Cultural Signs Research Articles

A Challenge to Monolithic Elitism: Eclecticism in Rock Music

This project aims to explore how eclecticism reflected in rock music as a sign of postmodern culture, explain the cultural background and expression intention of it by musical analysis, then apply the relative theory of Jonathan Kramer in his Postmodern Music, Postmodern Listening. As a characteristic of musical postmodernism, eclecticism changed the original features of rock music and led it to a fresh style which broke through its own performance category, to show new connotations and values. By elucidating how rock musicians use eclecticism to deny the authoritative value represented by traditional classical music, it can be seen that in a specific historical context, an anti authority voice sounded outside the traditional historical line of music, which has changed the single line historical narrative. Through the acceptance of music style that were considered noble in the past, rock music became a powerful force to challenge the value made by monolithic elitism, and successfully created an environment in which multiple voices can exist.

Innovative practices in experimental educational institutions of Ukraine in the conditions of war

The article analyzes that Ukrainian science and education should integrate into the European social and cultural environment as soon as possible, given the war in Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022. For this purpose, Ukraine should implement a broad program of measures to achieve creative cooperation and be open to economic, informational, cultural, and educational investments. The successful solution of these tasks implies, on the one hand, the purposeful formation of universal Euro-Atlantic values and social and cultural orientations in the mass consciousness and, on the other, the preservation of Ukrainian national identity and uniqueness, which are revealed when education is considered as a method to promote Ukrainian interests by spreading Ukrainian cultural and educationalexperience and by finding its intellectual niche. The author notes that innovative educational activities make it possible to identify problems in developing students' and teachers' social and personal competencies, which are associated with the need to define value and meaningful content and the risks of informational, political, and military confrontation. The article emphasizes that the complexity of innovative educational activities in educational institutions under martial law in Ukraine requires the teacher to analyze the general social, political, economic, and cultural signs of the unity of Ukrainians and represent the national space.

The Ukrainian experience of implementing innovative practices in experimental educational institutions in the wartime conditions

The article analyzes that in the conditions of the martial law in Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, Ukrainian science and education need to enter the European sociocultural area as soon as possible. This process involves not only the implementation of a broad program of activities aimed at creative cooperation, but also the openness of the country to economic, information, cultural and educational investments. The successful solution of such tasks provides for, on the one hand, the purposeful formation of universal Euro-Atlantic values and sociocultural orientations in the mass consciousness, and on the other hand, the preservation of Ukrainian national identity and uniqueness. They are revealed in the consideration of education as a way of promoting Ukrainian interests through the dissemination of Ukrainian cultural and educational experience and a means of conquering one’s own intellectual niche. Attention is drawn to the fact that innovative educational activity allows to identify problems of the development of social and personal competences of students and teachers, which are connected both with the need to outline the value and meaning content, and with the risks of informational, political and military confrontation. The article emphasizes that the difficulty of implementing innovative educational activities in educational institutions under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine is that a teacher must analyze the general social, political, economic and cultural signs of Ukrainian unity and represent the national area.

Proteomic analysis of nontuberculous bacteria protein spectra as the element of subtyping of strains.

For the present, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry is the fastest and the most correct method for species identification of microorganisms. Apart from species-level identification, it allows to use a variety of approaches for the analysis and comparison of protein spectra of microorganisms of the same species, which are isolated from a patient at various disease states, that can be used in routine microbiological practice in laboratories fitted with mass analyzers. Two strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum and two strains of Mycobacterium peregrinum were isolated from sputum samples, which were obtained from patients with different clinical aspects of mycobacteriosis, whereat were reinoculated on the universal chromogenic culture medium "UriSelect 4." Further, the MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry method was used, aiming to obtain protein profiles, which were analyzed using the FlexAnalysis 3.0 software package. Results of the statistical proteomic comparison of mass spectra were visualized using MALDI Biotyper 3.0 Offline Classification software. Presented clinical examples demonstrate that strains of the same species, which are isolated from the same patient at different times of infection, change their cultural properties. Dynamic changes in cultural properties are reflected in changes in protein profiles by comparison spectra of isolates at different stages of colonization, which is reflected in the correlation with the clinical condition of the patient. Thus, the mentioned examples of proteomic analysis, using MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, demonstrate the possibility of subtyping of strains, that are isolated on a universal chromogenic culture medium, in case of detection in the culture signs of population's heterogeneity, based on cultural properties.

Landscape Art in A Treatise on Garden Design and The Craft of Gardens: A Comparative Analysis

A Treatise on Garden Design is the earliest Japanese treatise on landscape art, while The Craft of Gardens is its earliest Chinese counterpart. The former was composed roughly 500 years before the latter. Both are highly regarded in the landscape architectural com-munity. A Treatise on Garden Design elaborates on the techniques of stone and water ar-rangement in landscape design and draws significantly on Buddhism, the Yin-Yang theo-ry, and the theory of the Five Elements, illustrating the profound influence of metaphysics in China’s Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties. In addition to traditional Chi-nese concepts, it also incorporates Japanese national culture. The Craft of Gardens illus-trates the penchant for isolation among Chinese nobles and intellectuals in their creative idea of a garden landscape while providing a thorough overview of garden construction in ancient times. It exemplifies the achievements of traditional Chinese landscape art. This paper demonstrates, through a comparative analysis of the two works, that Chinese classical gardens, as a sign of secluded culture, demonstrate an appropriate integration of human design and natural elements and permit individual creativity regardless of the established rules, whereas their Japanese counterparts emphasize the actual simulation of nature.

Prevalence of signs of lower urinary tract disease and positive urine culture in dogs with diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study.

No recent studies have evaluated the association between clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) and positive urine culture in dogs with diabetes mellitus. Determine the prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria (ie, positive urine culture without signs of LUTD) in dogs with diabetes mellitus. One hundred seven dogs with diabetes mellitus were evaluated at a university veterinary hospital. Retrospective study evaluating diabetic dogs with a single sample paired urinalysis and urine culture. Relationship between the presence of signs of LUTD, pyuria, and bacteriuria and urine culture results were compared using Fisher exact testing. Fifteen dogs (14%) had a positive urine culture via cystocentesis or free catch, of which 8 (53%) had pyuria, and 4 (27%) had signs of LUTD. Of the 88 dogs (82%) without signs of LUTD, 11 (13%) had a positive culture. A significant association was found between a positive urine culture and pyuria (OR infinity; 95% CI 20.34-infinity, P < .00001) and bacteriuria (OR infinity; 95% CI 164.4-infinity, P < .00001). No association was found between urine culture results and signs of LUTD (OR 1.87; 95% CI 0.59-6.85, P=.46). Subclinical bacteriuria occurred in this cohort of dogs, and our findings reinforce the recommendation that urine cultures should not be routinely performed in diabetic dogs particularly if pyuria and bacteriuria are absent.

Language Indices of Unity and Animosity

The results of the implementation of the scientific project “The Semantics of Unity and Animosity in Russian Lexis and Phraseology: Language System and Discourse” supported by the Russian Science Foundation are presented. It is based on the thesis that language acts as a way of indexing referents — realities and ideas about reality. The semantic-motivational approach to the study of the vocabulary and phraseology of unity and enmity confirms that the ways of conceptualizing reality are characterized by regular reproducibility. The study of the semantics of words, especially in the context of changes in the lexical composition of the Russian, one way or another affects not only linguistic, but also worldview issues. The examples show that a linguistic unit “alone” can serve as a cultural sign if it is highly specific for a historical era. The study of arrays of new words is recognized as informative for solving the applied problem of monitoring sociocultural transformations. It is reported that the executors of the project have prepared “A Dictionary of Actual Vocabulary of Unity and Animosity in the Russian at the Beginning of the 21st Century” (2021) and “1000 Words of Unity and Animosity at the Beginning of the 21st Century: An Ideographic Dictionary” (2022).

THE FUNCTIONING OF THE VOCABULARY FOR MARKING INACCURATE TIME PERIODS IN THE SPEAKERS OF THE LOWER SUPERDNIPRIAN REGION

Time phenomenon plays an extremely important role in reflecting language and cultural peculiarities of any nation. Time is an integral aspect of our world model, a characteristic of existenceduration, and an important part of people&amp;apos;s lives, especially in the modern world, where it is becoming a valuable resource. The language picture of certain territories encodes the value content of time in different ways. Its decoding reveals the worldview of a cultural society.Time, as a component of the world’s language picture, is endowed with properties inherent in humanthinking and worldview. Awareness of time as an integral element of reality is a source of cultural coding. The temporal code of culture is represented through the names of time intervals, which are understood as cultural signs. Their study in the ethnolinguistic context helps to reveal national specificity and characterize the linguistic traditions of a particular ethnic area.Based on the material of the famous ethnographic work "The Dictionary of NyzhniaNaddniprianshchyna.(The Lower Dnieper Ukraine)Dialects" by Viktor Antonovych Chabanenko, the article analyses lexemes denoting inaccurate time intervals, one of the informative layers of dialect vocabulary, which was formed on the basis of wide and comprehensive use of allresources of the national language and became its organic part. The present study is devoted to the elucidation of the semantics, structure, lexical and word-formation meaning of these linguistic means to denote time, as well as to the identification of their potential possibilities recorded in the dictionary. The disclosure of time awarenesspeculiaritiesby Ukrainian people and the identification of time units that constitute the specificity of the lexical system of the dialects inNyzhniaNaddniprianshchyna clearly reflects the individual perception of the world by the speakers of a particular ethnolinguistic area.

The morphology of the material world and the «plan of chamber propaganda» in the products of theLeningrad art industry factory of the 1940s–1960s

The morphology of the space of the material world of Soviet culture of the 1950s and 1960s and the products of the Leningrad art industry enterprises is presented in this paper. The material world is a collection of everyday objects of utilitarian purpose with symbolic content. They are perceived as cultural signs. The three factors influencing the structure of the material world are ideological, technological and stylistic. The first one is connected with the system of ideological coordinates. The second one is related to the general trends in the development of industrial society. The third factor is related to the development of visual dominants of the living environment. At the internal level, three components (content, technology and aesthetics) form the components of the morphology of the new materiality. The literal purpose of a particular object of the material world determines the external structure. This is a set of artistic, artistic-utilitarian and utilitarian objects. Each level is considered on the example of works of art industry enterprises. These are the following enterprises: the Leningrad Lomonosov Porcelain Factory and the Leningrad Porcelain Factory (artistic things), the Leningrad Enamel Factory (artistic and utilitarian things), the Komsomolskaya Pravda Factory and the First Tableware Factory (utilitarian things). The space of presentation of the concept of chamber propaganda is the translation of significant ideas, images, plots in mass–produced works of mass demand, which are based on an element of art. The maximum inclusion of objects in the space of the ordinary was ensured by the production scale of the enterprises of the art industry. A high level of presentation of significant ideas and plots was guaranteed by the professional development of technical aesthetics of objects.

Symbolic signs of spiritual culture

Symbolic signs of spiritual culture

Домінанти наукового мовосвіту Анатолія Мойсієнка

The analysis of scientific &amp; linguistics dominants of A. Moisiienko revealed the synthesis of the fundamental knowledge of a linguist and literary critic, the dynamics of emotions, and the expression of the poet’s evaluations aimed at updating the national scientific and artistic paradigms. The linguist managed to combine several hypostases, appearing before the reader as a scrupulous linguist-researcher of the apperceptive system of Shevchenko’s poem, the worlds of symbols and the silent word, the world of poetics and the dynamics of text structures, the world of the intertextuality of the poetic text; and as an obsessed literary critic who, raising several extremely relevant problems of the modern scientific study of poetic idiostyles, specific features of individual authorial verse genres in the system of individual artistic texts, focuses on European intellectualism and modernism; and as an inspired poet, in whose poems the Ukrainian poetic language appears as a world of linguistic and aesthetic signs of national culture. The scientific texts of A. Moisiienko were studied from the standpoint of anthropocentrism and textocentrism, considering the structure of textual categories, means of their objectification, and factors of actualization of the author’s dominant constants. The multi-aspect studies of A. Moisiienko’s poetic linguistics are commented on, which gives an idea of the specificity of the figurative idiopoetic system, and its dominant features, which distinguish the author's language creation against the all-Ukrainian background and among traditional samples of national poetics. It was found that the dominant features of the author’s scientific linguistic world include the linguistic stylistic interpretation of the apperceptive system of Shevchenko’s poem, the artistic understanding of the linguistic worlds of symbol and silent word, the world of poetics and the dynamics of text structures, the world of the intertextuality of a poetic text.

Ностальгический маркетинг: прецедентные тексты советского периода в постсоветской рекламе

The article is devoted to the analysis of precedent texts of the Soviet period used in modern Russian-language advertising messages. Despite the high interest of researchers in the problem of intertext interaction, the study of precedent phenomena updated in advertising remains relevant due to the high dynamism of the advertising industry. The author offers a typology of polycode precedent signs of Soviet culture used in post-Soviet advertising, and also considers the reasons for the increased interest of copywriters in Soviet precedent texts. The following are highlighted as visual precedent identifiers of Soviet discourse broadcast in advertising: font, color, graphics and design, symbols related to the culture and history of the Soviet Union. Verbal precedent texts of the Soviet period are presented by quotes from the poetry of V. Mayakovsky, Soviet books, films and cartoons, songs, slogans of Soviet advertising, phrase schemes of agitation posters, etc. The reasons for the use of Soviet precedent phenomena are determined by the game nature of the impact, appeal to traditions, quality, positive emotions, memory, etc. Thus, as the basic functions of precedent phenomena of the Soviet period in modern advertising, according to the author, one can single out attractive and persuasive functions. All proposed typologies are supported by examples. The article pays special attention to the consideration of product categories, when promoting which appeal to Soviet precedents is the most frequent: naming and strategy for positioning banks and financial services, discourse of club events. The material for the study was the texts of Russian commercial advertising (in total, morethan 100 texts of different formats and genres were considered). The basic method was intertextual analysis, as well as descriptive-analytical, communicative-pragmatic and other methods.

Language and aesthetic sign of culture “muse” in language creation of the neoclassic

The article identifies and substantiates the essential features of neoclassical movements of the twentieth century. It is noted that the aesthetic credo of the neoclassics largely corresponds to the instructions of the symbolists. It is proved that figurative means performing expressive and aesthetic functions in the poetic language. It is noted that the analysis of the author’s linguistic creativity requires a comprehensive study of all components. It is noted that the uniqueness of linguistic means, their enhanced expressiveness, and stylistic marking of words are always based on an objective psychological assessment of the writer. Attention is focused on the aesthetic, linguistic-spatial, lexical criteria, and the criterion of contextual (situational) attachment of the word creation of Ukrainian poets. It is indicated that the poets’ orientation towards high style led to the modification of the lexical system of the poetic language; commonly used and highly specialized terminological names expand their compatibility, become determined, and acquire emotional and expressive coloring. It is noted that neoclassics use the aesthetic potential of lexical and semantic images, and resort to the value transfer of signs from the concrete-sensual to the intra-sensual, adding associative and symbolic meaning to the nominative meaning. The article demonstrates and comprehensively analyses the linguistic and aesthetic signs of culture “muse” in the poetic language of neoclassical authors. It is emphasized that the figurative and expressive specificity of neoclassical poetry is determined by the rootedness of the aesthetic credo in ancient culture. It has been found that the linguistic and aesthetic sign of culture “muse” is concrete in the images of goddesses, creativity/poetry, inspiration, woman/girl, and Ukraine. The ideological marking of this linguistic and aesthetic sign is noted. The newest semantic additions, which the image of the muse acquires in the poetic practice of the neoclassics, are identified. It is noted that the neoclassics use the aesthetic potential of lexical and semantic images, and resort to the value transfer of signs from the concrete-sensual to the intra-sensual, adding associative and figurative content to the nominal meaning. Keywords: author’s style, language creativity, linguistic and aesthetic sign of culture, image, metaphor.

Лексические особенности рекламных текстов как маркер культурной специфики

The article studies pragmatic and culturally significant lexical features of advertising texts of the tourism industry in Russian and English. The article raises such topical issues as identifying the linguistic and cultural specifics of the advertising text in English and Russian, increasing the pragmatic power of the advertising text using vocabulary with a cultural component, ways of translating lexical units unfamiliar to the reader, as well as pragmatically marked specific features of the vocabulary of tourist advertising texts in English and Russian. The article is based on the fact that lexical meanings connect the language with the way of life and the system of social relationships of the community speaking it, and the information received during the analysis of linguistic features is a source of identifying the linguistic and cultural specifics of the text. Special emphasis is placed on various types of realities as cultural signs widely used in tourist advertising communication. The analysis established the relationship between the lexical units used in advertising texts and the ethnocultural characteristics of the consumer of tourist advertising. In addition, the function of pragmatically significant linguistic means is studied, the features of the reproduction of non-equivalent vocabulary and words containing an ethno-cultural component of meaning are analyzed. The article does not ignore the fact that the main task of any advertising text is to increase the level of sales of the advertised product (in this article, of a tourist trip). Thus, the present study focuses on the pragmatic aspect of the advertising text and the impact of the lexicon on the perception of the advertising text.

Формы актуализации исторического прошлого на плакатах и в стихотворениях Великой Отечественной войны

The article is dedicated to comprehending the variants of actualization of the historical past in poetry and on posters of 1941–1945. Fostering respect for the past became one of the goals of the pre-war years’ propaganda. But art revealed stronger forms of time connection than the mere knowledge of history by contemporaries. The aim of the article is to establish similar types of representation of the past in poetry and poster art. According to Benveniste’s “principle of nonredundancy”, the codes of the arts are mutually untranslatable, so the objectives of the study include establishing the specifics of the forms of actualizing the past in each of arts under study. The simplest type is the spatial (on the poster) or temporal (in poetry) division of history and modernity. Narrative and comparative techniques, each in their own way, speak about the possibility of victory through an appeal to the precedent. On the poster, a multi-frame composition conveys this message. In poetry, composition is a level that is almost not used to express the concepts I am interested in. Retrospection can be introduced in any part of the text and is supported by comparative constructions, semantics of adverbs and pronoun, the special dynamics of verb tense forms. In other types, history is present in modernity. This can happen indirectly through the inclusion in the plane of the present cultural signs of the past: monuments or books. They do not point to real events, but to actual historical ideas and myths. The most effective force is works that implement the metaphor of the past helping in the battles. For this, poster artists created a special two-level composition with a coloristic opposition of the planes and their comparison at the level of poses’ and figures’ identity. The past personifies in the person of the glorified generals and naval commanders, and poetry also recreates the resurrection and participation in modernity of nameless, seemingly unheroic ancestors. The pragmatics of addressing the past in such works was different – they evoked a sense of responsibility to history. The past was also actualized in the concept of the immortal collective body of the people. When implementing this idea, poetry does not abandon the linear development of time, describing the historical path of the people as the centuries-old life of the giant individual. The poster, which focuses on only one point, reveals the soul of ancient warriors in contemporaries. Posters with deformed shadows become the means of embodying this idea. Finally, the past appears in the form of reincarnation of heroes. Formally such works are devoid of a second plane, but it is present in the form of allusions that establish an internal or external similarity of modern heroes with a historical person. This type, like the previous one, speaks of the embodiment of national typical features in contemporaries – the most reliable form of the presence of the past in the present.

The proverbial discourse and its stylistic effects in some African writers

This study focuses on the proverbial discourse and its stylistic effects in some African writers. It is a question, using the stylistic approach, of showing the role that this discourse plays in a literary text. Indeed, writers such as Chinua Achebe, Seydou Badian, Amadou Hampaté Bâ, Ahmadou Kourouma, Sembene Ousmane, Ngugi Wa Thiong'o and Henri Lopes employ proverbial discourse with metaphorical, comparative, judgmental, ethical and satirical effects not only to embellish romantic stories by their figurative and pictorial meaning, but also and above all to ensure a playful and didactic function in the training of individuals. The insertion of this discourse in the literary text reflects the influence of civilization, better of orality in Negro-African literature. Thus, its use appears as a sign of maturity or culture. Keywords : proverbial discourse, african writer, stylistic effect, study, literary text.

The proverbial discourse and its stylistic effects in some African writers

This study focuses on the proverbial discourse and its stylistic effects in some African writers. It is a question, using the stylistic approach, of showing the role that this discourse plays in a literary text. Indeed, writers such as Chinua Achebe, Seydou Badian, Amadou Hampaté Bâ, Ahmadou Kourouma, Sembene Ousmane, Ngugi Wa Thiong'o and Henri Lopes employ proverbial discourse with metaphorical, comparative, judgmental, ethical and satirical effects not only to embellish romantic stories by their figurative and pictorial meaning, but also and above all to ensure a playful and didactic function in the training of individuals. The insertion of this discourse in the literary text reflects the influence of civilization, better of orality in Negro-African literature. Thus, its use appears as a sign of maturity or culture. Keywords : proverbial discourse, african writer, stylistic effect, study, literary text.

Post-Semiotics of Da'wah Communication in Interpreting Signs of Religious Culture

Religious cultural artefacts such as the cap (peci), Koko shirt, turban, sarong, or the diction of ustadz and Islamic boarding schools are part of the power dynamics in the late 2021 and early 2022 abuse cases. This research aims to interpret the da'wah communication messages implied in religious cultural artefacts, as well as dismantle and restore the meaning of religious cultural symbols, in order to maintain and protect the degree of da'wah. A critical paradigm with a post semiotic (hyper semiotic) approach was used in the research. According to the findings of the study, the position of religious symbols in semiotics has noble values in the context of da'wah. However, it is an ideological tool for worshippers of desire to achieve their individual goals in the context of most semiotics. The artefact is shrouded in libido ideology. The authors' research bridges the problem of meaning, which is frequently generalised in everyday life, so that people can see clearly and wisely about this issue. Critical da'wah communication can help to develop this wisdom and policy.

MACMA Islamic Ideology in Chinese Muslim Mosques Towards Universalizing Islam in Malaysia

Malaysia is the world's 43rd most populous country comprising multi-ethnic and multicultural societies. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Chinese, Indians, and indigenous peoples. From this number, Chinese Muslims are minorities in Malaysia, and only 2 per cent of ethnic Chinese are Muslims. Nevertheless, there is a growing trend of accommodating Chinese cultural elements in Islamic preaching in Malaysia. Due to this recent emergence of Chinese Muslim cultural identities, Chinese cultural symbols and Islamic messages are combined to produce a new notion in Malaysian society that 'Chineseness' and Islam are compatible. For that reason, the Chinese Muslim association and dakwah movement in Malaysia, like MACMA (Malaysia Chinese Muslim Association), promulgate a cultural dakwah approach aiming to universalize Islam to spread the Islamic messages and invite non-Muslims to get closer to the Islamic faith. One of the approaches is building Chinese-style mosques throughout Malaysia as a symbol of preaching Islam through Chinese cultural signs and practices. However, no comprehensive studies have elucidated how mosques patronized by the MACMA universalize Islam for Muslims and non-Muslims. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and analyze how MACMA Islamic ideology influences the architectural design elements found in the MACMA mosques as a symbol of cultural dakwah to propagate and teach the values of Islam. This study used the hermeneutic method through the interpretivism paradigm. The two indicators of mosques, form-making, and spatial elements, act as a sign of Islamic values to propagate religious tolerance. The findings indicate how Islamic values and ideology involving the practising of Islah, Ikram, and Ihsan are translated into Mosque architectural elements as a symbol of dakwah to display communal-friendly mosque design. Based on these findings, this study will outline the best mosque design guidelines for designers that can function as a religious sign and symbol for transnational dimensions of cultural dakwah towards unity, equality, and spiritual rejuvenation.

Comparing Major Declaration, Attrition, Migration, and Completion in Physics With Other STEM Disciplines: A Sign of Inequitable Physics Culture?

This research uses 10 years of institutional data at a large public university in the USA to investigate trends in the undergraduate majors students declare, drop, and earn degrees, especially comparing physics to other disciplines. We find that physics has the lowest number of students of all science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines and it also has the highest rates of attrition of students who declare a major. While many STEM disciplines have students migrating both in and out of those majors, physics primarily has a uni-directional migration of students out of the major. Furthermore, physics has the lowest percentage of women undergraduate majors. Using an equity framework, we view these findings as signatures of inequitable and non-inclusive culture. We suggest that important roles may be played by stereotypes such as the incorrect belief that physics is accessible only to brilliant men, the issue of first-year college physics courses failing to energize students, and apathy in large physics departments toward improving intentional recruitment and retention of physics majors.