Sidoarjo Mud Research Articles

Antimicrobial activity of biosurfactants produced by actinomycetes isolated from rhizosphere of Sidoarjo mud region

Abstract A unique location with a unique environment attracted many researchers to explore bacteria as an isolate collection especially for actinomycetes group because of the potential of their antimicrobial metabolites. Information on antimicrobial activity by Streptomyces from the Sidoarjo mud area is limited. Biosurfactant was also one of the metabolites produced by the group of actinomycetes. Biosurfactant screening was carried out by growing isolates in a series of tests in the hemolytic, tributyrin agar, surface tension, and emulsification activity. Bacteria fermented on glycerol, n-hexane and molasses substrates for 7 days. The antimicrobial activity of organic extract evaluated using a paper disc diffusion method against E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 6538P. The results of biosurfactant screening tests showed differences in surface tension and varying emulsification activities in the isolates obtained. Supernatants produced by biosurfactants have been shown to be able to show antimicrobial activity as indicated by the formation of inhibitory zones associated with pathogenic growth. AF1 as a selected isolates identified as Streptomyces sp. MN394821 using 16S rDNA gene analysis. It has 100% similarity with accession-coded strain KY236015.1 and 98% with accession coded Streptomyces rochei AB1 strain GU434672.1.

Utilising Lapindo Sidoarjo Mud and Mount Merapi Yogyakarta Ash as Alternative Materials for Earthenware and Stoneware Manufacture

Utilising Lapindo Sidoarjo Mud and Mount Merapi Yogyakarta Ash as Alternative Materials for Earthenware and Stoneware Manufacture

Study on the structural evolution of SiO2 extracted from Sidoarjo mud

Sidoarjo mud is known to have a large amount of silica mineral i.e 44.8% with a purity of 88.4 to 95.7%. In this study, the annealing process in extracted silica was carried out for 5 hours to observe the structural changes at 800°C, 1000°C and 1150°C. Thermogravimetric analysis of extracted silica shows that glass temperature transition (Tg) occurs at onset temperature of 800°C and crystalline phase take places at above 1150°C. The results are confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). It indicates that there is a transformation phase of amorphous SiO2 to triclinic crystalline structure with increasing amount of tridymite phase as the temperature increases from 800°C up to 1150°C. The changes in SiO2 phase structure are also confirmed by FTIR results that show a transmittance shift of Si-O bending band slightly to lower wavenumbers and increasing transmittance intensity of Si-O stretching bonds as the heating treatment temperature is increased. Based on the UV-Vis results, the optical band gap shows no dependencies on heat treatment temperature, whereas the Urbach energy is proportional to the increasing temperature, in which SiO2 sample heated at 800°C has the lowest Urbach energy or the fewer defects. Urbach energy values of extracted silica are ranging from 7.91-17.33 eV. In accordance with Urbach energy, the DSSC with photoanode containing SiO2 heated at 800°C shows the best performance with efficiency of 0.077 %.

Gravity analysis to estimate the mud stream direction in porong by applying the delaunay approach

Lumpur Lapindo eruption at Porong, Sidoarjo is still continuing, it is suspected triggered by the flow of high-pressure mud. Measurements were performed for analyzing the subsurface structure where there was subsidence of soil and mudflow in the affected areas of Lumpur Lapindo with gravity method. The results of gravity data measurements are not always regular according to planning due to unpredictable field conditions. Therefore in this research writer used geostatistics method in interpolation of gravity anomaly data. Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) is a method used to determine the fault structure. The gravity anomaly value in the Porong area is 8 mgal to -32 mgal. High-value gravity anomalies in the northwest region with the highest anomaly value of 8 mgal indicates an increased of mass density and soil degradation. While the gravity anomaly of low value in the northeastern region with the lowest anomaly is -34 mgal which indicates a decrease in subsurface mass density. The fracture structure that has been obtained can be used to determine the direction of Sidoarjo mud movement.

Gravity data of porong regions, sidoarjo in the interpretation geology structure and deformation of the subsurface

Patterns of regional geological structure Sidoarjo has performed detailed interpretation of gravity data is is controlled by the data of surface deformation via GPS. Indication of field data is not obtained a description pattern shallow geological structure being covered by sediment aluviumnya. Gas effuent or subsidence in the Siringbarat and Tanggulangin area is field evidence as controls in the estimation of interpretation of gravity changes and pattern density shallow geological structure. Regional and detailed gravity data interpreted that as an anomaly patterns are trending fault structures with the location of the gas effluent south southwest - north northeast. South trending regional fault structure of the southwest - north north-east to the surface to form a continuous fracture and amblasan as a medium in which the effluent gas is formed. Negative changes in the value of gravity is interpreted as a weak zone or zones shown as mass loss as subsidence located in Siringbarat and Tanggulangin. While positive changes in microgravity, as the removal of the zone located in the southern part of the Sidoarjo Mud pond.

Evaluation of Changes in Surface Volume and Elevation Mud with High Resolution Satellite Imagery Multitemporal for Monitoring Sidoarjo Mud

Evaluation of Changes in Surface Volume and Elevation Mud with High Resolution Satellite Imagery Multitemporal for Monitoring Sidoarjo Mud

Feasibility of Utilize Sidoarjo Mud as Replacement Material in Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Binder

Sidoarjo mudflow (SM) is an alternative source material in the construction which was generated from natural disasters of volcano mudflow in Porong, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. The source material of SM has high Si and Al content that contributed to geopolymer binder. Yet, it was categorized as low Ca content that caused prolong setting time in the geopolymer binder. This study aimed to increase the Ca content by incorporating the source material of SM in FA based geopolymer so that was able to provide short setting time in the field. The results showed that the particle properties of SM material were agglomerate irregular shape and rough surface. The increase of SM replacement caused the reduction of workability in fresh geopolymer mortar. Replacement of 40% SM in FA based geopolymer provided the short setting time less than 2.5 hours. The replacement of 15% SM in FA based geopolymer enhanced the compressive strength of 7.6%. However, the highest compressive strength of 9.4% was obtained by the replacement of 10% SM.

Influence the Addition of Lapindo Mud is Calcined to the Quality of Cement Podzoland by Using Electric Furnace

This research is one of the efforts to reduce the impact of CO2 emissions by cement factory, by making blended cement by mixing Sidoarjo Mud (Lusi) with portland cement. Lusi contains the components of SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO and other components very potential to be utilized as an additive to the cement for the manufacture of concrete and building. The Lusi utilization begins by drying the material in the Oven at 100°C for 1-2 hours and refining to 120 mesh. Furthermore, the calcination process in the furnace at a temperature of 700°C, 800°C, 900°C for 1 hour. Calcined ligands are mixed with 10-60% cement (w/w) to cement blended (cement podzoland). The final cement mixture analyzed the chemical composition and the physical properties test comprising the compressive strength test and the setting time, the cement mixed component analysis with XRD showed calcined Lusi could be added 10-60% in the portland cement, the highest compressive strength achieved from 10 %, 18 kgf/cm2 and 101,97 kgf/cm2 for 3 days and 7 days. While the XRD analysis showed that C2S, C3S, C3A, and C4AF components averaged 79.28% contained in blended cement.

The effect of lime Ca(OH)2 to the constant of granulation rate (k) of Sidoarjo mud (LuSi) and its grain size distribution

Sidoarjo mud (LuSi) is very hot and sticky mud-like substance produced by eruption of Kujung, Kalibeng, and Pucangan formations caused by well exploration for gas in Porong, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. LuSi submerged villages, industrial areas, and rice fields in Porong. The eruption is still taking place so that it needs more area and higher dike surrounded to retain the mud. Therefore, it is very urgent to use LuSi in huge volumes such as for borrowed materials. LuSi grain size and its strength, however, do not meet the borrowed materials requirement. Therefore, the grain size was improved using granulator drum and lime Ca(OH)2 was used to increase its strength. The grain size produced by granulator was affected by length, diameter, and rotation rate of granulator drum, and also by constant of granulation rate ‘k’ that was function of other parameters, inclination angle of granulator drum (S), moisture content (W), and water temperature (T). The results show that lime needed for stabilization is 10% of LuSi dry weight. The “k” is affected by lime where parameters (S) and (W) become smaller and (T) is higher. Lime also produces dryer granular, higher water resistance, and shorter granulation process. Besides, higher water temperature during granulation process is needed to develop bigger grain size for granular stabilized-LuSi.

Enhancing the Strength of Volcanic Mud-based Class C Fly Ash Geopolymer Specimen by Limestone Inclusion

Volcanic mudflow disaster has brought negative impacts in the area around the mudflow. The contents of mud are predominantly silicate and aluminate, which are the primary constituent materials of fly ash-based geopolymer specimen. However, the main issue of fly ash-based geopolymer is the requirement of heat curing due to the low calcium in fly ash precursor. The aim of this research is to identify the effect of limestone inclusion on strength properties of volcanic mud-based class C fly ash geopolymer mortar. The volcanic mud was obtained from Sidoarjo mud in East Java Indonesia. The alkaline activator solution was prepared by mixing 10 Molar sodium hydroxide with sodium silicate with the ratio of 0.67. The compressive strength test was carried out at the age of 28 days. The specimens were cured at room temperature. The results show that the addition of 30% limestone in volcanic mud-based class C fly ash geopolymer specimen gives the highest strength at 28 days. It also improves the setting time rate due to the calcium addition. However, further addition of limestone tends to reduce the strength. This might attribute to the decrease of silicate and aluminate contents in geopolymer specimen along with the limestone addition.

The response of seedling growth of Rhizophora apiculuta to various concentrations of Sidoarjo mud

This study aims to determine the effect of some concentration of Lusi mud (Sidoarjo mud) as a medium to grow mangrove plants on the growth of Rhizophora apiculuta seedlings. A total of 24 experimental units arranged in a randomized block design with treatment were Lusi mud concentration on planting medium, ie: 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The variables observed were plant height, stem diameter, long root leaf area and wet weight and dry weight of plant. Data obtained were analyzed statistically by an analysis of variance and HSD test were used to indicate the significant differences between the mean values (p<0.05). The results showed that the 10% Lusi mud concentration responded to the growth of canopy, root length, and wet weight and dry weight of R. apiculuta plants similar to those in the control treatment. At concentrations of 20%, 30%, 40%, up to 50% of Lusi mud, plants are able to grow well despite lower growth rates comparedwith no Lusi mud

Vegetation analysis of ground covers on Sidoarjo mud impacted land

The study aims to explore the vegetation stucture and the dominance of cover plant type on Sidoarjo muddy farming field, East Java. This research is descriptive through vegetation analysis with line inert method to obtain Important Value Index (IVI). Result show that vegetation structure of 11 types of ground cover plants on mud-affected land was dominated by Panicumsp, Panicum maximum, and Arthraxonsp with 29.60, 17.70, and 16.84 of IVI respectively. Then, they are following by species that have lower IVI such as: Cynodondactylon (Linn.) Prest, Spigelia anthelmia L., Mimosa pudica, Cyperus rotundus, Imperata cylindrica, D. aegyptium (Linn.) P. Beauv. Desmidium sp, and A. villosa Willd.

THE USE OF SENTINEL-2 IMAGERY FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) ESTIMATION IN PORONG RIVER, SIDOARJO

ABSTRACT Sidoarjo mud disaster is an occurrence of hot mud bursts at drilling location of Lapindo Brantas Inc., Sidoarjo, Indonesia since 29th May 2006. In order to overcome the continuous mud flow, Indonesian government built embankment around the center of the mudflow. They also throw mud materials into the Porong River. The large and continuous disposal of mud material leads to sedimentation in Porong River. Remote sensing method with satellite imagery can be a solution to find out how much sedimentation occurred in Porong River as a result of mud’s disposal. Total Suspended Solid (TSS) calculation from satellite image can be indicator of sedimentation distribution.In previous studies, TSS distribution has been observed from Landsat-7 and Landsat 8 data. Nowadays, with ability of Sentinel-2 which has higher spatial resolution (10 m) and higher revisit time (up to 6 days), optimization of TSS distribution in Porong river can be done. Thus the objective of this research is analysis of Sentinel-2 imagery application to estimate TSS in Porong River. Result showed good correlation between in-situ data and TSS estimation from Sentinel-2 with value 0.72. Keywords : Sentinel-2, TSS, Porong River.

Post-Disaster Recovery Process Based on Social Resettlement Model

Lapindo mudflow disaster in Sidoarjo has caused a tremendous impact for the community, especially in the region of Porong and surrounding areas, not just the impact in the form of the destruction of the physical-ecological environment but also the social environment. In disaster management, disaster management conducted through four phases, namely: mitigation preparedness, emergency response, and recovery. The recovery phase includes rehabilitation and social reconstruction. This study aims to examine how efforts performed in the recovery phase post Sidoarjo mud disaster based on the model of social resettlement. It found that the Sidoarjo mudflow disaster recovery phase included social rehabilitation process consisting three programs, namely social assistance, protection and recovery. Social reconstruction effort postdisaster resettlement consisting three social models, namely model of full social resettlement, mix-social resettlement, and free social resettlement. The model of full social resettlement was the best model and fit reconstruction and social rehabilitation of post-disaster.

Assessment of Sidoarjo mud flow embankment stability using very low frequency electromagnetic method

The earth on LUSI embankment has a high failure potential due to several factors such as: seepage, leakage, vertical and horizontal deformation, cracking and fault (discontinuity), overtopping, mud slide, and swelling. Very low frequency electromagnetic method was carried out at LUSI embankment in order to delineate fracture and potential pathway of seepage occurring through the subsurface structure the embankment body. To reach these objectives, several methods were carried out in the selected area, such as direct current resistivity, total station and Rayleigh wave dispersion to provide information on the mechanical properties LUSI embankment subsurface. This study indicates that seepage and fracture through the LUSI embankment is presented by a set of lines which are possibly caused by deformation in the LUSI area. Furthermore, based on the fracture and seepage positions and mud or fluid flow direction, the unstable LUSI embankment is determined as located around the northwest and northern parts of the area.

Seleksi Konsorsium Mikroorganisme untuk Pembenah Lumpur Sidoarjo sebagai Media Tanam

ABSTRACT The mud that erupted in Sidoarjo, East Java, has been known from several studies can be used as plant growth media. However, its ability has limitations, particularly due to the very high heavy metal content and phenol will gradually poison the plants. Therefore, a study has been conducted in order to obtain a consortium of microorganisms which have ability to support plants growth and remediate the mud so that further can be used as a growth media. The selected microorganisms consist of Azotobacter sp. KDB2, Bacillus sp. KLBN1, Bacillus sp. BMC4, Pseudomonas sp. BMC6, Trichoderma sp. PJF6 and Trichoderma sp. PJF7F7, which were combined in five consortia, namely K1, K2, K3, K4, and K5. The selection was performed on the ability to produce indole acetic acid, dissolve phosphate, decrease phenol concentration, and decrease the concentration of Pb and Cd ion metals. The results showed that the five consortia have capacity in the five parameters examined. The ability to remove Pb by microbial consortia which consist of Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Trichoderma is a new information of the role of microorganism on heavy metal removal. The existence of positive and negative interactions within each consortium lead to differences in the kind of superior consortium generated from each parameter. The consortium K4 showed advantages in 3 parameters, that were in the indole acetic acid production and the Pb and Cd decreases, while the other consortia showed the best capacity only on one of the parameter examined. Therefore, the selected consortium recommended for fixing the Sidoarjo mud is K4, which consists of Azotobacter sp., Bacillus sp. BMC4, Pseudomonas sp. BMC6, Trichoderma sp. PJF6 dan Trichoderma sp. PJF7. Keywords: biofertilizer, bioremediation, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma

English

In sociology it is a custom to say that sociology began with the “discovery” of society, e.g., one has to “see” etc society in order to study society. This claim has something to it in the sense th ...

Modelling of Phenol Contamination in Wonorejo Estuary, Indonesia

Phenol as a part of marine pollution in Wonorejo estuary has been a concern today. Mass death of clams and decreasing growth of shrimps often occur in this area. The citizens made assumption that source of marine pollution from Sidoarjo mud disaster. This paper investigates the distribution of phenol from modelling with MIKE 21, Eco Lab module. Measurement were done in Wonorejo estuary to get a validation of modelling. Modelling result shows phenol concentration in northern Wonorejo estuary is higher than other areas. Hence, it was concluded that the phenol source is not from Sidoarjo mud disaster.

Evaluation of the Effect of Sidoarjo Mud on Aquatic Life Using Chromatophores and the Microstructure of Fish Scales

The Sidoarjo mud is the first visible phenomenon of a mud volcano that occurs in a human settlement and which is subsequently channelled into a river. Clay, aluminium and iron were reported to be the dominant contaminants that could possibly come into contact with and accumulate on the surface of local fish and initiate alteration in scale microstructure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of water body contamination in the Sidoarjo mud by evaluating the chromatophore density and microstructure deformation of fish scales that act as biomarkers. Scale samples were obtained from caged Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) fish that were placed downstream and upstream of the Sidoarjo mud spillway pipes. With respect to melanophore density, it was found that the scales of fish exposed in the downstream section were significantly lower in chromatophores ( 100 chr/mm²). This study suggested that the density of chromatophores was closely related to the concentration of total suspended solids (r = 0.69), which was possibly enhanced by iron (r = 0.56). Using scanning electron microscopy analysis, some deformation, i.e. irregularity of spherule shape and increasing pits in the space between ridges, were observed.

Groundwater Profile Model around Mud Reservoir and Sidoarjo Coastal Area

Sidoarjo mud flow has continued for more than 9 years with bursts volume reached 105m3/day and needed time to stop the burst reach 8907 years. Mudflow can affect the condition of the water table around mud reservoir. It is based on research conducted by Mustain (2013), this result showed mud reservoir can affect water table profile 2 km to the east and 1,5 km to the west. The purpose of research is to determine the profile of topography and water table around mud reservoir and Sidoarjo coastal area for another directions. Then to make topography and water table profile model. Field sampling were have been done by measuring the depth of wells that located around the mud reservoir. To determine changes in water table that occur used trendline of microsoft excel. The results obtained the groundwater profile models in the form of graphs, each direction from mud reservoir with x axis as distance from central of mud flow with a certain direction and y axis as depth of the water table and topography elevation. The graph results showed that mud reservoir can affect water table profile 1.5 km to the southwest, 1.3 km to the south, 1.6 km to the southeast, 1.7 km to the northeast, 1.7 km to the north dan 1.5 km to the northwest. The validation of these numbers are depend on the accuration of trendline in the microsoft excel system.