noise-power-ratio (SNR) can be selected based on partial beam measurements. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can accurately estimate beam qualities and give high probability of optimal beam selections with low overhead.

Nonlinear Distortion Mitigation in Multi-IF over Fiber Transmission Using Modulation-Based Adaptive Power Allocation

We propose a modulation-based adaptive power allocation (MBAPA) technique for nonlinear distortion mitigation in intermediate frequency over fiber (IFoF) systems. The technique allocates the spectral power of each IF band according to the required signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) of the modulation format. To demonstrate the performance of the technique, transmission experiments were performed in 10 km and 20 km with 24-IF bands using OFDM signals. The feasibility of the proposed MBAPA technique was experimentally verified by reducing inter-modulation distortion (IMD) power and enhancing channel linearity.

Full-Azimuth Beam Steering MIMO Antenna Arranged in a Daisy Chain Array Structure.

This paper presents a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with the ability to perform full-azimuth beam steering, and with the aim of realizing greater than 20 Gbps vehicular communications. The MIMO antenna described in this paper comprises 64 elements arranged in a daisy chain array structure, where 32 subarrays are formed by pairing elements in each subarray; the antenna yields 32 independent subchannels for MIMO transmission, and covers all communication targets regardless of their position relative to the array. Analytical results reveal that the proposed antenna system can provide a channel capacity of more than 200 bits/s/Hz at a signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) of 30 dB over the whole azimuth, which is equivalent to 20 Gbps for a bandwidth of 100 MHz. This remarkably high channel capacity is shown to be due to two significant factors; the improved directivity created by the optimum in-phase excitation and the low correlation between the subarrays due to the orthogonal alignment of the array with respect to the incident waves. Over-the-air (OTA) experiments confirm the increase in channel capacity; the proposed antenna can maintain a constant transmission rate over all azimuth angles.

User Selection and Power Allocation for Downlink NOMA Systems With Quality-Based Feedback in Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this letter, we consider a single-cell downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system using greedy scheduling with quality-based channel-state information (CSI) feedback (QCF), and propose the user selection and power allocation scheme to reduce the physical-layer latency and achieve target data rates while maximizing the sum rate at high signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR). Assuming Rayleigh fading channels, we investigate the transmission time interval index, which quantifies physical-layer latency, the overhead index of CSI feedback, and the average data rate of the proposed scheme. In addition, we show that the sum rates of NOMA and orthogonal multiple access systems using greedy scheduling with QCF are equal at high SNR.

Statistical Analysis of Noise Propagation Effect for Mixed RF/FSO AF Relaying Application in Wireless Sensor Networks.

In this paper, we investigate the so-called noise propagation effect in a mixed radio-frequency/ free-space optical (RF/FSO) amplifying-and-forwarding (AF) relaying system that is applied for data transmission in wireless sensor networks. The noise propagation could be essentially severe when battery-charged sensor nodes have very limited transmit power. We provide an exact expression on the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of end-to-end signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) for a dual-hop mixed RF/FSO AF relaying system. We assume a tightly power-constrained amplifying gain at the relay, which has been usually ignored in existing performance studies for the mixed RF/FSO AF system. It however should be considered to properly evaluate the noise propagation effect especially if the relaying power is not infinite or the sensor has a poor budget in transmit power. We apply the derived exact CDF to evaluate the system performances such as outage probability, average bit-error rate, and ergodic capacity. Numerical investigation is used to justify that the proposed analysis is exactly matched with the simulation and shows that the performance gap caused by the inclusion of the noise propagation effect is significant (about 2–12%) especially when the SNR per hop is in the medium- or the low-SNR ranges (i.e., at 10–20 dB).

Asymptotic Capacity Allocation for an Out-of-Cell User in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access With Coordinated Direct and Relay Transmission

An out-of-cell user (referred to UE2) is usually required to receive or send signals from or to a base station (BS) that is connected to wider area networks. In order to provide a wireless connection between BS and UE2 and hence extend their radio coverage, putting a relay between BS and UE2 is widely accepted. The relayed UE2 signal occupies a part of bandwidth that is originally allocated to an in-cell user (referred to UE1) and then UE2 shares UE1's capacity. Especially for single-antenna users, the asymptotic capacity that can be achieved when signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) ρ goes to infinity is given by log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (ρ) for UE1. By using the in-cell relay, the capacity is divided into β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (ρ) and β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (ρ) for UE1 and UE2, respectively, where β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> + β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ≤ 1, 0 ≤ β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> , β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ≤ 1. A certain portion of the capacity is sometimes lost and then β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> + β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> <; 1. In order to keep the sum-capacity growth rate (i.e., keeping β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> + β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> = 1), a coordinated direct and relay transmission (CDRT) with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) principles is devised in the downlink, but β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> is just fixed at either 0 or 1/2. In the uplink, however, the full rate 1 is not yet restored. Regardless of whether in the downlink or in the uplink, so far there exists no way to manipulate β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> while keeping β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> + β <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> = 1. Motivated by designing the UE2 capacity flexibly, this article proposes a power allocation method used for CDRT-NOMA, which allocates a target positive capacity growth rate to UE2 and the asymptotic capacity accordingly. With the proposed power allocation, we derive exact or approximate expressions for the ergodic capacities, and provide the capacity scaling law with asymptotic analysis. The analysis proves that the capacity growth rate as well as the asymptotic capacity can be manipulated by a power allocation parameter. Moreover, in the uplink, the full rate 1 is restored with a full-duplexing relay by the proposed power allocation. Numerical investigation is also provided to verify the approximation and analysis used in the paper and shows that the proposed power allocation can control UE2 capacity as desired in the high SNR regime.

On Stochastic Link and Energy Scheduling for Energy Harvesting Bidirectional Communications

In this paper, a solar-powered bidirectional communication system is studied for a pair of energy harvesting (EH) nodes that intend to communicate with each other over wireless fading channels. The conventional time-division duplex (TDD) transmission is revisited by proposing a stochastic resource scheduling scheme to minimize an average rate outage probability based on a Markov decision process (MDP) design framework. Different from the conventional TDD transmission, the proposed scheme can adjust the link direction and energy expenditure for data transmissions between the two EH nodes, in response to the dynamics of the solar EH, channel fading and battery storage conditions. A downstairs threshold structure is theoretically proved under a special optimal on-off policy, in which two-dimensional thresholds pinpoint the interplay between the transmission actions and the available energy in the batteries of the two nodes. Also the optimal on-off policy at asymptotically high signal-to-noise power ratios (SNRs) is revealed. The outage performance of the proposed stochastic resource scheduling scheme is validated by extensive computer simulations, and it shows that the proposed optimal MDP policy can achieve significant performance gains over the combinations of other compared schemes, including round-robin and battery state-oriented link scheduling schemes, and greedy and conservative energy scheduling schemes.

Relay Probing for Millimeter Wave Multi-Hop D2D Networks

The communications in the millimeter wave (mmWave) band, e.g., WiGig (60 GHz), is considered as one of the main components of 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. However, it is characterized by short range transmissions along with high susceptibility to path blockage, e.g., human shadowing. Thus, mmWave multi-hop relaying using device to device (D2D) connections turns to be an efficient solution to extend its communication range and to route around blockages. In this context, relay probing is essential to discover/explore the candidate multi-hop routes from source-to-destination and then select the best route among them. However, a trade-off exists between relay probing and the required overhead coming from mmWave beamforming training. In this paper, taking advantage of the multi-band μW /mmWave relay nodes, an efficient multi-hop relay probing scheme is proposed for mmWave D2D routing. In this scheme, the collected μW received signal strengths (RSSs) among the distributed relay nodes are used to estimate the probability of their mmWave signal-to-noise power ratios (SNRs) while considering line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) path availabilities. Then, based on a proposed probabilistic metric, a hierarchical search algorithm is proposed to jointly discover the relay nodes along the candidate multi-hop routes and enumerate the number of routes expected to maximize the spectral efficiency of the whole path from source-to-destination. This is done in an offline phase, and only the relay nodes located within the pre-selected multi-hop routes are requested to do online relay probing. Numerical analysis confirms the superiority of the proposed mmWave multi-hop relay probing scheme over the candidate techniques.

An efficient removal of power-line interference and baseline wander from ECG signals by employing Fourier decomposition technique

Baseline wander (BW) and power-line interference (PLI) tend to occur in every recorded electrocardiogram (ECG) signal and can significantly deteriorate the quality of the signal. They need to be separated from the ECG signal to facilitate an accurate diagnosis of the patient. In this paper, we propose a new methodology based on the Fourier decomposition method (FDM) to separate both BW and PLI simultaneously from the recorded ECG signal and obtain clean ECG data. The proposed method employs either of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) or discrete cosine transform (DCT) in order to process the signal. Key DFT/DCT coefficients relating to BW and PLI are identified and then suppressed using optimally designed FDM based on a zero-phase filtering approach. The effectiveness of our method is validated on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database. Simulation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed method performs superior in comparison to the existing state-of-the-art techniques at different levels of signal to noise ratio power (SNR). Moreover, this method has low computational complexity which makes it suitable for real-time pre-processing of ECG signals.