Side Tone Research Articles

Micro-Doppler Detection and Vibration Sensing Using Silicon-Based THz Radiators

In this paper, vibration sensing and micro-Doppler measurements are performed using THz CW and pulse radiator chips in GlobalFoundries 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS process. The pulse source radiates a frequency comb with tones ranging from 10s of GHz up to 1.1 THz, where the spacing between two adjacent tones can be tuned using an external low-frequency source. In THz frequency range, subtle vibrations on the surface of a target results in phase change of the incident beams. Therefore, compared to RF and mm-wave frequency regimes, THz band offers a higher resolution for picking up the signature of subtle sound vibrations. The phase-modulated reflected beams carry the information of the original sound waves resulting in the spectral side tones. The original sound wave is then recovered by down-conversion of THz waves and FM demodulation. In addition, the time-domain phase information is captured by performing I/Q analysis on the down-converted signal allowing us to characterize the vibrations with a high resolution. Moreover, THz interferometry for vibration sensing is demonstrated using THz Continuous Wave (CW) radiator chip enabling the detection of sub- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> vibrations with a sensitivity of 30 nm. In this work, various measurements with different types of audio signals including monotone, chirp, and a music track with the frequency range of 100 Hz up to 1 kHz are performed.

A secondary modulation mechanism for aerofoil tonal self-noise generation

Acoustic emission of a NACA 0012 aerofoil is investigated over a range of free-stream velocities. Acoustic spectra show a dominant tone and two sets of weaker side tones characterised by different frequency intervals. The frequency of the dominant tones in the acoustic spectra varies with velocity in a ladder-type structure. With increasing Reynolds number, the spectrum becomes progressively more broadband in nature. Through synchronised particle image velocimetry and acoustic measurements, the aeroacoustic noise generation mechanisms, resulting in different spectral characteristics and modulation types, are further investigated. A separation bubble and related significant velocity fluctuations are observed on the pressure side. Pressure side velocity spectra show characteristics similar to the acoustic ones, whereas velocity spectra on the suction side feature broadband characteristics. These findings confirm that noise emission is dominated by pressure side events for the Reynolds number range of this study, i.e. $2 \times 10^{5}$ – $7 \times 10^{5}$ . As the acoustic emission is defined by coherent flow structures, the proper orthogonal decomposition method is adopted to facilitate the understanding of the relation between the complex flow field and acoustic emission. Side tones in the acoustic spectra are attributed to two different modulation mechanisms in the aeroacoustic source region near the trailing edge. By aligning the sound pressure time history and the time coefficients of the dominant modes, the primary modulation of the dominant tone is found to be related to the amplitude modulation of the high-frequency velocity fluctuations associated with the acoustic feedback loop. A secondary modulation is attributed to periodic variation of the separation bubble and, therefore, variation in the roll-up of the shear layer, which results in a modulation of the amplitude of the velocity fluctuations associated with the convecting vortices at the trailing edge.

Cell Yell!: Health Risks in Telehealth

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of visual feedback can overcome the absence of side tone to control for vocal quality changes, specifically loudness, with speakerphone use. Method Ten men and 10 women held two 5-min conversations in pairs under audio-only and audiovisual communication conditions. Acoustical data and a number of conversational collisions (communication partners trying to speak at the same time) under each condition were compared. Results There were no statistically significant differences in acoustical measures of voice quality between audio-only and audiovisual conversations; however, vocal intensity was consistently 4 times more powerful than average face-to-face conversational intensity during both conditions. The number of conversational collisions was significantly less for the audiovisual condition as compared to the audio-only condition. Conclusion Results suggest that visual feedback did allow for modulation of conversational flow (fewer conversational collisions) but did not allow for modulation of vocal quality. Visual feedback did not overcome the absence of side tone and resulted in the same increased conversational loudness observed during the audio-only condition. As a result, remote conversational partners such as clients and telehealth practitioners are more susceptible to developing vocal health issues.

Texture and harmony parameter of the vocal and performance style (a case study of G. Sviridov’s works)

Texture and harmony parameter of the vocal and performance style (a case study of G. Sviridov’s works)

Texture and harmony parameter of the vocal and performance style (a case study of G. Sviridov’s works)

Texture and harmony parameter of the vocal and performance style (a case study of G. Sviridov’s works)

Surface curvature effects on the tonal noise of a wall-mounted finite airfoil.

This paper is concerned with the influence of camber on the noise of a wall-mounted finite airfoil with natural boundary layer transition. Tonal noise measurements taken in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel are presented for airfoils with aspect ratio of 2, NACAxx12 profile and camber between 0 and 6% at 40% chord. The results show camber is an important parameter that determines the operating conditions for which acoustic tone generation occurs and the number and intensity of the tones produced. Airfoils with 0%-2% camber have an acoustic signature that is dominated by a high amplitude primary tone, whereas the spectra of airfoils with higher camber of 4%-6% feature a more pronounced side tone structure. Tonal noise production does not collapse with lift coefficient, demonstrating that the local flow conditions influence the noise source. Tonal noise production is explained in terms of changes to mean flow topology, namely the location of flow separation, which is linked to tonal noise generation. Scaling of airfoil tonal noise is found to vary with angle of attack and pressure gradient. Empirical scaling laws for the primary tone frequency dependence on velocity are also derived for the cambered airfoils.

Microwave frequency doubling by synchronising and polarisation multiplexing the optical signals from a dual‐output Mach–Zehnder modulator

A technique is experimentally demonstrated to double the frequency of a microwave signal by synchronising and polarisation multiplexing the optical signals from a dual-output Mach–Zehnder modulator. The frequency-doubled tone at 4 GHz is 41.2 dB stronger than the residual fundamental-frequency tone. The strongest side tone is found at 12 GHz (sixth order) and is suppressed by 32.7 dB. The phase noise of the frequency-doubled signal is −104.1 dBc/Hz at an offset of 10 kHz, an increase of 6.7 dB over that of the initial signal. This technique does not rely on electronic or optical filters or amplifiers and is demonstrated using commercial off-the-shelf components.

An investigation of selective attention for roughness and loudness

A novel method for measuring selective attention to different perceptual dimensions in a discrimination task is evaluated. The standard consists of three equal-intensity tones centered at 1000 Hz with 10 Hz separations. The signal is an intensity increment for the central tone. Discriminations can be based on either differences in loudness or roughness. In three conditions, listeners are instructed to attend to roughness when the signal and standard are adjusted to have the same energy, attend to roughness without the equal-energy constraint, or attend to loudness. Compliance to instructions is assessed by adding small level perturbations to stimuli and estimating a set of decision weights. Theoretically, attention to loudness yields three positive weights with equal magnitude, whereas attention to roughness yields a positive weight for the central tone and negative weights with half the magnitude for the two side tones. Estimated weights In the loudness and equal-energy roughness conditions are consistent with model simulations. In the roughness condition without equal-energy, the patterns of decision weights are a linear combination of the two other sets, indicating that listeners have difficulty in attending exclusively to the roughness cue in the presence of a valid intensity cue.

Three Parametric Model Third-Order Software Phase-Locked Loop and its Application in Range Measuring System

In order to improve the precision of side tone range measuring and realize the range measuring process by software, one kind of three parametric model third-order software phase-locked loop (SPLL) is designed based on three parametric loop filter model and the predominant closed-loop poles theory, which can apply the parameter setting principles of the second-order phase-locked loop; this kind of third-order SPLL is realized through C++ language programming and used as the range measuring system’s side tone phase-locked loop(PLL) to process the experiment data. The results indicates that the precision of phase measuring and capture time satisfy the system’s index.

Off-frequency listening: A population study

A pitch‐matching paradigm was used to investigate the pitch of three‐tone complexes in a college‐age population. For different conditions, the central tone was 1,000 Hz with the side tones spaced by either 15 Hz or 45 Hz. The tones were equal intensity or a signal was added in phase to the central tone with a level of 5, 0, or 5 dB relative to the side tones. Listeners adjusted the frequency of a pure tone to match the pitch of the complex. According to a model known as the envelope‐weighted average of the instantaneous frequency (EWAIF) [L. Feth, Percept. Psychopys. 15, 375–378 (1974)], the pitch should be approximately equal to the center frequency for all conditions. Contrary to this prediction, increasing the bandwidth or the decreasing the signal level systematically lowered the pitch. However, the results are consistent with EWAIF calculations if the stimuli are first passed through the skirt of an auditory filter. Results for the population were consistent with pitch matches for expert listeners. [Work supported by the Center for Hearing Research, UCI.]

Off‐frequency listening in a pitch matching experiment

A pitch‐matching paradigm was used to investigate the pitch of three‐tone complexes. For different conditions, the central tone was 200, 1000, or 2000 Hz with the side tones spaced by either 30 or 45 Hz. The tones were of equal intensity or a signal was added in phase to the central tone with a level of 5, 0, or 5 dB relative to the side tones. Listeners adjusted the frequency of a pure tone to match the pitch of the complex. According to a model known as the envelope weighted average of the instantaneous frequency (EWAIF) [L. Feth, Percept. Psychopys. 15, 375–378 (1974)], the pitch should be approximately equal to the center frequency for all conditions. Contrary to this prediction, increasing the bandwidth or decreasing the signal level systematically lowered the pitch. However, the results are consistent with EWAIF calculations if the stimuli are first passed through the skirt of an auditory filter. This method may provide an alternative technique for estimating the filtering properties of the auditory system. [Work supported by Center for Hearing Research, UCI.]

Voice responses to changes in pitch of voice or tone auditory feedback

The present study was undertaken to examine if a subject's voice F0 responded not only to perturbations in pitch of voice feedback but also to changes in pitch of a side tone presented congruent with voice feedback. Small magnitude brief duration perturbations in pitch of voice or tone auditory feedback were randomly introduced during sustained vowel phonations. Results demonstrated a higher rate and larger magnitude of voice F0 responses to changes in pitch of the voice compared with a triangular-shaped tone (experiment 1) or a pure tone (experiment 2). However, response latencies did not differ across voice or tone conditions. Data suggest that subjects responded to the change in F0 rather than harmonic frequencies of auditory feedback because voice F0 response prevalence, magnitude, or latency did not statistically differ across triangular-shaped tone or pure-tone feedback. Results indicate the audio-vocal system is sensitive to the change in pitch of a variety of sounds, which may represent a flexible system capable of adapting to changes in the subject's voice. However, lower prevalence and smaller responses to tone pitch-shifted signals suggest that the audio-vocal system may resist changes to the pitch of other environmental sounds when voice feedback is present.

Strong evidence of high-frequency (sub-Milankovitch) orbital forcing by amplitude modulation of Milankovitch signals

High-frequency (sub-Milankovitch) signals have occasionally been recognised in the sedimentary record but their interpretation is yet controversial. The transmission of most information involves modulating the original signal. Transmission in the geological sense is the process of changing the astronomical signal into insolation, climate and, finally, the observed sediment. Modulated signals may contain different frequencies from the original, and the former can sometimes be recognised more easily than the original ones. Thus, sedimentary cycles belonging to the high-frequency band could be interpreted as a possible modulation of the astronomical Milankovitch signals. To check this possibility, a detailed spectral analysis was carried out on a selected marl–limestone and limestone Jurassic succession, in which high-frequency signals in the sub-Milankovitch range, with a persistent peak at 13–14 kyr, were recognised. Relationships between frequencies of the registered peaks suggest that the sedimentation pattern is caused by the amplitude modulation (AM) of the Milankovitch forcing. In AM, the amplitude of a carrier frequency is modulated according to the value of a signal. The spectrum of the resulting AM signal is composed of three frequencies, the frequency of the carrier and two side tones, but the carrier and one side tone may be suppressed without destroying the information. The information remains in the other side tone, usually the one with the highest frequency. This version of AM is called single-sideband carrier-suppressed (SSBCS). For Milankovitch forcing, the implication is that the signals are not transmitted as added-up sinusoidal signals, but both the short eccentricity and the obliquity signals affect the sedimentation pattern by AM of the precession signal, which is the carrier frequency. The sub-Milankovitch peaks registered in the succession studied reveal the SSBCS AM of the original Milankovitch signals, with the SSBCS frequencies being highly significant in the estimated power spectra, after applying conservative tests assuming underlying red noise.

Contributions of auditory feedback frequency components on F0 fluctuations

Auditory feedback effects on voice F0 control were investigated in terms of the frequency range of feedback harmonic components. The analysis was based on data obtained by a new experimental auditory feedback method called TAF (transformed auditory feedback). This method replaces a natural side tone path with an artificial path which modifies the parameters of the feedback speech sounds in real time, and measures effects in the speech sounds produced [Kawahara and Williams, Vocal Fold Physiology Symposium (1995)]. A series of TAF experiments using sustained vowel phonations with band limitations using high-pass and low-pass filters was conducted. Estimated impulse responses from pitch perception to voice F0 control illustrated that the response is compensatory and can be decomposed into two second-order responses with an initial delay. The results indicated that high-pass filtering does not show significant effects on response parameters while low-pass filtering shows a negative correlation between the cutoff frequency and the response delay. The average response delays for high-pass filtering and low-pass filtering were equivalent for a 800-Hz cutoff frequency. Implications on voice pitch perception will be discussed.

Telephone receiver transmitter device

A telephone speaker/microphone device for suspending in a user's ear to enable hands-free communication without common occurrence of feedback. The device utilizes control circuitry capable of interconnecting microphone and speaker leads from a telephone or other communicating device to a speaker element and microphone element which are embodied in a single earpiece and suspended at the user's ear. The speaker element and microphone element are positioned sufficiently close and are wired such that the speaker signal is approximately 180 degrees out of phase with the microphone signal and results in cancellation of feedback by virtue of the out of phase relationship. This device and method are particularly useful in communication devices which utilize a side tone electronically transmitted from the microphone into the speaker element at the user's ear. Such side tone signal can be utilized in an out-of-phase relationship to cancel ambient feed back which has historically prevented close proximate use of microphone and speaker elements.

Loudspeaker telephone system

A loudspeaker telephone system is comprised of a voice switching circuit, hybrid, and power supply circuit. The voice switching circuit includes comparators for comparing speech through the main paths with a side tone through auxiliary paths, time constant circuits for controlling exponentially a pair of variable gain amplifiers for making or breaking the sending and receiving signals, and band pass filters arranged in each input of the comparators for rejecting indoor noise as well as the line noise coming into the loudspeaker telephone system through the lines. Accordingly, the howling effect between microphone and loudspeaker is negligible; transfer from a sending mode to a receiving mode is easily made while maintaining naturalness of the voice. By inclusion of impedance matching elements in a conventional hybrid, the hybrid can be used in common either in the present loudspeaker telephone system or in a conventional telephone system. In the loudspeaker telephone system, line current is used as a bias voltage by the power supply circuit; there is no need for providing an additional power supply source.

Temporal resolution in monaural and binaural just-noticable phase changes

The just-noticeable (sinusoidal) amplitude modulation (JNAM) and the just-noticeable (sinusoidal) frequency modulation (JNFM) were measured by four subjects at 250 Hz and 60 dB SPL using the method of adjustment. For JNFM, two types of stimuli—monaural and binaural with unmodulated tone at the right ear—were presented through a matched pair of TDH-39 earphones driven in phase. The rate of modulation was either 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 Hz. The results are plotted as a function of modulation rate and are expressed in terms of a modulation index which is similarly related to the amplitude of the first spectral side tones for both types of modulation. A comparison of the data allows the following conclusions: JNAM, JNFM (mon), and JNFM (bin) diverge strongly at low modulation rates but are indistinguishable at 32 Hz, in agreement with earlier monaural AM/FM data describing the limit of validity of Ohm's acoustical law. In the binaural situation, sensitivity to FM (which produces interaural time-delay modulation) remains high, up to unexpectedly large modulation rates (32 Hz). Individual differences in just-noticeable interaural time delay produce BMLD's of different magnitude which, however, still exist at modulation rates as large as 16 Hz; BMLD's appear to show temporal characteristics similar to those of normal thresholds.

Role of Loudness in the Speaker's Judgment of Vocal Effort

A previous paper noted a surprising difference between the exponent of the loudness function (0.6) and the exponent that describes the apparent growth of vocal effort (1.1). The fact that perceived loudness plays no more than a minor role in a speaker's judgment of his vocal effort is further demonstrated by these experimental findings: 1. The form and the exponent of the subjective scale for vocal effort remain relatively invariant under large changes in auditory feedback. When all auditory feedback was suppressed by an intense masking noise (110 db SPL), the exponent was about 1.3. (This larger value is partly an artifact caused by the speaker's tendency to raise his voice in an effort to override the masking.) When the “side tone” from the speaker's voice was amplified to a very high level, the exponent turned out to be approximately 0.9. 2. In order to show that the nature of the vocal sound (the phoneme ɑ) does not account for the results, listeners estimated the loudness of a live voice and of different levels of a recorded speech sample. For both types of sound the measured exponent was approximately 0.7. This compares with the exponent 1.1 obtained when the listener judges his own speaking level.

An investigation into the use of electro-mechanically delayed side tone in auditory testing.

No AccessJournal of Speech and Hearing DisordersArticle1 Sep 1954An Investigation Into The Use Of Electro-Mechanically Delayed Side Tone In Auditory Testing Clair N. Hanley, and William R. Tiffany Clair N. Hanley Google Scholar More articles by this author and William R. Tiffany Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.1903.367 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Additional Resources FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by WILLIAM R. LEITH and CLAUDIA C. CHMIEL (1980) Delayed Auditory Feedback and Stuttering: Theoretical and Clinical Implications 10.1016/B978-0-12-608603-4.50014-7 Perceptual and Motor Skills33:1 (271-306)1 Aug 1971Subvocalization: Aural and Emg Feedback in ReadingLouis Aarons Speech Monographs32:2 (192-197)1 Jun 1965A study of six machine programs in oral reading improvementManuel Leonardo and William R. Tiffany Perceptual and Motor Skills20:3 (817-823)1 Jun 1965Aftereffects of Delayed Auditory FeedbackSusan Zalosh and Leonard F. Salzman Gottfried E. Arnold (1959) Die Sprache und ihre Störungen Lehrbuch der Stimm- und Sprachheilkunde10.1007/978-3-7091-3462-7_2 Review of Educational Research25:2 (121-138)1 Apr 1955Chapter IV: AudingJohn Caffrey Volume 19Issue 3September 1954Pages: 367-374 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in issue: Sep 1, 1954PubMed ID: 13212844 Metrics Topicsasha-topicsasha-article-typesCopyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1954 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationPDF downloadLoading ...