Signal Amplitude Ratio Research Articles

A Methodology for Detecting Loss of Support Under PCC Pavement Based on Real-Time Structural Acceleration Response

Loss of support is a concealed distress in PCC pavements, weakening the support condition under PCC slabs and causing other distresses such as cracks, which accelerate the pavement deterioration. Currently, the traditional loss of support detection method uses the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to obtain maximum deflection response, which requires traffic closure and makes it impossible to conduct real-time monitoring. To realize real-time dynamic health monitoring of PCC pavement, this study proposes a methodology for detecting loss of support under PCC pavement based on real-time structural acceleration response. Specifically, this study constructed PCC pavements without loss of support, with loss of support at the slab edge, and with loss of support at the slab center. The slab corner and center were loaded and monitored, where loss of support easily occurs. Acceleration signals were collected using self-developed MEMS acceleration sensors suitable for monitoring PCC pavements. Analysis of the time-domain signals and frequency spectrums shows that both the maximum acceleration response and the main frequency at the loss of support region would significantly increase when the loss of support region is loaded. Two critical values are proposed, including the amplitude ratio of acceleration signals at the slab corner and center [Formula: see text] and the ratio of signal energy within the high-frequency range to that within the low-frequency range (ER). The results indicate that by deploying sensors at the slab corner and center, the loss of support condition can be evaluated based on [Formula: see text] and ER when the slab corner is loaded. Compared to traditional deflection detection methods, the proposed methodology offers a better integral structural monitoring for detecting loss of support. The findings can be used for future detection of support loss under PCC pavements subjected to traffic load, enabling real-time monitoring and maintenance guidance for PCC pavements that have been open to traffic.

Correlations between the optical phase modulation and the optical frequency and phase shifts in ultrasound-modulated optical tomography

In ultrasound-modulated optical tomography, ultrasound causes the phase of incident light to vary periodically with ultrasound. The periodic variation in phase is known as phase modulation. The phase modulation causes the modulated light intensity to vary periodically with the ultrasound, which is called ultrasonic modulation of light. As is well known, incident light is shifted in frequency and phase by ultrasound in acousto-optic effect, and the tomography is based on the effect. However, the correlations between the phase modulation and the frequency and phase shifts in the ultrasonic modulation of light have been ignored. In this paper, the correlations are investigated theoretically and experimentally in detail. Studies reveal that the modulated light is phase-modulated by the frequency and phase shifts, and the frequency shift is the fundamental cause for the ultrasonic modulation of light. Studies show that the frequency shift, rather than the phase shift, causes the modulated light intensity to vary periodically with the ultrasound. Additionally, the modulated light intensity signal is composed of cosine signals with frequencies Ω, 2Ω, 3Ω, etc, and the amplitude of the cosine signals depends on the amplitude of the phase modulation. Then, the modulated light intensity signal contains relatively more cosine signals with high frequency as the amplitude of the phase modulation increases. At last, for the ultrasound with lower power, the amplitude ratio of cosine signals with frequencies of 2Ω and Ω increases as the scattering coefficient of turbid media increases. Studies find that both the frequency-shifted light and the amplitude ratio can be used to image turbid media.

Features of Changes in the Parameters of Acoustic Signals Characteristic of Various Metalworking Processes and Prospects for Their Use in Monitoring

The need to create monitoring systems to equip the technological machinery of automated production determines the relevance of searching for parameters of acoustic signals that carry information about the course of treatment processes. The study of acoustic signals in various types of material processing allowed the identification of general features of changes in their spectral composition associated with variations in the power density of energy impact on processed material. The results of experimental work on various technological equipment, including blade processing and processing with concentrated energy flows, are presented in this work. It is shown that changes in the quality of processing in the form of increased tool wear, the concentration of erosion products during WEDM (wire electrical discharge machining), focal plane displacement during laser processing, etc., lead to a natural change in the ratio of acoustic signal amplitudes in the low frequency and high frequency ranges. This property can be used in monitoring systems for automatic equipment.

Multi-Parameter Optimization of Rubidium Laser Optically Pumped Magnetometers with Geomagnetic Field Intensity.

Rubidium laser optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are widely used magnetic sensors based on the Zeeman effect, laser pumping, and magnetic resonance principles. They measure the magnetic field by measuring the magnetic resonance signal passing through a rubidium atomic gas cell. The quality of the magnetic resonance signal is a necessary condition for a magnetometer to achieve high sensitivity. In this research, to obtain the best magnetic resonance signal of rubidium laser OPMs in the Earth's magnetic field intensity, the experiment system of rubidium laser OPMs is built with a rubidium atomic gas cell as the core component. The linewidth and amplitude ratio (LAR) of magnetic resonance signals is utilized as the optimization objective function. The magnetic resonance signals of the magnetometer experiment system are experimentally measured for different laser frequencies, radio frequency (RF) intensities, laser powers, and atomic gas cell temperatures in a background magnetic field of 50,765 nT. The experimental results indicate that optimizing these parameters can reduce the LAR by one order of magnitude. This shows that the optimal parameter combination can effectively improve the sensitivity of the magnetometer. The sensitivity defined using the noise spectral density measured under optimal experimental parameters is 1.5 pT/Hz1/2@1 Hz. This work will provide key technical support for rubidium laser OPMs' product development.

Analysis of the accuracy of the signal processing algorithm of the differential phase polarimeter

The purpose of this work is to analyze the effect of the polarimeter signal processing algorithm on the results of measurements of the optical rotation angle of the polarization plane to improve the accuracy of measurements in differential polarimetry. Methods. The paper considers the methods of polarimetry used for the analysis of optically active substances, based on the methods of phase measurements used to calculate the optical rotation angle. The expediency of using the Fourier transform to calculate the phase difference of differential polarimeter signals is noted. To analyze the error of the algorithm, mathematical modeling of the measurement information processing for various signal parameters is applied. Results. The results of the study of the effect of the bit depth of the analog-to-digital converter, the number of samples over the period of the signal and the accumulation time on the accuracy of restoring the phase difference are presented. The influence of the ratio of signal amplitudes and the level of amplitude and phase noise caused by the imperfection of the measuring system has also been investigated. Conclusion. The obtained results make it possible to optimize the operating mode and improve the accuracy of the optical rotation angle measurements using a differential phase polarimeter based on the Fourier transform.

A New Algorithm for Measuring Vegetation Growth Using GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry

The use of global navigation satellite system interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) to measure vegetation growth status has become a rapidly growing technique in remote sensing. GNSS signals reflected by the soil surface affect the accuracy of vegetation growth status (vegetation cover density) measurement, and the influence of soil moisture (SM) varies. This study establishes a calibration model that can reduce the influence of SM and snow layer on reflectivity. We used a direct-reflected signal amplitude ratio and GNSS-IR altimeter based on the Lomb–Scargle Periodogram to calculate the reflectivity of vegetation and snow layer depth. GNSS data from plate boundary observation were used to verify the validity of our model. The results show that reflectivity correlates better with vegetation growth status after calibrating the influence of the SM and snow layer. Moreover, the correlation increased by nearly 0.14. This study analyzed the influence of the snow layer and found that it had a noticeable effect on vegetation growth status measurement when the snow depth was over 30 cm. Furthermore, a fusion method is proposed to improve the accuracy of vegetation growth status measurement by combining the reflectivity and normalized microwave reflection index (NMRI). The experimental results show that better performance can be obtained compared to the single observation of the reflectivity and NMRI, and the best correlation between the measured and in situ normalized difference vegetation index is over 0.91, and the root mean square error decreases to 0.1893.

Novel Neuron-like Procedure of Weak Signal Detection against the Non-Stationary Noise Background with Application to Underwater Sound

The well-known method of detecting a useful signal in the presence of noise during underwater remote sensing, based on the matched filtering of the received signal with the test signal, provides the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver output. To do this, a correlation-type criterion function (CF) is constructed for the received and test signals. In the case of large volumes of processed data, this method requires the use of large computing resources. The search for a data processing method with lower computational costs, as well as the effective application of artificial neural networks to array signal processing, motivates the authors to propose an alternative approach to the CF construction based on the McCulloch–Pitts neuron model. Such a neuron-like CF is based on a specific nonlinear transformation of the input and test signals and uses only logical operations, which require much less computational resources. The ratio of the output signal amplitude to the input noise level is indeed the maximum with matched filtering. Studies have shown that it is not this parameter that should be considered, but statistical characteristics, on the basis of which the thresholds for detecting a signal in the presence of noise are determined. Such characteristics include the probability density distributions of correlation and neuron-like CFs in the presence and absence of noise. In this case, the signal detection thresholds will be lower for the neuron-like CF than for the conventional correlation CF. The aim of this research is to increase the accuracy of the selection of a useful signal against the intense noise background when using a processor based on the neuron-like CF and to determine the conditions when the input SNR, at which signal detection is possible, is lower compared to the correlation CF. The comparative results of stochastic modeling show the effectiveness of using a new neuron-like approach to reduce the detection threshold when a chirp signal is received against a background of unsteady Gaussian noise. The advantages of the neuron-like method become significant when the statistical distribution of the additive noise does not change, but its variance increases or decreases. In order to confirm the presence of non-stationarity in real noises, experimental data obtained from the remote sounding of bottom sediments in the Black Sea are presented. The results obtained are considered to be applicable in a wide range of practical situations related to remote sensing in non-stationary environments, long-range sonar and sea bottom exploration.

Clinical advantages and neuroprotective effects of monitor guided fang's capillary fascia preservation right RLN dissection technique.

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility and advantages of Fang’s capillary fascia preservation right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) dissection technique (F-R-RLN dissection) with preservation of the capillary network and fascia between the RLN and common carotid artery for greater neuroprotective efficiency compared with traditional techniques.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 102 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma undergoing right level VI lymph node dissection in our department from March 2021 to January 2022. Sixty patients underwent F-R-RLN dissection (the experimental group) and 42 patients underwent standard dissection (the control group). The intraoperative electrical signal amplitude ratios of the RLN, the number of dissected lymph nodes, and the preservation rates of the parathyroid glands were recorded and compared between the two groups.ResultsThe electrical signal amplitude ratio of the lower neck part point of the RLN to the upper laryngeal inlet point in the experimental group was significantly lower than the ratio in the control group (p = 0.006, Z-score = -2.726). One patient suffered transient RLN paralysis in both groups, but this resolved within 1 month after operation. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the number of level VIa or level VIb lymph nodes dissected, nor in the rate of preservation of the parathyroid glands.ConclusionsF-R-RLN dissection is a thorough dissection technique that is effective at preventing an electrical signal amplitude decrease in the RLN, and at preventing RLN paralysis by preserving its blood supply.

Accurate characterization of surface recombination velocities of silicon wafers with differential nonlinear photocarrier radiometry

The surface recombination velocity (SRV), which reflects the fundamental characteristics of surface defects of semiconductor wafers, is an important parameter in evaluating the quality of surface passivation and electrical performance of surface devices. In conventional photocarrier radiometry (PCR) used for characterizing the electronic transport properties of electronically thick silicon wafers, the rear SRV usually cannot be determined directly due to the relatively low sensitivity of PCR signal to the rear SRV. On the other hand, the determination of front SRV is also very sensitive to the experimental measurement error, especially the measurement error of instrumental frequency response, which is not always easy to be accurately measured in the experiment. In this paper, the front and rear SRVs of silicon wafers are extracted simultaneously with high accuracy by a differential PCR via multi-parameter fitting of the experimental frequency dependences of amplitude ratio and phase difference of PCR signals obtained from the regular measurements and measurements with wafers being flipped respectively to a corresponding differential nonlinear PCR model. The comparison between the front and rear SRVs determined by the conventional and differential PCRs indicates that the differential PCR is highly accurate for the simultaneous determination of the front and rear SRVs of silicon wafers.

Hybrid Device of Blue GaN Light-Emitting Diodes and Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Color Tunability for Smart Lighting Sources.

A lighting device with a wide color-tunable range is still a challenge for lighting based on either organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or inorganic LEDs. In this work, we first proposed a novel hybrid device of organic LEDs and inorganic blue GaN LEDs to achieve full white and other colors. Organic LEDs were stacked with green and red emissive layers and connected with blue GaN LEDs in parallel but in opposite polarity voltage. Under the alternate-current (AC) driving, the hybrid structure can be controlled independently by applying timing variable opposite voltages to emit the light from either blue LEDs or the stacked OLEDs for forming mixed colors. The hybrid device can generate white light, varying in a wide range by changing the amplitude and duty ratio (DR) of AC-driving signals, from cold white to standard white and to warm white (3668–11 833 K). When an AC voltage of (4.80 V, −2.45 V) was applied, the device has a high color gamut of 95.24% National Television System Committee (NTSC) and a high color rendering index (Ra) of 92.4%. The novel hybrid device with the blue LED and OLED in opposite polarity exhibits potential applications in smart solid-state lighting, display, and light communication.

Characterization of Thickness Loss in a Storage Tank Plate with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors

In terms of the structural health inspection of storage tanks by ultrasonic guided wave technology, many scholars are currently focusing on the tanks’ floor and walls, while little research has been conducted on storage tank roofs. However, the roof of a storage tank is prone to corrosion because of its complex structure and unique working environment. For this purpose, this paper proposes a reflection/transmission signal amplitude ratio (RTAR) coefficient method for corrosion depth assessment. We studied the relationship between the RTAR coefficient, the corrosion depth, and the guided wave frequency to establish a depth assessment model. More importantly, unlike the traditional reflection coefficient method, the characteristics of guided wave signals, including the propagation and attenuation, are introduced in this model for accurate assessment. To eliminate the interference of residual vibration and improve the detection accuracy of defects, we built a corrosion detection system by using piezoelectric sensors and carried out field tests to verify the performance of the proposed method. We demonstrate that corrosion defects with a minimum depth of 0.2 mm can be quantitatively evaluated.

Sparse sampling in frequency domain and laser imaging

The monochromaticity of the laser and the characteristics of the natural image’s spectrum, including sparsity and concentrating in the low frequency range, make it possible to sample the image spectrum sparsely. Based on small-scale laser detectors and the introduced laser reference signals, a method of laser imaging with sparse sampling in frequency domain is proposed in this paper. The principle of frequency sparse sampling laser imaging and the imaging system structure are introduced. The simulation results of spectrum and complex images reconstructed are given. Both the effects of the signals’ parameters, such as the ratio of the reference laser signal amplitude to the laser echo spectrum amplitude and the initial phase of the laser reference signal, on reconstruction results are investigated. The reconstruction results are evaluated by correlation coefficient, mean square error (MSE), and structural similarity index (SSIM). For the strong correlation between phase and amplitude of the laser echo complex image, the amplitude image and the phase image are both set to be 256 × 256 diagram. The sparse laser detector plane array consists of 5 64 × 64 frequency domain laser detector arrays, which form a cross and make a sparsity rate of 31.25%(5/16). The simulation results show that the correlation coefficient, MSE and SSIM of the spectrum reconstructed are 0.96, 22.14, 1.00 and those of the complex image reconstructed are 0.96, 1857.25 and 0.67 respectively. The simulation results indicate that the method proposed is effective. However, the method requires the laser reference signal amplitude to be about 30 times the mean value of the laser echo spectrum amplitude, which reduces the dynamic range of the detectors. The initial phase of the laser reference signal has no obvious effect on the reconstruction results.

Severity Estimation of Defects on Interpretation of Eddy-Current Defectograms

To ensure traffic safety of railway transport, non-destructive tests of rails are regularly carried out by using various approaches and methods, including eddy-current flaw detection methods. An automatic analysis of large data sets (defectograms) that come from the corresponding equipment is an actual problem. The analysis means a process of determining the presence of defective sections along with identifying structural elements of railway tracks in defectograms. At the same time, severity estimation of defined defects is also of great interest. This article continues the cycle of works devoted to the problem of automatic recognition of images of defects and rail structural elements in eddy-current defectograms. In the process of forming these images, only useful signals are taken into account, the threshold levels of amplitudes of which are determined automatically from eddy-current data. The article is devoted to the issue of constructing severity estimation of found defects with various lengths. The construction of the severity estimation is based on a concept of the generalized relative amplitude of useful signals. A relative amplitude is a ratio of an actual signal amplitude to a corresponding threshold level of useful signals. The generalized relative amplitude is calculated by using the entropy of the half-normal distribution, which is assumed to be a model for a probability distribution of an appearance of certain relative amplitudes in an evaluated defect. Tuning up the formula for calculating severity estimation of a defect is carried out on the basis of eddy-current records of structural elements. As a reference of the most dangerous defect, the bolted rail joint is considered. It models a fracture of a rail. A reference weak defect is a flash butt weld, a defectogram of which contains signals with low amplitude values. The proposed approach to severity estimation of defects is shown by examples.

Impact of Active Control Turbocharging on the Fuel Economy and Emissions of a Light-Duty Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine: A Simulation Study

While forced induction strategies such as turbocharging can increase the power output and extend the load limit of engines operating on low temperature combustion strategies such as reactivity controlled compression ignition, the low exhaust enthalpy prevalent in these strategies requires the use of high backpressures to attain high turbocharger efficiencies, leading to high pumping losses and in turn poor fuel economy. Hence, there is a need to improve the exhaust energy utilization by the turbocharger such that the negative effects of the high backpressure requirements are offset. One turbocharger operating strategy that has the potential to enhance exhaust enthalpy conversion by the turbine is active control turbocharging (ACT), in which the rack position of a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) is actuated using a continuously varying sinusoidal signal whose frequency is proportional to engine speed. In this study, the impact of ACT on turbocharger performance and fuel economy of a light-duty reactivity controlled compression ignition engine equipped with a VGT is investigated through coupled GT-POWER/KIVA-3V simulations at a medium-load cruise operating condition. A design of experiments study was executed in which the rack position amplitude and phase angle were independently varied, and the turbine efficiency, compressor efficiency, crankshaft torque, and brake specific fuel consumption were tracked for each run. The results show that ACT operation significantly increased the torque output while improving fuel economy over baseline VGT operation, but the range of actuation signal amplitude ratio was limited to 40% of the maximum amplitude possible due to peak cylinder pressure and peak pressure rise rate constraints. It is also shown that the impact of signal phase angle on turbocharger efficiency and overall system performance is not as significant as the amplitude ratio. The best fuel economy improvement over the baseline VGT operation at cruise conditions was observed at 40% amplitude ratio and 0° phase angle, and this value was 2.8%.

Nonlinear Bicolor Holography Using Plasmonic Metasurfaces.

Nonlinear metasurface holography shows the great potential of metasurfaces to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of light while simultaneously converting the frequency of the light. The possibility of tailoring the scattering properties of a coherent beam, as well as the scattering properties of nonlinear signals originating from the meta-atoms, facilitates a huge degree of freedom in beam shaping application. Recently, several approaches showed that virtual objects or any kind of optical information can be generated at a wavelength different from the laser input beam. Here, we demonstrate a single-layer nonlinear geometric-phase metasurface made of plasmonic nanostructures for a simultaneous second- and third-harmonic generation. Different from previous works, we demonstrate a two-color hologram with dissimilar types of nanostructures that generate the color information by different nonlinear optical processes. The amplitude ratio of both harmonic signals can be adapted depending on the nanostructures’ resonance as well as the power and the wavelength of the incident laser beam. The two-color holographic image is reconstructed in the Fourier space at visible wavelengths with equal amplitudes using a single near-infrared wavelength. Nonlinear holography using multiple nonlinear processes simultaneously provides an alternative path to holographic color display applications, enhanced optical encryption schemes, and multiplexed optical data storage.

An inverting TENG to realize the AC mode based on the coupling of triboelectrification and air-breakdown

An inverting TENG realizes the AC mode based on triboelectrification and air-breakdown by setting alternating polarity distribution areas, and exhibits unique feature in that both the width ratio and amplitude ratio of AC signals can be tuned.

Subdivision Method for Nonorthogonal Moiré Signals

Moiré signal subdivision is essential to the application of gratings. Focusing on the complexity and difficulty of quadrature compensation for the Moiré signals, we propose a new method that can directly subdivide nonorthogonal Moiré signals. A detailed description of the digital subdividing system for this method is provided herein. Compared with conventional methods, the proposed method requires fewer hardware resources and features shorter delays. The effects of various parameters on the subdivision process are discussed, and the quantitative relationships between the signal amplitude ratio, signal sampling frequency ratio, and subdivision value are determined. Finally, evaluation tests are performed using a laboratory-made field-programmable gate array subdivision circuit. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the subdivision method, revealing a subdivision error of less than 0.6".

Evolution of the Ferromagnetism of MnxSi1 –x (x ≈ 0.5) Films Produced by Laser Synthesis on c- and r-Cut Sapphire Substrates as the Laser Energy Density on the Target Changes

MnxSi1 – x (x ≈ 0.5) thin films have been produced on c- and r-cut sapphire substrates by the droplet-free pulsed laser deposition method at various laser energy densities E on the target. Their magnetic, electric, and X-ray diffraction properties as a function of E and substrate orientation have been investigated. It has been established that the high-temperature ferromagnetic phase in the films at E ≥ 6 J cm–2 is more pronounced than that at E ≈ 4–5 J cm–2, when the low-temperature ferromagnetic phase dominates and there is no influence of the sapphire substrate orientation. The attained Curie temperature TC was 330 K at E ≈ 7.4 J cm–2 for the MnxSi1 – x films produced on c- and r-cut sapphire substrates. The magnetization of the MnxSi1 – x films produced at E ≥ 6 J cm–2 on c-cut sapphire is higher than that on r-cut sapphire and, conversely, lower when E ≤ 5.5 J cm–2. A change in the ratio of the diffuse signal amplitudes in the X-ray spectra for the films grown on different substrates is also observed under these conditions. Such a correlated behavior with magnetization is explained by the existence of e-MnSi nanocrystallites of optimal sizes, which, on the one hand, are responsible for the emergence of a diffuse signal in the X-ray spectra and, on the other hand, determine the high-temperature ferromagnetism of the films. The concentration of such nanocrystallites and the distribution of defects in the films are controlled by the type of substrate and the energy density on the target.

Analysis of Non-Hermitian symmetry (NHS) IFFT/FFT size efficient OFDM for multiple-client non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) visible light communication (VLC) system

Orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) format is widely deployed in visible-light-communication (VLC) systems due to its high spectral efficiency. To produce real-valued OFDM signal for VLC, Hermitian-symmetry (HS) is needed during the inverse-fast-Fourier-transform (IFFT) encoding process. However the HS requirement doubles the IFFT/FFT size and increase the encoding complexity. Non-Hermitian symmetry (NHS)-OFDM schemes are proposed, but they have different limitations. In this work, we propose and investigate a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) VLC network serving 2, 3 or 4 clients simultaneously using NHS-OFDM IFFT/FFT size efficient (SE) OFDM format. Numerical analysis of signal amplitude effect to the bit-error-ratio (BER) performance for different users are performed, showing that the BER < 7% forward-error-correction (FEC) limit can be achieved as long as the required signal amplitude ratio of each user is fulfilled. We also compare the proposed system with a typical example of HS-OFDM modulation, i.e. direct-current optical (DCO)-OFDM NOMA-VLC system.

A modulation format identification method based signal amplitude sorting and ratio calculation

Modulation format identification (MFI) is an indispensable part of next generation optical networks such as elastic optical networks (EON). We propose a simple MFI method based on signal amplitude sorting and ratio calculation. After sorting the amplitude of signals, three MFI feature values are extracted to identify polarization division multiplexing (PDM) quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK) and three commonly used quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals (PDM-16QAM, PDM-32QAM and PDM-64QAM). Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of proposed MFI method with the required optical signal noise ratio (OSNR) lower than 7% forward error correction (FEC) threshold. Proof-of-concept experiments using QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM and 64QAM signals with 100 km fiber transmission demonstrate the feasibility of proposed MFI method. We also investigate the influence of fiber transmission distance, fiber nonlinearity and symbol numbers on the proposed method and the results show that the proposed MFI methods can achieve accurate identification at different fiber transmission length, a range of fiber nonlinearity and small requirement of symbol number. The method is simple and insensitive to phase impairments caused by laser phase noise and frequency offset (FO), which will bring convenience into future EONs.