Street Sidewalk Research Articles

Street-level built environment on SARS-CoV-2 transmission: A study of Hong Kong

Understanding the association between SARS-CoV-2 Spatial Transmission Risk (SSTR) and Built Environments (BE) is crucial for implementing effective pandemic prevention measures. Massive efforts have been made to examine the macro-built environment at the regional level, which has neglected the living service areas at the residential scale. Therefore, this study aims to explore the association between Street-level Built Environments (SLBE) and SSTR in Hong Kong from the 1st to the early 5th waves of the pandemic to address this gap. A total of 3693 visited/resided buildings were collected and clustered by spatial autocorrelation, and then Google Street View (GSV) was employed to obtain SLBE features around the buildings. Eventually, the interpretable machine learning framework based on the random forest algorithm (RFA)-based SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) model was proposed to reveal the hidden non-linear association between SSTR and SLBE.The results indicated that in the high-risk cluster area, street sidewalks, street sanitation facilities, and artificial structures were the primary risk factors positively associated with SSTR, in low-risk cluster areas with a significant positive association with traffic control facilities. Our study elucidates the role of SLBE in COVID-19 transmission, facilitates strategic resource allocation, and guides the optimization of outdoor behavior during pandemics for urban policymakers.

Perception of Pedestrian to Pedestrian Lane Conditions in Yogyakarta (Case Study: Gejayan Street, Sleman)

Streets and sidewalks are inseparable for users. Users especially pedestrians use the sidewalk as access to move from one to another place. The existence of the sidewalk increases the ease in each person to continue to move in a place that is not too far apart so that it is more efficient and effective. Sidewalks with accessibility and environmental quality that support will make the community in an area. This research is a survey research using a questionnaire. Respondents were randomly selected as many as 100 people around Gejayan street sidewalk. The pedestrian classification is divided based on stationary pedestrians and mobiler pedestrians. Stationary pedestrians are pedestrians who carry out their daily activities around the sidewalk path. Whereas a mobile pedestrian is a pedestrian who uses the sidewalk pathway only as a path to move between places at certain times. The results showed the level of comfort of stationary pedestrians on Gejayan street was 55.74% and the level of comfort of mobile pedestrians on Gejayan street was 55.77%. So that it is obtained if the comfort level of both types of pedestrians are categorized as quite comfortable.

دراسة مقارنة لرأي المستهلك في صحة اللحوم المذبوحة في المجازر وخارجها

The study was conducted to assess the attitude and awareness of a sample of people regarding the indiscriminate slaughter and its effects on health and the environment compared with slaughtering in a slaughterhouse. The sample consisted of 120 persons from six equal professional groups contacted with the butchery labour (livestock keeper, truck driver, butcher, veterinarian, shopkeeper and consumer). The age ranged 22-76 years old, mean 52±10 years, lived ≥ 5 years in the Baghdad city. The results showed that there is a preference for slaughtering inside the slaughterhouse due to the presence of veterinary examination, slaughtering and preparing meat in a healthy, easy-to-clean places, unlike the indiscriminate slaughter that took place on the sidewalks of streets or in front of butchers' shops or at the entrances of their homes in front of people and passers-by. The results also showed that there is a great spread of the indiscriminate slaughter phenomenon throughout Baghdad governorate, coinciding with the lack of health awareness, lack of attention by citizens, weak monitoring authorities, and a great waste of secondary waste resulting from indiscriminate slaughter, such as leather, wool and blood.

The effect of applying (ADA) criteria in designing commercial street sidewalks in the city center of Sulaimaniyah

In the light of the statement that “every route and facility must be usable”, the sidewalks of the city center streets should be designed in an appropriate way that is suitable for all ages. In addition, as for their functions, the urban streets should meet the requirements to become functional for all users. Therefore, this study seeks to shed light on the requirements, which the sidewalks are supposed to meet to function in an appropriate and neatly manner so that they can serve the users of all ages and types including the people with special needs. It also informs of the consequences of lacking and neglecting such requirements and investigates the performance of the sidewalks in the absence of those requirements. The study reached a conclusion that most of the relevant criteria related to the design and the construction of the sidewalks within the targeted areas of the study have not been met, resulting to become inappropriate for the users. To address these problems, the study proposed a number of recommendations to the relevant authorities.

A ocupação sambaquieira no entorno da Baía de Guanabara

Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, Duque de Caxias, São Gonçalo e Magé, cidades situadas na baía de Guanabara, se desenvolveram em território antes ocupado pelos sambaquieiros. Durante o processo de urbanização, muitos sítios arqueológicos foram destruídos, e algumas pequenas porções estão cobertas por calçamentos de ruas e sob construções das cidades. Com o objetivo de investigar o sistema de assentamento, foram sistematizadas as informações sobre o nordeste da Baía, que ainda contem agrupamentos de sambaquis, alguns deles compostos por sítios em bom estado de conservação, e elaborada uma projeção para o entorno da Baía,­ com o objetivo de delinear suas principais características, traçar um panorama da ocupação sambaquieira no entorno da Baía e estabelecer correlações com outras regiões litorâneas.

Relevance of Walking and Informal Activities in Urban Space: A Case of Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

The design discourse mostly in developing world cities tends to commit walking as the concern for transportation purpose. This notion tends to dismiss walking as an extended conception of urban space and take it for granted which allow elements of informal walking fields to emerge. This orients walking in the lines of a mere ‘street sidewalk’ rather than an important element in enhancing urban space in terms of environmental quality, access and use of urban space and everyday life realities. The empirical study in Dar es Salaam show that the gap in walking provision seem to be filled by the informal actors in urban space struggling to create the informal walking spheres in which trading, vending, meeting and recreating take place. Such observations draw a lesson that such informal developed urban activities along the streets and the urban space have not been disassociated from walking. The paper recognizes the essence of such integration of walking with other activities in urban space. It is thus concluded that urban design discourse have to conceive walking, including its contextual elements, as integral component in the field of urban public space that connect with other urban functions rather than isolate it from them.

The Spatial Performance of Multi-Level Shopping Clusters A Case Study of Nanshan Commercial Cultural District

With the intensification of urban development in Chinese cities, mixed land use in urban centers extends vertically into 3-D and expands its scale from a single building to commercial clusters. The multi-level pedestrian system in city centers also changed its role from one of traffic isolation to spatial integration, where transit nodes, street sidewalks, squares, building entrances, atriums, and corridors are interconnected, both horizontally and vertically, into a whole spatial system, within which pedestrian flows are guided and shopping facilities are arranged. This paper uses spatial configuration analysis of space syntax to examine the impacts of spatial patterns on movement distribution and the business performance of tenant mix in the multi-level commercial system of the Nanshan Commercial Cultural District in Shenzhen, China. The key objective is to better understand the interactions between the socio-economic variables and spatial design parameters of a shopping complex. The research findings point to the importance of multiplicity between syntactic variables and other spatial variables in influencing the pedestrian flows, business performance and tenant mix in highly complex commercial systems. Particularly noteworthy is the relationship between spatial accessibility measures and the location of escalators, and the ways in which individual commercial buildings are embedded into the overall spatial system. The study suggests that this may lead to the preliminary identification of the spatial qualities of effective vertical extensions of mixed land use in a high-density urban settings.

Characteristics to making street side walk. Case Study for Enghelab Street (Between Vali-e ASR and Razi Street)

Abstract. Walking has always been one of the most important and fundamental needs of human beings. Nowadays, whit the increase in population in urban areas, less attention is paid to walking. Pedestrians and Pedestrian-walks are no longer prioritized as before in urban spaces and the quality of them has been decreased. According one of the main future predicaments is distancing urban spaces from human values and their needs, in a way that lack of quality in Pedestrian walks has contributed to less social roles of the citizens. What they call for, in a way that lack of quality in Pedestrian walks has contributed to less social roles of the citizens. One of the other hand, people requirement for having quite places away from the hustle and bustle of the humans city and cars, and holding the culture, art and their background have become more valuable. In the capital city of Tehran, due to the large population and traffic and their need for traveling in motor ways and streets rather than pavements, the separation gap between the humans and the human city has been intensified. This study the necessity of considers, transformation, conversion of a part of the pavement in “Enghelab” street to Pedestrian- walk and sidewalks with a view to the descriptive- modulation and content – analysis and the collection of information from relevant books and internet research. Besides, qualitative approach such as observation, place- visit, compatibility of regulations, conducting surveys and reasoning analysis have been taken in to consideration. In order to improve the current situation of the pass-way in the northern part of the city- theatre . According to the result of the survey, most of the people who commute regularly from this place, believe that this route shod be transformed to a lively route with the action human presence.

Propuesta de ordenamiento del arbolado de alineación mediante la intervención vecinal em el partido de Quilmes – provincia de Buenos Aires - Argentina

The public arborization of alignment is conditioned by diverse conflicts derived from the population growth, the real state interests and vehicular transit increase, the clandestine interventions, the normative breach, the questions of hygiene, the esthetic and its progressive natural deterioration. In such sense the present work has as purpose to delineate a first approach to the problematic of the trees in the sidewalks of streets and avenues of the city of Quilmes, for which the human factor is an agent of degradation of the urban landscape whose remarkable incidence is realized in the arborization, constituting an indicator of negative landscaping disturbance; which by means of a suitable planning and modifying this human attitude through the organized local intervention, would make possible to manage in permanent value this vegetal resource as public service, natural and cultural patrimony of the City.

A Study on Street Spatial Design and Effective Width on a Street Sidewalk

In a street design or improvement planning process, interactions between pedestrians and street environments should beconsidered at least implicitly, because they often become obstsuctions for pedestrians walking on the sidewalk. We have nostandani criterion or useful methodology how to design a sidewalk considering with a various environments, such as streetfurniture, sculptures, benches, and vegetations.We collected the data of pedestrians' spatial trajectories along a sidewalk from a field survey using videopicture. Also wedeveloped a visual database system for analyzing pedestrians' behavior efficiently. As a result of a careful observation andanalysis, we can see a pedestrians' trajectory has a tendency toward the center of sidewalk even if the pedestrians are undervarious conditions.'Effective width' as an existent factor of pedestrians' sidevvalk is insufficient for spatial street designconsidering with various street environments.

The Wheelbarrow Man

H e wasn't a disappointment. He was taller than the residents of Riverton had expected and thinner, which enhanced the loose-jointed effect of his movement. His body shambled along under a holey pair of jeans, a checkered shirt, and a tattered denim jacket. His face was razor-boned under a salt and pepper beard, and though his eyes were deeply set and difficult to read, in some of the towns through which he'd passed, people were still speaking of a movement they'd seen below the gray irises, like leaves tumbling under the muddy river. He stepped and stepped and stepped into the town of Riverton behind a blue wheelbarrow. pack of children and mutts -nameless and, some said, never before seen -had met the Wheelbarrow Man on the outskirts of town, and they followed him into its limits like pilot fish. With this escort, the man pushed his wheelbarrow down the main street sidewalk. His arrival had been announced in the Herald Enquirer with the headline A Man with a Purpose. And, now, here he was. Cars slowed and their drivers screwed their heads around to see what sort of lunatic attempts to push a blue wheelbarrow around the world. He set it down in front of Parker's Callus Grill. few of the curs, who'd followed him in from the bushy outskirts of town, crept in, the hair at their necks electrified (as the man's seemed to be all the time), and sniffed him as if they weren't sure they could trust him or were wondering at the scent of other places on him: smoke, catfish flesh, rolling muddy water, honeysuckle, wind-cured sweat, aeolian leaves, another scent, harder to identify, of things to come -the superabounding scent of motion. The children stood at their margin, whispering and watching. The man nodded to them, he hoped encouragingly. Later, he would write in

Transportation-Efficient Land Use Regulations and Their Application in the Puget Sound Region, Washington

This work evaluates how local land use regulations and development patterns support transportation efficiency in urban and suburban areas. An efficient transportation system includes multiple transportation modes and reduces the need to drive alone. The research sheds light on how long-term efforts to devise transportation-efficient land development regulations have shaped new development. Data include surveys of zoning and development regulations in 19 study areas of Puget Sound, Washington, and reviews of 163 projects with a building permit. Analyses focus on the frequency of use of transportation-efficient elements in land use regulations, the frequency of adherence to these elements in projects, and the connections between area regulations and development. Fifty elements classified into six categories of transportation-efficient land use serve to evaluate the characteristics of regulations and permitted projects in each study area. The research shows that local jurisdictions have adopted many transportation-efficient regulations, and many of the projects reviewed follow these regulations. Compact development stands out as a major strategy used successfully in area regulations and permitted projects. Pedestrian-oriented environment and street–sidewalk connectivity are used at the project level but less so in regulations. Parking elements are weakest at the regulatory and project levels. Washington State growth management approaches to land use appear to become integrated into local regulatory frameworks and to be followed through in the implementation and development process. Work is needed regionally to increase the use of transportation-efficient land use strategies, with particular attention to parking regulations.

State v. Stucky

Pedestrians moving along Main Street sidewalks made good obsta cles in a game of follow-the-leader, but after several cursings and one close call (they both nearly ran over the same outraged little dog), Tex hopped off his bike and sauntered into Manny's Barbershop. A moment later, to his satisfaction, Jack followed. They'd known each other a month now, and what had begun as a disaster, a punishment handed down by the sudden, harebrained marriage of their parents, was beginning to resemble a friendship. Though, at the same time, Tex realized he felt less at ease than ever; he could not toss a baseball, or ride a bike, or even drop coins into a pop machine, it seemed, without feeling Jack's flinty green eyes all over him.

Perceptions of safety at night in different lighting conditions

Lighting has been shown to be an effective tool in the fight against crime, but too often the tool has been a sledgehammer. The four field studies described in this paper set out to answer two questions: 'How much light is needed to provide a perception of safety at night in urban and suburban areas?' and 'How important is light spectrum to that tion?' The first two field studies examined people's perceptions of the quality of the lighting for security on streets in New York City and Albany, New York. The third measured people's perceptions of safety when walking alone in urban and suburban parking lots, by day and night. The fourth measured perceptions of safety in a parking lot lit by high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps. Taken together, these studies indicate that an average horizontal illuminance on a parking lot surface or street sidewalk of about 30 Ix provides enough light to ensure that perceptions of safety are close to what they are in daylight. The light spectrum is a minor factor relative to illuminance.