Signal Analyzer Research Articles

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Assessing Power Amplifier Impairments and Digital Predistortion on Radar Waveforms for Spectral Coexistence

This article deals with the effects of power amplifiers (PAs) on radar waveforms designed to ensure spectral compatibility with other radio frequency wireless systems cohabitating in the same frequency band. To this end, a specific hardware-in-the-loop testbed composed of a personal computer, an arbitrary waveform generator, a nonlinear PA, and a signal analyzer is designed. It allows to gather measurements of the amplified signal and to grasp unwanted modifications of its spectral features due to the PA nonlinear distortion. Besides, it permits a quantitative assessment of the discrepancies between the nominal and the actual interference power injected by the radar in the shared frequency bandwidths. To alleviate the spectral distortions induced by the PA and improve spectral coexistence, the use of a digital predistortion (DPD) stage upstream the PA is investigated. Modeling techniques together with parameter inference are discussed and applied to the measured waveforms. The obtained experimental results highlight that pairing a suitable waveform design strategy with DPD processing represents a viable means to mitigate the PA distortions and to realize spectral coexistence.

Characterization of Analog-to-Information Converters [imsawards

The dissertation deals with the characterization of sub-sampling devices, the Analog-to-Information Converters (AICs), recently proposed in research as an alternative to the traditional Analog-to-Digital Converters. By exploiting the Compressive Sampling paradigm, AICs stably recover the input signal, previously acquired with less samples than needed by the Nyquist-Shannon theorem, reducing simultaneously sampling frequency and acquisition memory. The dissertation research was carried out in order to design and develop an AIC prototype to be employed in a measurement instrument: a vector signal analyzer, that acquires and reconstructs sparse wideband signals. The aim of such an instrument is to guarantee proper monitoring, circumventing the trade-off between resolution and sampling frequency, typical of conventional data acquisition systems. With a view to this use, the characterization of AICs is of crucial importance, since their performance conditions the measurement instrument based on them, and, although several efforts have been made in research to propose several architectures, only in a few cases their performance is assessed.

Influence of Magnetic State Variation on Transformer Core Vibration Characteristics and Its Measurement

The variation of magnetic state of transformer often causes the violent vibration of the transformer various parts, especially the core. The most obvious magnetic state change of the transformer is usually caused by the DC component. In this paper, one kind of magnetic compensation method is adopted to suppress the DC bias, and the core vibration caused by the transformer magnetic state change is studied in detail. At first, on the basis of measuring the magnetostriction and calculating the vibration displacement of transformer core, the research on the vibration increment created by the DC bias is carried out. Secondly, the transformer core vibration before and after the DC bias suppression is simulated, and the difference of the transformer with a magnetic compensation capacity is analyzed. Finally, based on the VIBXPERT®II FFT data acquisition and signal analyzer, the vibration of measuring points under the different magnetic state and the different measuring point under the same magnetic state are collected. The vibration tendency of each measuring point is given with the variation of the magnetic state. Thus, the vulnerable spot of the core vibration and the basic law of the transformer vibration are obtained, which could provide a basic method for the reducing vibration.

MEANS OF DIGITAL PROCESSING AND GENERATION OF SOUND AND ULTRASOUND FREQUENCY SIGNALS IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH WORK

The authors analyse the most common free and shareware software for analysis and generation of sound signals, which is based on the use of ADC (analogue-to-digital converter) and DAC (digital-to-analogue converter) of a computer sound card. With the accordance to the present paper, there is practically no domestic Ukrainian-language software for working with ADC and DAC sound cards. The authors propose to use affordable personal mobile cardiographs, both for the study of biopotentials and the processing of other low-frequency signals. The staff of Chemistry Department of G.S. Skovoroda KhNPU has been developing a software and methodological complex of SchoolKit, one of the applications of which is called SoundCardScientificKit. It includes an audio signal analyzer, a special shape signal generator, and a frequency spectrometer. This software is universal and widely used. Therefore, it can be used both in research, and to demonstrate physical phenomena associated with sound or electrical oscillations of low frequency from 20 to 20,000 Hz. The main functions and interface of the SoundCardScientificKit software are described. The authors conducted testing the special form signal generator of the SoundCardScientificKit application with Realteck High Definition Audio sound card. The results showed the reproduction of the programmed frequency to be occuring with high accuracy. The principle circuits of potential amplifiers used in the development of electrocardiographs, myographs, etc., were analyzed. A simple circuit of the biopotential amplifier based on three TL082 chips has been developed, which includes a high-efficiency noise filter with a frequency of 50 Hz. The paper shows this amplifier to have been used to obtain an ECG (electrocardiogram). Particular attention is paid to the environmental aspects of the creative activity of students. The authors suggest that, when developing electronic devices, if possible, one can use the equipment that requires disposal. Reusing unusable equipment not only removes the problems associated with processing, but also allows students to learn about the principles of operation and design features.

Image Processing for mHealth-Based Approach to Detect the Local Tissue Inflammation in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Proof of Concept Study.

Skin lesions are a feature of many diseases including cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Ulcerative lesions are a common manifestation of CL. Response to treatment in such lesions is judged through the assessment of the healing process by regular clinical observations, which remains a challenge for the clinician, health system, and the patient in leishmaniasis endemic countries. In this study, image processing was initially done using 40 CL lesion color images that were captured using a mobile phone camera, to establish a technique to extract features from the image which could be related to the clinical status of the lesion. The identified techniques were further developed, and ten ulcer images were analyzed to detect the extent of inflammatory response and/or signs of healing using pattern recognition of inflammatory tissue captured in the image. The images were preprocessed at the outset, and the quality was improved using the CIE L∗a∗b color space technique. Furthermore, features were extracted using the principal component analysis and profiled using the signal spectrogram technique. This study has established an adaptive thresholding technique ranging between 35 and 200 to profile the skin lesion images using signal spectrogram plotted using Signal Analyzer in MATLAB. The outcome indicates its potential utility in visualizing and assessing inflammatory tissue response in a CL ulcer. This approach is expected to be developed further to a mHealth-based prediction algorithm to enable remote monitoring of treatment response of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Design and Research of Optical Fiber Signal Analyzer in Embedded System Based on Big Data

With the advent of the era of big data, substation automation technology has reached a certain level after more than ten years of application development. In recent years, in the transformation and construction of the transmission and distribution network, a large number of substations have adopted modern technology, which has greatly improved the technological modernization of transmission and distribution and transformer construction, enhanced the reliability of transmission and distribution and transformer scheduling, and reduced the substation. The total cost of construction and the application of electronic transformers have effectively promoted the research on digital substations. In order to complete the real-time monitoring and testing of the substation system, so as to more quickly grasp the working status of the substation equipment, this paper proposes a research and design of an optical fiber signal analyzer for substation system testing. By analyzing the IEC 61850 protocol, the characteristics of the embedded system and the embedded operating system, the software modular design of the sampling value module of the signal analyzer is carried out, and the analysis of the substation configuration file SCD is designed and realized. The research results show that in practical applications, it is necessary to parse the CID files one by one, which will cause cumbersome work and easy omissions. Based on the above considerations, the SCD configuration file containing the entire site information was finally selected.

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PENGUJIAN EKSPERIMENTAL UNTUK MEMPELAJARI KARAKTERISTIK GETARAN PADA MODEL ROTOR GANDA KIT MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS PETA SPEKTRUM DAN ORBIT

In modern technology, vibration signal is to be utilized in predictive maintenance application,more often when Dynamic Signal Analyzer (DSA) is invented. Unballance in rotor cause significantdeflection on rotated shaft and possible damage the machine. DSA is used in monitoring a condition ofbig rotation machines such as turbin, compressor, pump and generator. This research used double rotorsshaft system which was supported with journal bearing as a modification from the real rotation machines.Two of vibration characteristic as a sign of abnormal condition in rotation machine are unballance andoil whirl phenomenon. Meanwhile, oil whirl is seen in many rotation machines that use journal bearingas support its shaft. For rotation machine with high speed, oil whirl phenomenon can cause resonance inthe system, and then become the oil whip. Based on this condition that is very reasonable for makingearly detection, identification, and looking for the solution to prevent not wanted incident.

Fault analysis on continuous variable transmission using DB-06 wavelet decomposition and fault classification using ANN

This study aims at developing a novel method for condition monitoring technique for detection and classification of developing faults and increase the working life of continuous variable transmission (CVT) using Daubechies Wavelet 06 (DB-06). The vibration data is collected for 4 different types of faults and healthy condition. Using a magnetic accelerometer and signal analyser, vibration data is collected from the system in the time-domain which is then used as input for a MATLAB code producing the plot of the frequency-domain signal. Maximum frequency is determined to diagnose the faults which are induced over three different belts. Collected data for large scale automotive system (CVT) is used to train the network and then it is tested based on random data points. Faults were classified using ANN with a classification rate of 90.8 %.

A new fatigue damage model for pavement concrete beams bearing multi-level bending loads.

MTS-810 material testing machine and acoustic emission signal analyzer were adopted to explore the mechanical behavior of concrete beams broken by the static load and the nonlinear cumulative damage law of concrete beams broken by fatigue bending from single-stage loading. Then, by introducing the Ramesh Talreja’s Damage Criterion, the damage rule of single-stage loading was extended to the damage accumulation rule under multi-stage loading, and the results were verified by the results of two-stage and three-stage fatigue loading tests. Two main conclusions are achieved: first, affected by four-point bending load, the fatigue life of the concrete specimen is in line with the law of the two-parameter Weibull distribution, namely the higher the stress level is, the shorter the fatigue life is. Second, an obvious nonlinear relationship was discovered in the damage of concrete. The model deduced in this paper and the Palmgren-Miner linear damage accumulation model were adopted to compare the test results of flexural fatigue under single, two and three stage loads. The calculation results of this model were more reliable.

Light Intensity Modulated Photo-Electrochemical Methods and Distribution of Relaxation Times As Tools to Investigation Photovoltaic Materials

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS, sometimes also Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) found its place in material studies as a routine experiment. EIS proliferation became possible through advances in electronics. Current-voltage characteristics were standard features of potentiostats. Impedance techniques require additional components embedded into a potentiostat, namely signal generator and signal analyzer. Relatively simple devices are available, although dedicated instrumentation with little noise, broad frequency control and perhaps sample temperature control or automated sample handling are particularly desired and command premium in cost.EIS as an electrical technique uses as the perturbing signal alternating electrical signal, either potential of current. In general, impedance studies are intended to study a transfer function and the input and output do not have to be only voltage-current or current-voltage as it would be in EIS. In mechanical engineering are for example useful studies focused on mechanical perturbation. Electrical response by its nature makes EIS amenable to study electrochemical systems.Along with the impedance vs. frequency data collection comes also the need of meaningful data interpretation. This is typically done through data fitting to components of an equivalent electrical circuit. The acquired data -- real and imaginary impedance components gathered over a vast range of frequencies -- are evaluated by fitting to some equivalent circuit using nonlinear regression.Oftentimes both finding the equivalent circuit and the physical component assignment are tedious, if not impossible. Recently a new approach to data reduction has been a treatment via distribution of relaxation times (DRT) [1, 2]. In principle, this approach has been outlined already in 1936 [3]. Its present use was made possible by available computation power of current PCs [4, 5]. While this is not a substitute to equivalent circuits and subsequent physical data interpretation, it is possibly a method, when used appropriately and in automated way, that can provide more information that simple comparison of the Bode or Nyquist graphs. This note is presenting some examples of this approach.In the field of photovoltaic studies of light-gathering materials experimentation on systems responding to illumination makes use of impedance studies in which the perturbing signal is light of certain wavelength (or white light) with variable intensity. Here we will look at the link between EIS and electrical response spectroscopy induced by fluctuating light. This is sometimes for short dubbed as optical spectroscopy although it does make a use of the instruments for optical spectroscopy (such as UV-VIS, IR etc.) as they are known from analytical chemistry literature. Rather, an electric signal in a photoactive material is generated by intensity modulated light at different frequencies (similar range to electrical impedance spectroscopy) and a response (the magnitude and the phase shift) is analyzed. In this respect the magnitude and phase shift correspond to the magnitude and a vector of resistance on the polar plot of electrical impedance measurement. However, the data obtained serve a different purpose. For example, in a photovoltaic shorted system, the time constant associated with the response corresponds to mobility of the photogenerated charge in the material. For an open-circuit potential of such a photovoltaic system the measured time constant response corresponds to the rate of recombination of the generated hole-electron species.Such materials of general structure (ABX3) could be replacements for silicon-based photovoltaic cells. These materials, due to the possible variability of both cations and anions in their composition, offer almost endless possibilities for synthetic preparation. For the active layer of a solar cell is often used the CH3NH3PbI3-2Cl2 perovskite structure, i.e., a structure containing an organic component. We have built and then tested such photovoltaic cells by static and dynamic methods using a unique photoelectric research instrument using the method CIMPS (Controlled Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy).AcknowledgementThis work was supported through the support of The Czech Science Foundation (GACR), contract GA19-23718S.References BioLogic, Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT): an introduction, BioLogic, Editor. 2017.Weese, J., A reliable and fast method for the solution of Fredhol integral equations of the first kind based on Tikhonov regularization. Computer Physics Communications, 1992. 69(1): p. 99-111.Yager, W.A., The Distribution of Relaxation Times in Typical Dielectrics. Physics, 1936. 7(12): p. 434-450.Shoar Abouzari, M.R., et al., On the physical interpretation of constant phase elements. Solid State Ionics, 2009. 180(14): p. 922-927.Wan, T.H., et al., Influence of the Discretization Methods on the Distribution of Relaxation Times Deconvolution: Implementing Radial Basis Functions with DRTtools. Electrochimica Acta, 2015. 184: p. 483-499.

Ratiometric fluorescence nanoplatform integrated with smartphone as readout device for sensing trace water.

In our investigation, a smartphone-integrated ratiometric fluorescent sensing system with lanthanide-based infinite coordination polymers (Ce-GMP-DPA@Tb-DPA) as signal probe has been successfully constructed for sensitive and portable detection of water in organic solvents. The Ce-GMP-DPA presents blue luminescence which is suppressed once the Tb-DPA is integrated to form the complex of Ce-GMP-DPA@Tb-DPA. Due to the energy transfer from Ce to Tb, the as-formed Ce-GMP-DPA@Tb-DPA exhibits green fluorescence of Tb-DPA. The presence of water can decompose the Tb-DPA, which blocks energy transfer from Ce to Tb, resulting in the decrease of green emission of Tb-DPA and the recovery of blue emission of Ce-GMP-DPA. Therefore, a ratiometric fluorescence assay is established for quantitative water detection within a wide linear range from 0.2 to 90.0% in ethanol. The limit of detection (LOD) reaches as low as 0.16% in ethanol, 0.62% in THF, and 0.0076% in acetonitrile, respectively. Furthermore, a smartphone installed with Color Picker APP as signal reader and analyzer is designed to integrate with the detection assay. With white spirit as real sample, water can be on-site detected with high accuracy (RSD < 2.81%). The developed platform presents great potential for portable water detection in practical application with merits of low cost, easy carry, and simple operation.

Development of the Dynamic Signal Analyzer Based on Labview+Arduino to Identify Structure Dynamic Characteristics

In this work, the dynamic signal analyzer (DSA) based on Labview+Arduino has been developed. The DSA is validated to acquire and analyze vibration of two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) structure as the test rig. Vibration signal generated by bump test method to the test rig. Vibrations of the test rig are measured by using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based accelerometers. The measured vibrations are acquired and analyzed by using the DSA. In the DSA is used fast Fourier transform (FFT) method to obtain natural frequencies of the structure and half power point (HPP) method to estimate damping ratio of structure. From the testing was conducted can be concluded that the DSA capable to determine natural frequency and damping ratio of the 2-DOF structure. If the obtained results are compared to theoretically results, there are different results about less than 10%.

VLSI Implementation of a Cost-Efficient Loeffler DCT Algorithm with Recursive CORDIC for DCT-Based Encoder

This paper presents a low-cost and high-quality, hardware-oriented, two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (2-D DCT) signal analyzer for image and video encoders. In order to reduce memory requirement and improve image quality, a novel Loeffler DCT based on a coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) technique is proposed. In addition, the proposed algorithm is realized by a recursive CORDIC architecture instead of an unfolded CORDIC architecture with approximated scale factors. In the proposed design, a fully pipelined architecture is developed to efficiently increase operating frequency and throughput, and scale factors are implemented by using four hardware-sharing machines for complexity reduction. Thus, the computational complexity can be decreased significantly with only 0.01 dB loss deviated from the optimal image quality of the Loeffler DCT. Experimental results show that the proposed 2-D DCT spectral analyzer not only achieved a superior average peak signal–noise ratio (PSNR) compared to the previous CORDIC-DCT algorithms but also designed cost-efficient architecture for very large scale integration (VLSI) implementation. The proposed design was realized using a UMC 0.18-μm CMOS process with a synthesized gate count of 8.04 k and core area of 75,100 μm2. Its operating frequency was 100 MHz and power consumption was 4.17 mW. Moreover, this work had at least a 64.1% gate count reduction and saved at least 22.5% in power consumption compared to previous designs.

Development of digital engineering learning with proteus software media and emulators department of informatics engineering Kanjuruhan University

Proteus professional is a group of electronic software used to assist designers in designing and simulating a circuit electronically. This software has two functions at the same time in one package, one package as software for drawing automatic schematics and can be simulated which is named ISIS. The second package is used to design the Printed Circuits Board (PCB) image which is named ARES. Directly, the conversion from schematic to PCB can be done in this Professional Proteus software. Prof. ISIS Proteus has always friendly versions, starting from version 7.0 to 8. Each version increase with the addition of library components that can be taken and used in drawing or designing. As an electronic frame designer, he first used ISIS as a medium that made it easier to play and simulate. A large number of libraries of the Proteus Professional ISIS on ISIS software is said to be a complete simulation software, namely from active components, Analog, Transistor, SCR, FET, types of buttons, types of switches/relays, digital ICs, amplifier ICs, programmable ICs (microcontroller) and IC memory. Apart from being supported by complete components, it is also supported by the completeness of measuring instruments such as voltmeters, ampere meters, oscilloscopes, signal analyzers, and frequency generators. The completeness of the features provided makes Proteus Professional ISIS into an electronic simulation software Emulator writer is a service text media for writing programs, especially using digital number codes, and can be collaborated with proteus, which is a window form media designed by the author to make it easier for beginners who want to learn about microcontroller programming, can be used to write programming/coding with code Binary and Hexa numbers are made in Indonesian with the aim that beginners who are just starting to learn about digital-based programming if there are errors in writing, instructions, or writing procedures, it will be shown in an Indonesian warning.

Pushbutton-activated microfluidic dropenser for droplet digital PCR

Here, we report a portable microfluidic device to generate and dispense droplets simply operated by pushbutton for droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), which is named pushbutton-activated microfluidic dropenser (droplet dispenser) (PAMD). After loading the PCR mixtures and the droplet generation oil to PAMD, digitized PCR mixtures are prepared in PCR tubes after the actuation of a pushbutton. Multiple droplet generation units are simultaneously operated by a single pushbutton, and the size of droplets is controllable by adjusting the geometry of the droplet generation channel. To examine the performance of PAMD, digitized PCR mixtures containing genomic DNA of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 prepared by PAMD were assessed by a fluorescence signal analyzer after PCR with a thermal cycler. As a result, PAMD can produce analytical droplets for ddPCR as much as a conventional droplet generator even though any external equipment is not required.

Measuring the phase noise of Raman lasers with an atom-based method.

Phase noise of Raman lasers is a major source of noise for a Raman-type cold atom interferometer, which is traditionally measured using the signal source analyzer. We report here an atom-based method to measure the phase noise performance between two Raman lasers. By analyzing and calibrating the system noise sources, we can characterize the contribution of phase noise from the total deviation of the relative atom population at the middle of the interference fringe. Knowing the transfer function specified by the operation sequence of the interferometer, we can obtain the transfer function and power spectrum density of the phase noise term. By varying the time sequences of the interferometer, we can measure the white phase noise floor and the phase noise performance over a large range of Fourier frequencies from 1 to 100 000Hz with a minor difference of 1 dB compared with results from the traditional method using a signal analyzer, which proves the validity of the atom-based method. Compared with the traditional measurement method, the atom-based method can have higher accuracy and have the ability of self-calibrating.

The automated special software for component testing of the satellite communication station

Research tests of satellite communication station components are distinguished by a special variety of tasks to be solved, associated both with a wide range of components of the station, and a variety of estimated technical and functional characteristics. The whole set of characteristics can be subdivided into three categories: frequency and quality characteristics of components, operation parameters of the station and parameters of electromagnetic compatibility. These measurement operations of these parameters should be carried out using an automated measuring complex, which includes a measuring signal generator, vector spectrum, signal and network analyzers and operated under control of a specialized software. In the paper the architecture, logic algorithms and some application results of the software are shortly presented. The special software consists of the individual modules for control technical characteristics of low-noise and power amplifiers, cable assemblies, transceiver signal path element, and documenting the results. The program also includes modules that implement measurement instrumentation control used to assess the operational parameters and electromagnetic compatibility of the communication equipment. The developed specialized software allows automatically performing the entire cycle of operations related to the analysis of frequency and spectral characteristics, as well as quality characteristics of the devices under test in the automatic mode.

Study on cushioning and energy absorption of sports mouthguard

PURPOSE Using impact test to study cushioning and energy absorption of sports mouthguard of different thickness, material and combination. METHODS According to the thickness, material and combination, the mouthguards were divided into 7 groups with 6 testing pieces in each group. A pendulum device was used to apply impact energy to the mouthguard and dentition model, and the magnitude of the impact energy was measured by changing the release height of the pendulum. The force sensor and the laser vibrometer were respectively connected to the data acquisition and signal analyzer to obtain the incident speed, rebound speed, maximum collision force, collision start time and collision end time of the hammer head. Collision time, energy absorption and energy absorption ratio of the mouthguard were calculated, which reflected different mouthguard cushioning and energy absorption characteristics. One-way analysis of variance and t test in SPSS 22.0 software package was used to analyze the difference between different groups. RESULTS No matter what type of mouthguard was worn by the dentition model, the impact force was significantly reduced than without mouthguards. At the same height, there was significant difference between the average maximum collision force and the average collision time among soft mouthguards with thicknesses of 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm(P<0.05); among which the average maximum collision force of the 5 mm was the smallest and the average collision time was the shortest. There was no significant difference in the average energy absorption and the average energy absorption ratio among these 4 groups. There was significant difference in the average maximum collision force, average collision time, average energy absorption and average energy absorption ratio between the two groups of mouthguards with the same thickness of splints and different materials(P<0.05). Among them, the average maximum impact force of the 4 mm soft mouthguard was smaller and the average collision time was longer. CONCLUSIONS Wearing sports mouthguard can reduce the risk of tooth fracture during collision. Soft mouthguard has the best cushioning performance and it is positively related to thickness. Locally strengthening hard materials can enhance energy absorption and provide better protection.