Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna Research Articles

Design and implementation of an efficient sierpinski carpet fractal antenna with defected ground structure for 2.45 GHZ applications

A sierpinski carpet fractal antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is unveiled. The fractal dimensions had paved the way for numerous applications. Fractal technique is applied to the patch and rectangular slot is made in the ground plane which acts as a DGS. The DGS disturbs the shield current and improves the performance of designed antenna. Dimension of designed antenna is 52 × 71 × 5.1 mm3. Rogers RO4350 substrate and coaxial feed technique are utilized in the design. The projected antenna is simulated and fabricated with the resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz. Commencing from the outcome of the projected antenna, it is evident that 23% wider Bandwidth, 13% increment in Gain, improved Return Loss of 15% and 26% VSWR are obtained compared to existing work. The measurements attained by fabricated antenna endow with excellent conformity to the simulated design.

Design and analysis of square shape slot cut high gain Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna for wireless applications

AbstractIn this paper, a fractal antenna is proposed for wideband application. It has a resonance frequency of 5 GHz, and has been designed using an FR4 substrate with a width and a length of 40 mm and patch with a width, length of 35.288 mm. The proposed antenna has been made with five iterations, and the result obtained multiband behavior and agrees with the various efficient wireless applications. In the proposed antenna, there are four bands response at frequencies 1.6, 2.9,5.2, and 6 GHz, and bandwidth percentage are 4.56%, 7.89%, 12.13%, and 4.6%. It also covers application in 1.5–1.7, 2.8–3.1, 4.8–5.4, and 5.9–6.2 GHz. The gain and the directivity of the proposed antenna is measured as 15.885 dBi greater than other fractal antennas to date, and 7.422 dBi respectively. The proposed antenna has been implemented successfully using IE3D and the result has been tested successfully using a key sight vector analyzer.

Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications

Microstrip antenna is broadly used in the modern communication system due to its significant features such as light weight, inexpensive, low profile, and ease of integration with radio frequency devices. The fractal shape is applied in antenna geometry to obtain the ultra-wideband antennas. In this paper, the sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna (SCFMA) is developed for base case, first iteration and second iteration to obtain the wideband based on its space filling and self-similar characteristics. The dimension of the monopole patch size is optimized to minimize the overall dimension of the fractal antenna. Moreover, the optimized planar structure is proposed using the microstrip line feed. The monopole antenna is mounted on the FR4 substrate with the thickness of 1.6 mm with loss tangent of 0.02 and relative permittivity of 4.4. The performance of this SCFMA is analyzed in terms of area, bandwidth, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, radiation pattern and gain. The proposed fractal antenna achieves three different bandwidth ranges such as 2.6-4.0 GHz, 2.5-4.3 GHz and 2.4-4.4 GHz for base case, first and second iteration respectively. The proposed SCFMA is compared with existing fractal antennas to prove the efficiency of the SCFMA design. The area of the SCFMA is 25×20 mm<sup>2</sup>, which is less when compared to the existing fractal antennas.

CPW-Fed Wide Band Micro-machined Fractal Antenna with Band-notched Function

In this paper, a straightforward yet effective design methodology to design wideband antenna with band notched characteristics has been proposed. Sierpinski carpet fractal geometry has been used to realize the antenna structure. Co-planar waveguide feed is used with a novel structure to achieve larger impedance bandwidth and band notching characteristics. Proposed antenna is designed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) on a low cost FR4 substrate (ɛr=4.4) which resonates at three frequencies 1.51 GHz (1.19-2.06GHz), 6.53 GHz and 8.99 GHz (4.44-9.54 GHz) while a band is notched at 10.46 GHz (9.32-11.92 GHz). The proposed antenna has an electrical dimension of 0.36 λm× 0.24 λm, here λm is the wavelength with respect to lowest resonating frequency of the antenna. The resonating and radiation characteristics of the antenna are verified experimentally. Further, investigations are made to achieve easy integration of the antenna to the monolithic microwave integrated circuits. For that the antenna has been designed on micro-machined high index Silicon substrate which improve matching and gain of the antenna. The results of the micro-machined Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna are highly convincing over the conventional FR4 based antenna.

Design and Optimization of Micro-Machined Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna Using Ant Lion Optimization

This study investigates the optimized Sierpinski carpet fractal patch antenna and also explores the possibility of the integration of the proposed design with monolithic microwave integrated circuits. The optimization process has been performed using an ant lion optimization algorithm to achieve the required operating frequency and impedance matching. Further, due to surface waves excitation in the high index substrates used for the antenna design, the performance of the antenna degrades. Therefore, a process of micro-machining has been adopted to overcome this limitation. The micro-machining process creates an air cavity underneath the patch which further creates the low index environment in the patch antenna causing drastic improvement in the performance parameters along with the compatibility with monolithic microwave integrated circuits. The design shows multiple resonance frequencies in X-band and Ku-band. The proposed micro-machined design shows the resonance at 7.9 GHz, 9.6 GHz, 13.6 GHz, and 19 GHz with a maximum gain of 6 dBi.

A novel bandwidth enhanced triple band antenna for satellite and airborne applications

<p align="justify"><span>This paper presents a novel bandwidth enhancement technique in which a passive stack of third order Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna is parasitically coupled to the driven element that is also a Sierpinski fractal of third order. Edge feeding technique is used. The passive stack placed symmetric to the driven elements provide the combined benefits of horizontal and vertical parasitic coupling, with added advantage of miniaturization contributed by fractal technology. Result of the study indicate that the antenna array provide triple band with a large inter-band separation that mitigates the effects of inter-band interference. The first band at 6.1Ghz with bandwidth of 250Mhz supports mobile wireless and fixed satellite service, the second band at 7.1Ghz with 350Mhz bandwidth supports mobile wireless, fixed wireless and fixed satellite service. The third band is at 11.6Ghz with bandwidth of 1.4Ghz and supports fixed wireless and fixed satellite services. The number of elements in the parasitic stack influence array performance in terms of bandwidth, gain and directivity. The bandwidth in the third band increased from 1.5Ghz for two-element stack to 1.7Ghz for three-element. This has an advantage over conventional antenna array, that use more active antenna elements that have the limitations of more power consumption and large space occupancy. </span></p>

A compact modified sierpinski carpet fractal UWB MIMO antenna with square-shaped funnel-like ground stub

In this paper, a compact modified Sierpinski carpet fractal ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with a square-shaped funnel-like ground stub is presented and experimentally investigated. Miniaturization and wideband performance are achieved by using the proposed fractal structure. Iterated function system (IFS) method is used to design the proposed fractal structure. The self-similarity dimension of the proposed fractal structure is 1.72. The dimension of the proposed MIMO antenna is 24 × 30 mm2 and consists of two novels modified Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole-antenna elements. The impedance bandwidth of the presented antenna is 9.6 GHz (S11 < −10 dB) ranging from 3 GHz to 12.6 GHz with isolation better than 16.3 dB, which is achieved by using square-shaped funnel-like ground stub with a vertical slot. The various parameters of diversity performance are also calculated. The simulated and measured results of the presented antenna are comparable, which indicates that the presented antenna can be utilized in UWB applications.

Design and Analysis of Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna for UHF Spaced Antenna Wind Profiler Radar

This paper emphasizes the design of Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna to miniaturize the antenna array of UHF Spaced antenna Wind profiler radar that operates at 445 MHz. The proposed antenna is designed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) where aluminium is used as a patch and ground with air as dielectric substrate due to it’s zero loss tangent .patch is separated from ground with help of hinges and fed with 50 ohm coaxial probe. The Sierpinski fractal antenna is designed till third iteration so as to reduce its size and weight by 33 percent.

A Modified Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna for Multiband Applications

The sudden growth in wireless communication area has increased the requirements of compact integrated antennas. This paper describes the design of Modified Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna which resonates at six frequencies 4.825, 5.455, 6.265 GHz and 6.805, 8.02 and 9.145 GHz. Different performance parameters like radiation pattern, gain, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, return losses are observed at all the frequencies. The FR4 glass epoxy with relative permittivity 4.4 and height 1.6 mm is used as substrate material. Antenna is fed by coaxial probe feed and simulated using ANSYS/ANSOFT HFSS V13 software. Proposed antenna has simple structure. Investigation is done between 1 and 10 GHz frequencies. The proposed antenna is fabricated and tested on the Vector Network Analyzer. The measured and simulated results of proposed antenna are compared and are found to be good agreement with each other.

A compact planar self-affine sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna with band notch characteristics for ultra wideband communications

This paper presents a novel compact planar self-affine sierpinski carpet fractal monopole coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with improved gain, radiation efficiency and a sharp band-notched characteristics for the rejection of interfering WLAN (5.15---5.825 GHz) assigned for IEEE 802.11a narrow band communication system. The significant improvements in gain and radiation efficiency are achieved by the introduction of carpet fractals in the radiating circular patch. The antenna covers the entire UWB frequency band (3.1---10.6 GHz) with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) ≤ 2 which depicts optimum impedance matching of the proposed antenna structure. The antenna occupies a compact size of 36 × 41 mm2 and band rejection is achieved by embedding compact C--shaped slots with folded arms on the ground planes of the CPW feed lines which yield a very sharp notch for WLAN band. The band rejection is demonstrated by a high value of VSWR around notch frequency. Compact self-affine sierpinski carpet fractals are introduced in the radiating circular patch to improve performance of the UWB antenna. The proposed fractal antenna exhibits improved gain that varies from 2 to 6 dBi and optimum radiation efficiency which varies from 85 to 99.9 % over the UWB frequency range. The gain and radiation efficiency are suppressed with strong dips at the desired rejection WLAN band. Omnidirectional radiation characteristic is achieved over UWB frequency range which supports the uniform transmission of signal irrespective of the orientation of the antenna direction.

Design of Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna for Multiband Applications

In this paper, the design of Sierpinski Carpet fractal antenna for multiband application is presented. The return loss of designed structures is simulated using 3D electromagnetic simulator CST MWS 14.0.The proposed antenna is designed on (FR-4) Lossy Substrate with thickness 1.58 mm and relativity permittivity 4.44. It is the combination of initial, first and second iterations. Simulated results show that from initial, first and second iteration, it starts showing different frequency which cover the multiband applications. It also covers the C Band communication satellite for their uplink and downlink frequency application. The Broadband and multiple frequency features of fractal antenna will be presented and discussed.

Analysis and Simulation of Fractal Antenna for Mobile Wimax

The growing demand of wireless services requires the definition of new standards able to provide an increased degree of mobility for the end user and a higher speed of data transmission. Among emerging standards, one of the most promising is the IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area network Air Interface (generally called Wimax).In last few decade the miniaturization led antenna to be conformal, low profile, multi –band, hence Fractal antennas came into existence which due to its self-similar geometry takes less area and thus its low profile. This paper presents the design of Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna for three iterations. This antenna is designed using HFSS software on FR4 substrate having dielectric constant 4.4 and having fed 50 ohms micro-strip line and optimized to operate in multiple bands between 2 – 6 GHz.

A Novel Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna with Improved Performances

In modern wireless communication systems and increasing of other wireless applications, wider bandwidth, multiband and low profile antennas are in great demand for both commercial and military applications. This has initiated antenna research in various directions; one of them is using fractal shaped antenna elements. Traditionally, each antenna operates at a single or dual frequency bands, where different antenna is needed for different applications. This will cause a limited space and place problem. In order to overcome this problem, multiband antenna can be used where a single antenna can operate at many frequency bands. One technique to construct a multiband antenna is by applying fractal shape into antenna geometry. This project presents the Sierpinski carpet patch antenna where this famous shape, the antenna behaviors are investigated. In addition to the theoretical design procedure, numerical simulation was performed using software (CST) to obtain design parameters such as size of patch and feeding location. The antennas have been analyzed and designed by using the software CST Microwave Studio Suite.

Optimizing the Dual Band Multi Frequency Microstrip Antenna Using Fractal Geometry

In this paper the Sierpinski Carpet based fractal microstrip antenna with zero, first and second iterations is implemented. Fractal antenna has been extensively investigated because of its multiband operation and compact size. This paper presents a fractal based antenna using Sierpinski carpet geometry. A simple microstrip antenna with the zero iteration, first iteration and the second iteration Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna were designed and optimized. The simple microstrip antenna obtains a return loss of -29.22dB at the resonant frequency of 2.46 GHz. The first iteration Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna provides a return loss of -31.04 dB at the resonant frequency of 2.2 GHz, -14.79 dB at 3.803 GHz and -19.81dB at 4.3580 GHz. The second iteration Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna resonates at 2.19GHz, 3.79GHz, and 4.38 GHz with return loss of -25.69dB,-14.30dB,-19.60dB respectively. In this paper patch volume reduced up to 20.85% and also we obtain optimum VSWR & return loss .The substrate material is FR4 epoxy with dielectric constant 4.4 .Entire design implemented and simulated on HFSS-13.

Design of Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna using Artificial Neural Networks

This paper deals with utilization of artificial neural networks for the design of Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna. The difficulty in designing of fractal microstrip patch antennas is due to the involvement of large number of physical parameters and hence their associated optimal values. It is indeed very difficult to formulate an exact numerical solution through empirical studies based on practical observations. In order to circumvent this problem, an alternative solution is achieved using artificial neural networks. The proposed technique used feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (FFBP-ANN) with one hidden layer to approximate neural model of this antenna. Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna is simulated using IE3D software. The investigation is done between the ranges of frequencies from 1 to 20Ghzs. The results obtained by using artificial neural networks are in agreement with simulated results. KeywordsCarpet, Artificial Neural Networks, Sierpinski, Antenna.

BANDWIDTH AND GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF MULTIBAND FRACTAL ANTENNA BASED ON THE SIERPINSKI CARPET GEOMETRY

In this paper, we have achieved a compact multiband fractal antenna based on Sierpinski carpet geometry. The simulation of the proposed antenna is done by CST Microwave Studio EM simulation software. The Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna proves that it is capable to create multiband frequencies. There are four resonant frequencies appeared at 0.85 GHz, 1.83 GHz, 2.13 GHz and 2.68 GHz. Simulated results indicates that the return loss is better than 15 dB, the VSWR is less than 1.3,the directivity is greater than 6dBi & the gain is more than 6dB in each band. So this fractal antenna can be suitable for fixed microwave & aviation applications.

Hexagonal boundary Sierpinski carpet fractal shaped compact ultrawideband antenna with band rejection functionality

In this paper a second iteration Sierpinski carpet fractal shape UWB antenna with hexagonal boundary is presented. The antenna covers the frequency band from 3GHz to 12GHz (VSWR≤2). The proposed antenna has the capability to reject 5.15–5.825GHz band assigned for IEEE802.11a and HIPERLAN/2 which is achieved by embedding a ‘Y’ shaped slot in the radiator that extends to the central conductor of the CPW feed as well. A fabricated prototype is developed where the simulation and experimental results are in good agreement. Measured peak antenna gain varies from 1.25dBi to 6dBi within the band. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 33mm×32mm that includes the substrate around the radiating element. Time domain characteristic reveal that the antenna is non-dispersive with a variation of measured group delay within 0.5ns over the entire band.

A Modified Contour Integral Analysis for Sierpinski Fractal Carpet Antennas With and Without Electromagnetic Band Gap Ground Plane

A modified contour integral method coupled with segmentation method has been used, for the first time, to analyze both the Sierpinski fractal carpet (SFC) antennas of different orders and an SFC antenna with electromagnetic band gap (EBG) ground plane. The close agreement between the calculated and measured results for resonant frequencies and input return losses indicates that this technique can be used to accurately predict the impedance characteristic. A novel stacked microstrip Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna using the EBG ground plane is also presented. Comparing to an ordinary microstrip fractal antenna, which has a maximum bandwidth of approximately 2%, the proposed antenna has a higher input impedance bandwidth of nearly 9%. The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are improved due to the removal of unwanted radiation caused by the surface wave. The experimental measurement results of the proposed antenna are presented in this paper.

Analysis and bandwidth enhancement of Sierpinski carpet antenna

AbstractThe boundary integral method coupled with the segmentation method have been used for the first time to analyze Sierpinski carpet antennas of different orders. As is evident from the close agreement between calculated and measured results for the resonant frequency and input return loss, this technique is found to predict the impedance characteristic accurately. A novel stacked microstrip Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna using a photonic bandgap structure is also presented. Compared to an ordinary microstrip fractal antenna, which has a maximum bandwidth of 2%, the proposed antenna has a higher input impedance bandwidth of about 9%. The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are improved due to the removal of unwanted radiation caused by the surface wave. The experimental measurement results of the proposed antenna are presented in this paper. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 13–18, 2001.